Impact of Islamophobia on the Culture of Muslim in the Current Era

The essay highlights the effect of Islamophobia towards the culture of Muslim targeting the factors of religion, emotion and social stigmas in the current era. The essay aims to highlight the insight of the concept of Islamphobia that includes negative stereotypes like the consideration of the Islam as one of the violent faith or consideration of the Muslim as terrorists.

STUDENT NAME 1
RESEARCH AND WRITING
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

2RESEARCH AND WRITING
Student Name
Subject
Professor Name
Introduction –
First coined in the year 1990, the phrase Islamophobia by Trust, illustrates the social
phenomenon depicting the anti Muslim prejudice. Characterised by outright hostility towards
the very concept and the belief of Islam, the prejudice of Islamophobia is generally
characterised by an unfounded fear. The very term Islamophobia illustrates a feat of hatred of
Muslims and Islam that tends to manifest in a couple of ways via the hatred against the
Muslims, and the laws that tends to discriminate the Muslims, the prejudicial criticism in
connection to the culture of the Islam and the connection to the public figures and politicians.
The essay aims to highlight the effect of Islamophobia towards the culture of Muslim
targeting the factors of religion, emotion and social stigmas in the current era. The essay
highlights the insight of the concept of Islamphobia that includes negative stereotypes like the
consideration of the Islam as one of the violent faith or consideration of the Muslim as
terrorists. The essay contradicts with the consideration of the belief that US Muslims are
useless and hopeless in the domain of successful future due to Islamophobia.
Thesis Statement: According to the recent record in US regarding the concept of
Islamophobia against Muslims, the factors like discrimination, violence and travel ban has a
negative effect on their religion, emotions and social atmosphere due to the hopelessness of
the U.S Muslim for their upcoming future

3RESEARCH AND WRITING
Discussion –
The rise of the Islamphobia has surely disrupted the ways and the identity of the life
of the Muslim Americans throughout the last few decades. The assignment highlights the
voices of the Muslim Americans towards the analysis and discussion of the impact of
Islamphobia on their mental health, prejudice, discrimination and the pervasiveness of the
perspectives in relation to the Islamphobia in the United States. It furthermore depicts the
acceptance and the normalization regarding the factors of discrimination by the victory of
Donald Trump.
The series of events from the 9/11 reshaped and restructured the entire country for
several of the individuals since the effect and the impact of it is still observed and felt in the
communities of the Muslim American. In case of the Muslims who reside in the America, the
concept and the spread of the Islamphobia and its aftermath has led towards a widespread
harassment, discrimination, dehumanization and the tendencies of disempowerment. These
have been normalised through the means of the newly introduced and implemented
governmental policies and the mass media in the United States. As per the explicit policies by
Donald Trump which are extremely Islam phobic in nature, the executive order signed on the
date of 27th November 2017 prohibits the citizens from seven of the major Muslim
community countries from entering the United States (Abbas;800). The lists of these
countries include Iraq, Libya, Syria, Sudan, Iran, Somalia and Yemen. The executive order
by the newly elected president of the United States intended towards prohibiting and banning
the refugees from Syria from entering the country in an indefinite basis. Some of the well
known and thoroughly debatable criticism from the members of the country and the
politicians followed the executive order of Donald Trump in the name of Muslim Ban.

4RESEARCH AND WRITING
The fear and the hostility that is basically experienced by the Americans tend to
significantly affect the contemporary political discourses that is connected to the culture of
Islam and Muslim Americans. This has furthermore led to some of the negative stereotypes
regarding the culture of the Muslim targeting them as terrorists and anti Americans. Various
of the studies have been conducted towards the effective exploration of the manifestations,
the causes and the solutions towards such oppressive literature, discourse towards the
psychological effect through the unexplored lenses. Although there has been various
publications and research study in connection to the Muslim America community , the unique
psychological effect to the Muslim Americans due to the result of the sentiments in
connection to the Islamphobia are still unknown.
It is essential to outline the fundamental principles in connection to the Islam for the
provision of the context towards the narratives and the practical experiences of the Muslims
in United States. In a broader category, Islam is basically a religious faith that encircles
around the belief of Allah, the one god. The holy book, Quran has been revealed to be the
final prophet guides the daily activities and the lives of the Muslims.
The early manifestations of the concept of Islamphobia –
According to the works by Allen (20), the cultural differences and the historical
context contribute to the anti Islamic sentiments that have been existing in the West. A lot
many people have already raised questions regarding the historical roots that have influenced
the modern day concept of Islamphobia. According to some of the scholars the othering of
the culture of the Muslim is actually not a new phenomenon. It has became normalized in
case of the contemporary society due to the threats in connection of the Islamic terrorist
attacks that has remain a concern for the national security in the United States and various
part of the world. The prevalence of the concept of Islamphobia is new and it generally

5RESEARCH AND WRITING
functions in an independent basis regarding the historical ideologies through out. These
perspectives has been variously and widely rejected by many of the researchers who studies
prevalence stating the agreeable facts that the historical manifestation of the phenomenon is
extremely important or essential in the understanding of the modern concept of Islamophobia.
Ideas in connection to Islamphobia that operate among the closed framework depicts
the clash of the civilizations assumes the world of Islam as inferior and odd with the west. In
the study by Jackson (750) in his study Islam in America, the author stated the early
encounter in Europe with Islam which can be classified as a clash leaving some of the
psychological scars. The author in his study stated the centuries of the encounter among
western Christianity and Islam that furthermore includes endemic growth and the spread of
the Christian territory, the prejudice, the fear and the hatred. While in the time of the
expansion of Islam in the 11th century, the crusades propagated the perspective of Islam
which is political as well as religious. This particular perspective reinforced the previous
nations and the misconceptions in relation to the Islam and Muslims. Allen (10) in his study
furthermore explains the myth and the stereotypes regarding Prophet Muhammad and began
surfacing that furthermore circulated during the time of modern Islamphobia. Many of the
decades of the immigrants of the Europe raised with the negative thoughts and the beliefs
regarding the followers of Islam together with their cultural values and traditions. The
concept of the Islamphobia in the United States however has its own set of uniqueness and
the factors of the contribution that emerged from the worldview. The historical roots of
Islamphobia continue to shape the views of the American regarding the Muslims and the
culture of Islam. The country of United States was basically developed and founded upon the
evangelical thoughts and views and there lies a very string connection and association among
the politics of America and the protestant Christianity that still continues to persist in the
modern day. Supplementary towards the political beliefs and the religious ones, the culture of

6RESEARCH AND WRITING
America also have continued to illustrate the muslins as the other community. The othering
of the culture of Islam in the Europe has been existing from the time of the birth of the Islam.
These perspectives regarding the Muslim have travelled through the political and the
religious foundations of the early United States.
Modern Islamphobia post 9/11 –
According to the federal bureau of investigation, immediate following of the attack of
9/11, the hatred crimes against the Muslims has increased tremendously. The Gallup Centre
for Islamic studies revealed that 43% of the Muslims face degree of prejudice. Further studies
regarding the in-depth analysis of the attitudes of the United States towards the Islam and the
Muslim depicted that the culture of the Islam was perceived as the most negative among all
the religious faiths through out the world. Apart from the contribution regarding the data by
the Gallup, the annual reports by CAIR stated the status of the civil rights of the Muslim in
the United States. In the year 2015, CAIR revealed the complaints by the Muslims regarding
the religious based discrimination in case of employment , the abuses of the FBI and the
discrimination in case of education and the bullying in the society.
There have been several of the reasons that underlie the deliberate perpetuations of
Islam phobic thoughts and the beliefs that furthermore include the political leverages during
the elections. The president of the United States anchored much of the campaign related to
the politics with some of the deliberate fear regarding the mongering towards the Islam and
the Muslim. Some of these policies illustrate the notion that the attitudes in connection to
Islamphobia are normalized and separated from the other particular forms of discrimination.
It is generally problematic that the Americans of the country who generally supported the
president believes on their fear towards the legitimacy and non discrimination.

7RESEARCH AND WRITING
The context of the mass media tends to reinforce the societal otherings of the Muslims
that furthermore labels them as the extremists and the enemies. (Justice and Jason;39) in their
research study illustrated the phenomenon echoing the representation of the media
sensationalism. In many times, there have been instances where the western media covers the
stories that generalize the Muslim community people and their culture from a negative light.
The marginalization of the community of the people from the Islam culture is disturbing and
prevalent in nature. The community of Muslim in America continue to be explode by many
of the business houses and the mass media towards their holding of their political power.
Effect of the discrimination on the mental and the physical health –
There have been numerous studies in connection to the vast amount of the qualitative
and empirical studies regarding the effect of the impact of the discrimination. (Kellner)in the
empirical study furthermore exploring the perceived context of the racism and the impact on
the physical and the mental health reports the data revealing that most of the Muslim
Americans have experienced major discrimination, less respect, less courtesy, receiving of
poor services and being threatened or harassed. In case of the study of the discrimination, it is
being reported across the subgroups of the adults including the age, ethnicity and sexual
orientations. American Psychological Association explained the heightened vigilance and the
behavioural changes triggering the response of the stress which is furthermore anticipated
regarding the discrimination for the sufficient to cause people for becoming stressed.
Discrimination is a social stressor that has been correlated with the poor and the negligible
health outcomes in many of the groups (Ahmed and Linda; 210). Discrimination furthermore
impacts the psychological systems by the elevation of the heart rate the blood pressure and
the cortisol secretions. Racial disparities in the health outcomes in the United States are
pervasive and large. While major of the experiences of the discrimination leads to the acute
and the severe mental health outcomes, it is essential as the social workers to be aware of the

8RESEARCH AND WRITING
ways the Muslim are psychologically impacted for the determination of the appropriate
outreach and the treatment for the cultural relevance.
Conclusion
The impact of Islamophobia towards the culture of Muslim targeting the factors of
religion, emotion and social stigmas in the current era is a challenging concern. Characterised
by outright hostility towards the very concept and the belief of Islam, the prejudice of
Islamophobia is generally characterised by an unfounded fear. Ideas in connection to
Islamphobia that operate among the closed framework depicts the clash of the civilizations
assumes the world of Islam as inferior and odd with the west.

9RESEARCH AND WRITING
References
Abbas, Tahir. "Book Review: Arun Kundnani, The Muslims Are Coming! Islamophobia,
Extremism, and the Domestic War on Terror." (2015): 799-801.
Ahmed, Sameera, and Linda A. Reddy. "Understanding the mental health needs of American
Muslims: Recommendations and considerations for practice." Journal of
Multicultural Counseling and development 35.4 (2007): 207-218,
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/j.2161-1912.2007.tb00061.x
Allen, Chris. Islamophobia. Routledge, 2016.
https://books.google.ca/books?
hl=en&lr=&id=8j2gDQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=Kellner,+Douglas.
+American+nightmare:+Donald+Trump,+media+spectacle,
+and+authoritarian+populism.+Vol.+117.+Springer,+2016.&ots=RnkY-
vBVjt&sig=B4JIDhnIf6JXcZ7uU6bqeCn5KwM#v=onepage&q&f=false
https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/42702011/80011636.pdf?
AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1524097575&Signatu
re=rI6CNhkiIOojp0ucDnSqRSgUcrM%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B
%20filename%3DTeaching_in_the_Time_of_Trump.pdf
Jackson, Liz. "Islam and Islamophobia in USA: The tip of the iceberg." Educational
Philosophy and Theory 48.7 (2016): 744-748.
Justice, Benjamin, and Jason Stanley. “Teaching in the time of Trump,” Social Education
80.1 (2016): 36-41,
Kellner, Douglas. American nightmare: Donald Trump, media spectacle, and authoritarian
populism. Vol. 117. Springer, 2016,