Financial Management Key Concepts

This assignment delves into fundamental financial management concepts crucial for understanding a business's performance. It covers topics such as cost justification, sales objectives, food and beverage cost percentages, gross profit margins, and key financial ratios like food stock turn and debt-to-equity ratio. The document also explains overhead costs and their significance in business operations.

Running head: BUDGETING
Budgeting
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author Note

1BUDGETING
Table of Contents
Part A: Research Task.....................................................................................................................4
Answer to Question 1..................................................................................................................4
Answer to Question 2..................................................................................................................4
Answer to Question 3..................................................................................................................4
Answer to Question 4..................................................................................................................5
Part B...............................................................................................................................................6
Answer to Question 1..................................................................................................................6
Answer to Question 2..................................................................................................................6
Balance Sheet...............................................................................................................................6
Answer to Question 8..................................................................................................................7
Answer to Question 9..................................................................................................................7
Answer to Question 10................................................................................................................7
Answer to Question 11................................................................................................................8
Answer to Question 12................................................................................................................8
Answer to Question 13................................................................................................................8
Answer to Question 17................................................................................................................8
Answer to Question 18................................................................................................................8
Multiple Choice Questions..............................................................................................................9
Answer to Question 2..................................................................................................................9
Answer to Question 3..................................................................................................................9
Answer to Question 4..................................................................................................................9
Answer to Question 5..................................................................................................................9

2BUDGETING
Answer to Question 6..................................................................................................................9
Answer to Question 7..................................................................................................................9
Answer to Question 8..................................................................................................................9
Answer to Question 9..................................................................................................................9
Answer to Question 10................................................................................................................9
Answer to Question 11................................................................................................................9
Answer to Question 12................................................................................................................9
Answer to Question 13..............................................................................................................10
Answer to Question 14..............................................................................................................10
Answer to Question 15..............................................................................................................10
Trial Balance..................................................................................................................................10
Profit and Loss Statement..............................................................................................................10
Balance Sheet.................................................................................................................................11
Assessment Activity: Accounting Terminology............................................................................11
Cash Receipts.............................................................................................................................11
Cash Sales..................................................................................................................................11
Petty Cash..................................................................................................................................12
Purchase Journal........................................................................................................................12
Payroll Journal...........................................................................................................................12
Current ratio...............................................................................................................................12
Acid test ratio.............................................................................................................................12
Accounts receivable as a percentage of total revenue...............................................................12
Accounts receivable turnover ratio............................................................................................12
Return on Assets........................................................................................................................12
Net return on asset.....................................................................................................................13

3BUDGETING
Return on stockholder’s equity..................................................................................................13
Inventory turnover.....................................................................................................................13
Working Capital turnover..........................................................................................................13
Gross profit margin....................................................................................................................13
Net profit margin.......................................................................................................................13
Asset turnover ratio....................................................................................................................13
Contribution margin ratio..........................................................................................................13
Margin of safety.........................................................................................................................13
Ownership ratio.........................................................................................................................14
Breakeven point.........................................................................................................................14
Sales increase.............................................................................................................................14
Cost justification........................................................................................................................14
Sales objectives..........................................................................................................................14
Food cost percentage.................................................................................................................14
Gross profit on food...................................................................................................................14
Food stock turn..........................................................................................................................14
Beverage cost percentage..........................................................................................................15
Total payroll...............................................................................................................................15
Cost of Goods sold.....................................................................................................................15
Gross profit margin....................................................................................................................15
Debt to Equity ratio...................................................................................................................15
Overheads..................................................................................................................................15
References and Bibliography.........................................................................................................16

4BUDGETING
Part A: Research Task
Answer to Question 1
The two local food businesses such as café or restaurant that has been chosen for this
particular study are Daniells’ Café and Café Waterside. The average cheques are $40 and $55
respectively.
Name of the Restaurant
Daniells'
Café
Café
Waterside
Average Cheque $40.00 $55.00
Answer to Question 2
DAILY
AVERAGE
COVERS:
Days
Breakfast Lunch Dinner TOTAL COVER
Daniell
s' Café
Café
Watersi
de
Daniell
s' Café
Café
Watersi
de
Daniell
s' Café
Café
Watersi
de
Daniell
s' Café
Café
Watersi
de
Monday 25 18 40 32 64 75 129 125
Tuesday 27 20 42 34 66 77 135 131
Wednesday 29 22 44 36 68 79 141 137
Thursday 31 24 46 38 70 81 147 143
Friday 33 26 48 40 72 83 153 149
Saturday 20 13 52 35 82 93 154 141
Sunday 17 11 56 30 92 103 165 144
TOTAL 182 134 328 245 514 591 1024 970
Answer to Question 3
DAILY
ESTIMATED
SALES:
Days Food Sales Non-Alcoholic Alcoholic Beverage TOTAL SALES

5BUDGETING
Beverage Sales Sales
Daniell
s' Café
Café
Watersi
de
Daniell
s' Café
Café
Watersi
de
Daniell
s' Café
Café
Watersi
de
Daniell
s' Café
Café
Watersi
de
Monday $2,580 $3,438 $1,032 $1,375 $1,548 $2,063 $5,160 $6,875
Tuesday $2,700 $3,603 $1,080 $1,441 $1,620 $2,162 $5,400 $7,205
Wednesday $2,820 $3,768 $1,128 $1,507 $1,692 $2,261 $5,640 $7,535
Thursday $2,940 $3,933 $1,176 $1,573 $1,764 $2,360 $5,880 $7,865
Friday $3,060 $4,098 $1,224 $1,639 $1,836 $2,459 $6,120 $8,195
Saturday $3,080 $3,878 $1,232 $1,551 $1,848 $2,327 $6,160 $7,755
Sunday $3,300 $3,960 $1,320 $1,584 $1,980 $2,376 $6,600 $7,920
TOTAL
$20,48
0 $26,675 $8,192 $10,670
$12,28
8 $16,005
$40,96
0 $53,350
Answer to Question 4
BUDGETED MONTHLY INCOME STATEMENT:
Daniell's Café Café Waterside
Particulars Amount Amount Amount Amount
Revenue:
Food $81,920 $106,700
Non-Alcoholic Beverage $32,768 $42,680
Alcoholic Beverage $49,152 $163,840 $64,020 $213,400
Total Revenue $163,840 $213,400
Cost of Goods Sold -$40,960 -$53,350
Gross Profit $122,880 $160,050
Operating Expenses:
Payroll Expenses -$24,576 -$32,010
Power & Fuel -$28,672 -$37,345
Cleaning Charges -$8,192 -$10,670
Electricity -$2,458 -$3,201
Rent -$1,500 -$1,500
General Expenses -$12,288 -$16,005
Total Operating Expenses -$77,686 -$100,731
Net Profit before Tax $45,194 $59,319
Income Tax Expenses -$13,558 -$17,796

6BUDGETING
Net Profit for the month $31,636 $41,523
Part B
Answer to Question 1
The issue presented in the question is that the data in regards to the income sources that
have been provided in the budgeted statements in Part A could be derived from the financial
statements or the accounting records that have been maintained for the purpose of carrying out
the financial proceedings. The books that are daily maintained by the accountant of the business
entity might also help in the process of collection of relevant data (Greef caes et al., 2017).
Answer to Question 2
The documents needed for gaining data in case of the following financial components are
as follows:
 Rent – payment documents or slips
 Wages and salaries – expense registers (salary or wage bills)
 Licenses – license papers
 Maintenance and repairs – expense register
 Asset purchases: Cooking equipment, furniture, motor vehicles – asset register
 Food purchases – purchase invoice
 Beverage purchases – purchase invoice
 Insurance Accounting taxes – tax invoice or bill
Balance Sheet
BALANCE SHEET:
ASSETS $ LIABILITIES $
Inventory: Food 25,000 Bank Loan 15,500
Inventory: Beverage 23,800 GST Payable 895
Furniture & Fittings 12,000 Trade Creditors 9,500
Trade Debtors 18,300
Bank Account 7,500

7BUDGETING
Computers 8,000
Petty Cash 1,200
Building & Improvements 9,500 Total Liabilities 25,895
Proprietorship/Owner's Equity 79,405
TOTAL 105,300 TOTAL 105,300
REVENUE EXPENSES
Fees received Cash Purchases
Credit sales Bought Goods for Resale
Commission received Bank fees & charges
Cash Sales Salaries/Wages
Interest paid
Telephone/Mobile & Internet
Supplies bought
Donations made
Answer to Question 8
The four examples of source documents include:
 Invoice bills
 Registration deeds
 Delivery dockets
 Quotes
Answer to Question 9
The trial balance ensures that the credit balance equals the debit balance
Answer to Question 10
The Cash flow equation is Operating cash flow = Net Cash or Operating income before
depreciation minus taxes that have been adjusted in accordance to changes in working capital
Answer to Question 11
A budget refers to the planned estimates that have been undertaken by the management of
an organization for the purpose of strategizing and controlling the revenue and the expenditure

8BUDGETING
for a specific time period in the future. A budget helps in providing a projected view into the
future estimates of business along with forecasting the profits or losses for business that can be
incurred via the estimates (Brown caes et al., 2016).
Answer to Question 12
A zero based budgeting refers to that method of budgeting that leads to the justification
of each of the new expenses that have been incurred. The essential process that a zero based
budgeting follows is that it starts from a zero base. This means that the total inflow of cash in
business minus total outflow of cash must be equal to zero. This will facilitate the allocation of
each and every monetary component of business (Brown caes et al., 2016).
Answer to Question 13
A rolling budget refers to that budget which is updated on a continuous basis for the
purpose of addition of a new budget with the completion of the current budgeted period. The
rolling budget facilitates the extension of the current thus making sure that the business is
continuously supported by a financial budget (Brown caes et al., 2016).
Answer to Question 17
The term variance refers to the difference between the two financial components.
However, the term budget is a relevant concept in case of the budgets. In case of the budgets,
relevance refers to the difference between the budgeted estimates and the actual estimates. A
variance can be favorable in nature indicating that the budgeted estimated has been more or less
accurate in comparison to the real expense or income that has been incurred by business.
However, in case of an unfavorable variance the estimated income does not match with the real
scenario. A variance analysis is essentially drawn in order to measure the effectiveness of a
prepared budget.
Answer to Question 18
 Budgets (estimated income) – financial budget
 Budgets ( estimated of costs) – overhead budget; material budget; labor budget;
 Budgets (expected financing activities and summary results of the coming period) –
revenue budget

9BUDGETING
Multiple Choice Questions
Answer to Question 2
D
Answer to Question 3
B
Answer to Question 4
A
Answer to Question 5
c
Answer to Question 6
b
Answer to Question 7
d
Answer to Question 8
b
Answer to Question 9
d
Answer to Question 10
c
Answer to Question 11
b
Answer to Question 12
d
Answer to Question 13
c

10BUDGETING
Answer to Question 14
a
Answer to Question 15
This particular question is missing the budgeted rate at which the crate of mangoes were
sole therefore, cannot be answered.
Trial Balance
The trial balance ensures that the credit balance equals the debit balance
Profit and Loss Statement
Revenue $ $
Sales 1,500
Less: Cost of goods 500
Gross Profit 1,000
Less: Operating Expenses
Electricity 50
Telephone 60
Advertising 100
Total Operating Expenses 210
Profit before Tax 790
Income Tax 150
PROFIT AFTER TAX 640
Gross profit is calculated as a 66.67% of revenue.
Profit after Tax is calculated as a 42.67% of revenue.
Operating Expenses is calculated as a 14.00% of revenue.
Income Tax is calculated as a 10.00% of revenue.
Cost of Goods Sold is calculated as a 33.33% of revenue.

11BUDGETING
Balance Sheet
ASSETS $ $
Cash 5,000
Stock 8,000
Vehicle 10,000
Equipment 5,000
Total Assets 28,000
Owners Equity
Capital 18,000
Total Owners Equity 18,000
Liabilities
Loans 10,000
Total Liabilities 10,000
Liabilities + Owners Equity 28,000
Assessment Activity: Accounting Terminology
Cash Receipts
Cash receipts refer to the receipts in the form of cash that the business has received in the
form of cash from its debtors or as a payment for other related business transactions.
Cash Sales
Cash sales refer to the sales that have been carried out by business in a particular
financial year and the proceedings of which have been received by it in cash.
Petty Cash
Petty cash refers to the cash account that is maintained by the accountant of a particular
organization for carrying out the operations in the daily course of business.

12BUDGETING
Purchase Journal
Purchase journal refers to the journal that reveals the total amount of purchase that is
undertaken by business in a particular financial year. In a purchase related journal entry, the
purchase account is debited and the cash account is credited.
Payroll Journal
A payroll refers to the wages and salaries that is paid by an organization to its employees.
A payroll journal consists of the entries in relation to the payroll of a particular organization.
Current ratio
The current ratio refers to the ratio that shows the liquidity position of an organization by
reflecting its ability to pay off its current liabilities with the help of its current assets. The
formula for calculating it is Current Assets / Current Liabilities.
Acid test ratio
The acid test ratio is of the similar nature as of current ratio. However, the formula for
calculating it is (Current Assets – stock) / Current Liabilities.
Accounts receivable as a percentage of total revenue
Accounts receivable as a percentage of total revenue refers to the total portion of sales
that has been carried out on the basis of credit.
Accounts receivable turnover ratio
Accounts receivable turnover ratio reveals the total amount of credit sales that have been
carried out by business and the effectiveness of it. The formula for calculating such a ratio is (net
credit sales) / (average accounts receivables)
Return on Assets
The return on assets refers to the ability of a company to optimally utilize its assets so as
to ensure the maximum return from them. The formula is (Net income) / (total assets).
Net return on asset
The net return on assets is same as return on assets. However, the formula is (net income)
/ (fixed assets + working capital)

13BUDGETING
Return on stockholder’s equity
The return o stockholder’s equity refers to the return that is obtained by business from the
shareholders equity. It is calculated by (net income) / shareholder’s equity
Inventory turnover
The inventory turnover refers to the ability of the business to obtain returns from its
inventory. It is calculated by (cost of goods sold)/ (average inventory)
Working Capital turnover
The working capital turnover ratio refers to the ability of the business to obtain returns
from its working capital. It is calculated by (net sales / working capital)
Gross profit margin
The gross profit margin refers to the gross profit that is left after deducting the cost of
goods sold from the total revenue. It is calculated by (gross profit) / revenue.
Net profit margin
The net profit margin ratio refers to the net profit that is left after deducting the operating
and all other expenses from the gross profit.
Asset turnover ratio
The asset turnover ratio refers to the ability of a business entity to obtain the maximum
returns from its assets. It is calculated by (net sales) / (total assets).
Contribution margin ratio
It is the difference between the company sales and variable expenses that is expressed as
a percentage.
Margin of safety
It is the difference between the intrinsic value of a stock and its respective market price.
Ownership ratio
The ownership ratio measures the usefulness of the funds contributed by the owners by
further measuring the assets financed by those funds.

14BUDGETING
Breakeven point
The breakeven point refers to the point at which the total sales equals the cost. Post the
breakeven point, the company deals in profit.
Sales increase
The sales increase refers to the total increase in sales that ultimately leads to increase in
the total revenue incurred by the firm.
Cost justification
The cost justification refers to the justification behind the need of an item of expenditure
with the support of proper evidences and documentation.
Sales objectives
The sales objective refers to the primary objectives that are achieved by the firm while
carrying out the sales of its manufactured products.
Food cost percentage
The food cost percentage refers to the percentage of the price of a particular food item
that accounts for the cost of preparing that particular food item. The food cost percentage can be
derived by dividing the total price of the food by the cost and then expressing it as a percentage.\
Gross profit on food
The gross profit on food refers to the total revenue derived by the sales of the food items
minus cost of preparing the food.
Food stock turn
Food stock turn refers to the effectiveness of the food stock that is utilized by the
business entity and is calculated by (total sales) / (total stock).
Beverage cost percentage
The part of the price of the beverages that accounts for their cost is referred to as
beverage cost percentage.

15BUDGETING
Total payroll
Total payroll refers to the wages and salaries and other monetary benefits that are paid by
an organization to its staff or employees.
Cost of Goods sold
The cost of goods sold refers to the cost that is incurred by the business entity in
manufacturing the sold product or in imparting a service.
Gross profit margin
The gross profit margin refers to the gross profit that is left after deducting the cost of
goods sold from the total revenue. It is calculated by (gross profit) / revenue.
Debt to Equity ratio
Debt to Equity ratio refers to the portion of financing that a business entity acquires by
borrowing it from outside parties and the portion of financing facilitated by the funds by the
equity shareholders. It is calculated by (short term debt + long term debt + other fixed payments)
/ Shareholder’s equity
Overheads
Overhead costs refer to those costs that are incurred in order to run a business but the
overhead costs cannot be attributed to any specific business activity. It is useful in estimating the
specific costs.

16BUDGETING
References and Bibliography
Ampatzoglou, A., Ampatzoglou, A., Chatzigeorgiou, A., & Avgeriou, P. (2015). The financial
aspect of managing technical debt: A systematic literature review. Information and
Software Technology, 64, 52-73.
Brown, J. L., Fisher, J. G., Peffer, S. A., & Sprinkle, G. B. (2016). The Effect of Budget Framing
and Budget-Setting Process on Managerial Reporting. Journal of Management
Accounting Research, 29(1), 31-44.
Creel, J., Hubert, P., & Labondance, F. (2015). Financial stability and economic performance.
Economic Modelling, 48, 25-40.
Greef, A., Healy, J., Reinhold, D., Gall, M., Swaminathan, M., & Schulz, R. (2017). U.S. Patent
No. 9,754,319. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Loughran, T., & McDonald, B. (2014). Measuring readability in financial disclosures. The
Journal of Finance, 69(4), 1643-1671.
Van Dooren, W., Bouckaert, G., & Halligan, J. (2015). Performance management in the public
sector. Routledge.