This essay explores the theories of Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim on the development of modern society and identifies similarities and differences between their perspectives.
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Running Head: MARX AND DURKHEIM ON MODERN SOCIETY MARX AND DURKHEIM ON MODERN SOCIETY Name of the Student: Name of University: Author Note:
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1MARX AND DURKHEIM ON MODERN SOCIETY The sociological interpretation in the process of developing modern society is a debatable concept and aligned with a number of sociological theories. In this respect, this essay is trying to identify the theories of Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim that is resembled with the approach of understandingtheprocessofevolutionofthemodernsociety.DurkheimwasaFrench sociologists who propounded his theory on modern sociology in the late 19thcentury. His major sociological work was The Division of Labour in Society published in 1893. It was also identified as a political philosophy focusing on the relation between the class division and role of human beings in a modern society. On the other hand, Karl Marx was the famous exponents of class formation in a society and perceiving a clear idea about the formation of modern society. In this context, this essay is trying to formulate and figure out the similarities and contrasts between the theory of Marx and Durkheim and prepare a justifiable conclusion. As far as the theory of Durkheim is concerned it can be argued that the concept of functionalism is associated with evolution of the modern society. Durkheim claimed that society has its own identity with different social facts, social structures, cultural norms and values. Therefore, it is highly important to maintain a solidarity or harmony among different groups in a modern society. As per the research ofDiCristina(2016) this kind of perception is identified as the core principle of Structural functionalism and putting emphasis on the social phenomenon to retain the social structure of the modern society. On the other hand, the foundation of modern society is based on the separation and breakdown embedded with a harmony between social and economic life (Hookway, 2015). In this regard, as a result of that chaos and atrocities are considered to be one of the major characteristics in course of the modern state building process. As a matter of fact, violence and antagonism are clearly encapsulated into the features and
2MARX AND DURKHEIM ON MODERN SOCIETY activities of the modern state. Therefore, it is important for the citizens to make an amicable relation among each other and fight back the exploitative nature of the administration intensely. In this regard, there is a clear correlation between the theory of modern state of Marx and Durkheim. It was articulated byGorski(2017) that a sharp affinity between the perception of the Marx and Durkheim. Both the sociologists were sceptical about the motive of modern state. Durkheim tried to understand the modern state from the context of pre-modern establishment and based on the previous formation he articulated that in the pre-modern society people had more respect on the moral and ethical considerations. Subsequently, the practice of morality in daily state affairs had been eroded and draconian rule and lure of power made people invincible and desperate enough to refute the practice of morality (Bowring, 2016). Therefore, it is important to refurbish the practice of morality and ethics in order to ensure the existence of modern state. Most interestingly, Durkheim pointed out the feature of modern state as a tool of exploitation resonated the same concept as it was illustrated by Marx to some extent. As far as the concept of modern state is concerned, Marx advocated about a class struggle between haves and have nots. According to Marx, it is the basic nature of the state to impose exploitative measures on its subjects or citizens (Jessop 2014). Therefore, from that point of view Durkheim and Marx identified the modern state as an edifice of exploitation. In this context, it can be stated that another similarity can be identified within the theories of Marx and Durkheim.Mallory and Carlson(2014) argued that in the writings of Durkheim there are some primary factors on which he focused entirely. Solidarity is identified one of the major part of establishing peace and harmony within the state. In this regard, both the state and the citizens had to make an agreement on the basis of cohesion and mutual understanding. Henceforth, the role of the citizens and the state will juxtapose each other in some sort of sense
3MARX AND DURKHEIM ON MODERN SOCIETY where interests of each actors will be committed to respect others will (Callegaro, 2016). As a result of that peace and tranquillity will be retained within the modern society. On the contrary, the understanding of Marx put some similar notion where the citizens only able to establish peace within the country. In this context, the famous concept of classless society was came into action resonated the best solution for making a peaceful environment. Moreover, a social equality proposition was also delivered to undermine any threat of clash within the modern state (Lima 2017). Basically, the main argument that Marx and Durkheim were tried to establish was based on the role of the citizens to become the protagonist in order to restore peace and prosperity in a modern state. Nonetheless, it can be stated that there are huge differences between the theory of modern state between Marx and Durkheim. Initially, it seems both the theories contemplate the role of the citizens or the mass in order to retain the strong edifice of the modern state. However, conceptual dichotomy can be found very easily between those two theories. For an instance, the proposition of Durkheim was based on the sociological and biological explanations rather than the political influence that fevered the writings of Karl Marx. It can be stated that Marx tried to portray the modern state as a mechanism of exploitation rather than an effective structure that created solidarity and harmony among men (Gronow 2015). The Marxian theory of modern state should never intended to respect the interests of the mass because it would collided with their own motives. On the other hand, Durkheim focused on a utopian theory of modern society where the moral consideration and solidarity can play a pivotal part. At this point, Marxism directly confronted the theory of Durkheim that draw a more appreciable nature of the modern state. On the other hand, the question of about the role of the citizens was also different in case of Marxism. As far as the theory of Durkheim is concerned, it can be stated that the citizens are
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4MARX AND DURKHEIM ON MODERN SOCIETY tried to negotiate with the state in order to make an amicable relation. As a matter of fact, there are continuous agreements between the government and the citizens to ensure the peace and tranquillity among the citizens (Hookway, 2015). On the other hand, Marx refuted the existence of any class or state. As per his theory, in near future there will be no class difference and a concept of equality will be developed in course of making better environment. In this regard, the Marxian principlesdirectlyrefutedthe theoryof cohesion andsolidaritypropounded by Durkheim. The foundation of the Marxian principles was based on the dictatorship of proletariat as the ultimate future of the modern state (Jonna and Foster 2016). There is no such agreement and social solidarity in the concept of Marxian perception of modern state. Moreover, while understanding the condition of the labourers in the modern state there are huge perceptual differences between the understanding of Marx and Durkheim. The concept of alienation is identified as one of the major factors behind the establishment of the division of labour. According toTansel(2015) the Marxian philosophy of division of labour was considered to be an aspect that contributed to create problem in the world. The reason behind it was the class difference that destroyed the unity of human race. However, Durkheim promoted a more tolerant perspective of the division of labour. In the research ofCallegaro(2016) it can be seen that the division of labour is a scientific division created by different job specification for different people. As a matter of fact, the reproductive ability and the profitability of the state cannot be denied that will be ushered by the practice of different division of labour. According to Durkheim this division of labour can develop solidarity among the citizens of a modern state which was completely refuted by the Marxian principle of division of labour that rightly pointed out the division of labour as a tool of exploitation (Mulhern, 2014).
5MARX AND DURKHEIM ON MODERN SOCIETY Based on the above discussion, it can be stated that there are in-depth analysis related to the perception of modern state among Durkheim and Marx. In an apparent view, both the sociologists tried to mark the modern state as a place of violence and atrocities. As a matter of fact, it is important for the citizens to make it right and effective enough. However, the insights of the theory pointed out that the Marxian context and the way of making a better world are completely different from the illustration of Durkheim. Moreover, the perception regarding division of labour is also considered to be a contradictory principle where Marx was against the existence of division and social classification and Durkheim appreciated the practice of division of labour in terms of identifying it as a tool of increasing solidarity. From that point of view, it can be concluded that the essay rightly focuses on the similarity and differences of ideology of Marx and Durkheim in terms of developing a modern state.
6MARX AND DURKHEIM ON MODERN SOCIETY Reference Bowring,F.(2016).TheindividualandsocietyinDurkheim:Unpickingthe contradictions.European Journal of Social Theory,19(1), 21-38. Callegaro, F. (2016). The ideal of the person: Recovering the novelty of Durkheim’s sociology. Part II: Modern society, the cult of the person, and the sociological project.Journal of Classical Sociology,16(1), 37-52. DiCristina,B.(2016).Durkheim’stheoryofanomieandcrime:Aclarificationand elaboration.Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology,49(3), 311-331. Gorski, P. S. (2017). Recovered goods: Durkheimian sociology as virtue ethics. InVarieties of Virtue Ethics(pp. 181-198). Palgrave Macmillan, London. Gronow, J. (2015).On the Formation of Marxism: Karl Kautsky’s Theory of Capitalism, the Marxism of the Second International and Karl Marx’s Critique of Political Economy. Brill. Hookway, N. (2015). Moral decline sociology: Critiquing the legacy of Durkheim.Journal of Sociology,51(2), 271-284. Jessop, B. (2014). The relevance of Luhmann’s systems theory and of Laclau and Mouffe’s discourse analysis to the elaboration of Marx’s state theory. Jonna, R. J., & Foster, J. B. (2016). Marx’s theory of working-class precariousness–and its relevance today.Alternate Routes: A Journal of Critical Social Research,27.
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7MARX AND DURKHEIM ON MODERN SOCIETY Lima, R. (2017). Alienation, value and fetishism in Marx’s critique of the State.Socialism and Democracy,31(1), 87-105. Mallory,P.,&Carlson,J.(2014).Rethinkingpersonalandpoliticalfriendshipwith Durkheim.Distinktion: Scandinavian Journal of Social Theory,15(3), 327-342. Mulhern, F. (2014).Contemporary Marxist literary criticism. Routledge. Tansel, C. B. (2015). Deafening silence? Marxism, international historical sociology and the spectre of Eurocentrism.European Journal of International Relations,21(1), 76-100.