Kidney and Associated Disorders

Running head: CHRONIC KIDNEY DISORDER 1
Kidney and Associated Disorders
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CHRONIC KIDNEY DISORDER 2
Patient's overview
Chronic kidney disease is a critical disorder that has necessitated the patient to
hemodialysis as an alternative means to purify blood because the kidneys are not functioning
normally. Hemodialysis assists in removal of unwanted products in the body like urea, free water
from the blood and creatinine when the kidney fails to perform. In addition to kidney disease, the
man is suffering from other diseases like insulin dependent diabetes, nephropathy, neuropathy
and retinopathy. The insulin-dependent diabetes is a disorder in which the body mistakes the
insulin-producing cells to be foreign cells and destroys them hence they no longer produce
insulin to be used in the body [4]. Nephropathy is associated with diabetes and occurs due to
kidney malfunction. When the glomeruli are damaged there is the loss of protein in the urine and
serum albumin become low due to body swelling which leads to nephrotic syndrome. The
pathophysiology of this disorder starts with inappropriate control of blood sugar [6]. Neuropathy
is a term used to refer to health disorders such as peripheral nerves damage and the symptoms of
these problems. The symptoms of this disorder are; paralysis, burning sensation, permanent
numbness, muscle weakness, impairment to sexual function and urination, pain and increased
sensitivity to touch [5]. Retinopathy is a disorder that results from damage of the eye retina which
may lead to the impairment of the vision. It is caused by abnormal blood flow that leads to the
retina is damaged.
In most cases, retinopathy is caused by diabetes which leads to blindness. The relevant
co-morbidities include high blood pressure, diabetes, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and
hypercholesterolemia. The Aboriginal man is under the following medications insulin glargine
that is used to regulate glucose metabolism, pantoprazole that is used as an antacid, aspirin that is

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISORDER 3
used to relieve pain in the body and insulin as the part which lowers blood glucose activity. The
other medications include digoxin, warfarin, temazepam, pantoprazole and nebivolol. The reason
why this patient needs to be admitted to the hospital is that of the body health status [1].
The patient has myocardial infarction which occurs when there is a decrease in the flow
of blood, or it has stopped in one part of the heart which causes damage to the muscle of the
heart. The patient feels pain in the chest or discomfort, and it may spread to the back, arm, neck
shoulder, and jaw. In most cases, myocardial infarction occurs on the lift side or center of the
chest, and it may last for minutes [7]. Other symptoms include; nausea, cold sweat, feeling faint,
shortness of breath and feeling tired. This disorder occurs due to disease of coronary artery and
the risk factors include; lack of exercise, smoking, obesity, diabetes, poor diet and high blood
cholesterol. Aspirin in most cases is the most appropriate treatment for myocardial infarction.
The stents implantation is an intervention in which a mesh tube is inserted in an artery which has
been narrowed by plaque accumulation. The tube, edge through an artery in the arm or leg will
expand to hold it open at the point where the flow of blood is restricted. Atrial fibrillation is an
irregular heartbeat or a quivering which leads to heart failure, stroke, blood clots among other
complications that are related to the functioning of heart [3].
Furthermore, the patient has several other medical conditions which include; heart failure
which occurs the muscles of the heart fails to pump the blood as usual. This may be as a result of
high blood pressure or coronary artery disease which weakens the heart hence inefficient
pumping of blood. Pleural effusion is an uncommon amount of fluid around the lung which is
caused by leaking of fluid from other body organs, infections like pneumonia, pulmonary
embolism and cancer problem. The symptoms of this disorder include; a cough, shortness of

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISORDER 4
breath, fever and chest pain when breathing deeply. Type 1 diabetes is a disorder in which the
pancreas releases very little amount or no insulin hormone at all hence glucose cannot enter the
cell to aid in the production of energy [8]. Hypertension is the force which the blood applies on
the vessels of the blood due to the resistance of blood vessels or work being done by the heart.
This pressure may lead to severe complications such as stroke, heart disease or even death.
Hypercholesterolemia is a condition where the levels of cholesterol in the blood are high, which
is a consequence of obesity, an unhealthy diet or inherited disease. And finally, is Gastric
esophageal reflux disorder which is the digestive disease which affects the lower part of
esophageal ring muscle that is between the stomach and esophagus [2].
The medications information
Aspirin
Aspirin is used to reduce inflammation and relieve pain from the patient body. Aspirin is
regularly suggested to be used by patients who suffer from a stroke or heart attack. It works by
keeping the blood cells of the patient from clumping together. The clumps block the heart and
brain blood vessels. Oxygen and other nutrients cannot reach brain and heart if the vessels are
blocked. As a result, a heart attack may occur due to the lack of blood in the heart, and also
stroke occurs due to lack of blood in the brain. Aspirin may increase the danger of bleeding in
the brain, small intestine and stomach [10]. If high doses aspirin are taken for an extended period,
it may damage the walls of small intestine and stomach slowly which leads to bleeding. Use of
aspirin for blood clot prevention may also interfere with the healing of damaged blood vessels
which occurs naturally and raise the danger of bleeding in the brain. Hence there is a need to
monitor the medication for this patient to avoid such complications that may occur later in his