Knowledge Management and Information Systems

This report explores the concept of knowledge management and information systems in organizations. It focuses on Land Rover, a top car manufacturing company, and discusses their corporate objectives, business model, and the evaluation of performance using SWOT analysis, PESTEL analysis, and Porter's Five Forces model. The report also recommends the appropriate management information systems for effective decision-making.

Knowledge
Management and
Information systems

Table of Contents
Table of Contents...........................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................1
1.Overview of selected organization...........................................................................................1
2. Critically evaluate the three models........................................................................................2
3. Recommend the appropriate management information systems.............................................5
4. Critically evaluate the key issues which organization face at the time of implementing their
recommendations.........................................................................................................................8
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Knowledge information management systems are connected to some kind of IT mechanism
that retains and automatically populates knowledge, improves communication, detects sources of
information, explores for hidden knowledge repositories, collects and uses knowledge or in some
other manner facilitates KM (Razmerita, Philips-Wren and Jain, 2016). If the above explanation
made this term vague, then there is no consensus on the interpretation of an information
management system and, thus, there is no consensus on KM. There is no compromise on that. In
addition, it is very difficult to draw a line because KM is involved in every aspect of the
business.
This report select the Land Rover which is top known car manufacturing company and it
offer premium quality amend luxury supports vehicles for the customers. This assessment based
on several topics such as overview of the selected organization to know about their corporate
objectives, structure, business model etc. In addition, with the help of three different models
company cortically evaluate the performance of the company. Along with this, it includes the
appropriate management information systems and what difficulties organizations face at the time
of implementing.
MAIN BODY
1.Overview of selected organization
Corporate objective of Land Rover:
The objective of Land Rover is to positioning as advance their path to zero pollution, zero
accidents and zero traffic for a long-term, sustainable and rentable growth. Land Rover is a UK
business with global production and engineering capabilities.
Business overview:
Land Rover is a UK four-wheel automobile brand which provides exclusively luxury and
luxurious sports cars. The JLR is currently producing Land Rovers in Brazil, China, India,
Slovakia and United Kingdom. It is owned by Jaguar Land Rover (JLR), a global car
manufacturer owned since 2008 by India's Tata Motors. Company introduced in 1948 and its
parent company is Jaguar Land Rover and since 2013, it becomes subsidiary of TATA motors. \
Corporate structure:
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In Land Rover corporate structure, there are 15 members in a team in middle
management and in top management people includes Executive Officers, CFOs and the Chief
Commercial Officer (CCO). Their structure is vertical, with roles mainly based on function, with
one Executive Director for the JLR division in the Chinese market. In the lower level
management includes the functional heads and non managerial employees.
Business model: The high level business strategy to be executed in a particular
marketplace is listed. The Land Rover business model is set in the manner that links financial
initiatives in a continuous and logical chain together with non-financial measures in order to
distinguish the way in which activities generate values.
2. Critically evaluate the three models
In order to make any business successful, organization need to implement various methods
and models to evaluate organizational performance. With the help of it, managers identify that
what changes they need to implement to improve overall performance as well as productivity. In
context of Land Rover, there are three model used to evaluate the overall efficiency such as
SWOT analysis to identify company’s strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats. In
addition, another model is PESTEL analysis which is used to identify the external business
environment which affects the organizational productivity and profitability. Along with this, by
using Porter’s five force model Land Rover identify competitive advantage as well as threats
from the market.
SWOT Analysis:
This framework is used to identify the organizational strengths, weakness, threats and
opportunities which are required by the management to make their future strategies to achieve
operational goals & objectives. This model used by the Land Rover company to evaluate their
performance and future opportunity, so they can make further expansion strategy accordingly.
Strengths:
 Strong brand: the both famous Jaguar & Land Rover brands sponsored by Tata Motors
which is parent company are helping the Land Rover to succeed.
 Effective CRM: Improving relationship management helps the organization create a
successful business by identifying customer issues proactively, predicting and problem
solving leading to improved customer satisfaction and heartbeat (Cervone, 2016).
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 Smarter work: In order to optimize different processes, workers are continually involved
in productivity, waste disposal, and guaranteeing sustainable and productive enterprises,
particularly for younger generations.
Weakness:
 Weak sales growth in emerging markets: While Premium automotive sector firms are
growing with the fundamental potential of emerging countries, Land Rover is
experiencing an 18 percent decrease in the Pacific region as a negative growth trend in
emerging markets (Beynon-Davies, 2016).
 Business Myopia: Greater than 45% of sales were from the UK and Europe, which may
lead to loss of revenue on such markets as developed markets and the vigorous revenue
of rivalry contributing to a shrinking and long-lasting loss of the company's stock share.
Opportunities:
 Changing lifestyle & customer groups: Automotive industry is moving three influential
forces such as market preference shifting, enhanced regulatory protection and fuel
efficiency standards and increased knowledge and data availability.
 Market growth: New markets such as the Asian and BRIC nations will lead to an
increase in vehicle demand.
 OEM priorities: OEMs will collaborate with manufacturers and experts outside the
conventional automotive industry in view of an increase in the number of electronic
material.
Threats:
 Extreme competition: a growing number of competitors in the luxury automotive sector
contribute to more firms branding, leading to declining margins.
 Product Life Cycle: As a result of regular upgrades, technological advances, and rivalry
in the market, the life of models for vehicles appears to be short and tomorrow is
irrelevant.
PESTEL Analysis:
It is macroeconomic factors which affect the organization as well as its productivity. This
model includes several factors such as political, social, economic, technological, legal or
environmental. PESTEL analysis used to evaluate such external factors which influence the
decision making process of the business. Before making any decisions, management need to
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evaluate all the factors and find out that, it will positively affect the company or not. Managers of
Land Rover use this framework for external factor analysis and further decisions made
accordingly. These are as follow:
Political factors: The degree of the country’s political stability in recent years is
beneficial for Land Rover. Trade barriers protect Land Rover but trade obstacles that could
damage businesses by prohibiting possible exports from countries with potential trade partners.
High taxation level would make companies like Land Rover disincentive to increase their profits.
Social factors: Land Rover could not sell a luxury product to the general population as a
majority of the population is a smaller class but instead would have to focus on niche marketing.
The group allocation within the population is of utmost importance for Land Rover. They must
be completely aware of the prevalent health standards, abuse reaction and environmental value in
the entire industry and is therefore expected of every company as considered to be the norm.
Economic factors: Whether that's a monopoly, oligopoly or anything such as ideal
egalitarian economic structure, the economic system currently in operation in this field (Turel,
2016). The country's Growth rate will affect how quickly Land Rover is expected to produce
soon. Interest rates will influence the ability of people to borrow and invest. Higher rates will
lead to higher investment, which will increase Land Rover growth.
Technological factors: The cost impacts of the technological advances are likely to
significantly increase or reduce the subsequent profits, in most companies. If Land Rover meets
new technology which becomes increasingly popular in the sector concerned, the degree of
popularity must be monitored and how rapidly the turnover of its competition can rise and
disrupt them (Shannak, Maqableh and Tarhini, 2017). This would represent the necessity needed
either to suit the innovation or to seek a creative alternative in order to effectively address the
innovation.
Environmental factors: The weather factors may have major effects on Land Rover's
ability to handle both the movement of resources and the final product. Firms that manufacture
tremendous quantities of waste that have to control their ecological habits. This could include
emissions fines and quotas that could put the Land Rover financial pressure.
Legal factors: Government discrimination laws are put in place to protect the workforce
and to ensure that everyone at Land Rover, irrespective of gender, age, disability, race, religion
or sexual orientation, is treated equally and affords the same possibilities. Health and safety
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legislation was developed by the horrific conditions under which workers had to work during and
immediately after the industry.
Porter’s Five Force Model:
It is an essential tool which is used by the organization for competitive analysis and
recognizes the forces inside an organization. With the help of it, managers modify their business
strategies according to the market condition. Further discussions are as follow:
Threat of new entrants: In the industry where Land Rover works, economies of scale
are very hard to achieve. For those that generate huge capacities, this makes it possible to
provide a cost profit. Output for new entrants is also more costly. Government policy in the
sector requires strict regulatory standards and legal conditions before a business can begin to sell.
It is challenging for outsiders to join the organization, so the threat of new entrants becomes a
weak force.
Bargaining power of suppliers: The quality stability of suppliers is weaker and this
undermines the negotiating power of suppliers. The commodity offered by these suppliers is
relatively standardized, less diversified and cost-effective (Shahzad and et. al., 2016). This
simplifies the transaction of suppliers for buyers such as Land Rover. This increases the
negotiating power of suppliers in the sector.
Bargaining power of buyers: Land Rover works in far more suppliers than the number
of companies that manufacture such goods. It means that perhaps the consumers have a few
companies to choose from and have little quality control (Liebowitz, 2016). The revenues of the
company's buyers are small. It ensures the incentive to buy at low rates increases market
uncertainty for the consumer. This allows buyers' negotiating power a lower industry force.
Threats of substitute’s products & services: There are a few alternatives, but these are
much more costly. In contrast, companies manufacturing in the sector in which Land Rover
works, sell with sufficient quality at lower prices than alternatives. In other words, consumers are
less likely to adapt to goods that are substituted (Kasemsap, 2018). This means that there is a low
threat of substitute goods in the market.
Rivalry: There are very few players in the field where Land Rover works. Most of them
are large too. This ensures that companies in the market do not pass unnoticed. This allows the
Land Rover in the industry completely capable. This means rivalry between existing companies a
smaller force in this sector.
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3. Recommend the appropriate management information systems
Information system is the integrated range of data collection, storage, retrieval and
information, expertise and digital goods components. In order to carry out and maintain their
operations, corporate and other organisations depend on information systems, communicate with
consumers, distributors, and compete in the market. Inter-organization supply chains and online
transactions are managed by information systems (Sarnikar and Deokar, 2017). For example,
companies use information systems in financial records management, administrative tools and
online marketing to meet their potential customers. Many big organizations are entirely designed
around Their systems.
There are several options available for Land Rover to select appropriate management
information system. It help the organization to run their operational functional smoothly. Some
of them are as follow:
Decision support services (DSS): This serves the organization's management where
DSS framework is for decision management which includes advanced data analysis tools which
support and maintain all aspects of the decision-making processes. In order to strengthen
decision-making, DSS may use knowledge from external sources such as current stock prices.
DSS can be used where the issue is complex and the information required to take the correct
decision is difficult to obtain and then use (Lister, Eager and Eager, 2016). The DSS is set up
with the support of both decision makers. The DSS aims to make the best judgements and makes
no statements. Land Rover gathers external information through the use of this information
system to help the company's organizational decisions.
Transactional processing systems (TPS): It is primarily used mostly for record keeping
and must be used to operate a business by every organization. Forms of TPS include the
processing of invoices, payroll and paperwork, etc. TPS is for the development of periodic
reports used on a regular basis. It is used for producing on demand and situation reports
(Centobelli, Cerchione and Esposito, 2017). Land Rover management will use this information
system to produce reports and make decisions from gathered information that is more useful to
managers.
Management information system (MIS): The MIS provides a description of the main
administrative activities of the entities. The company's TPS gathers critics and MIS consolidates
sales, production details, etc. MIS gives regular information to administrators and decision
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makers. The MIS system's main function is to enhance operational efficiency. It will promote
marketing, development, finance and so forth. Land Rover managers will implement this
information system and increase profitability even more to boost their operational performance
(Archer-Brown and Kietzmann, 2018).
Enterprise resource planning (ERP): This software is for enterprise process
management that permits a company to manage an organization on the global multi-site market
through an automated program framework. It is one of the efficient methods because centrally
controlled organizational data are supplied with a single access. It is used by multinationals such
as Land Rover. This system is implemented by most organizations in order to boost operational
efficiency. ERP is always a major investment, but it can consolidate and optimize the IT costs
(Hislop, Bosua and Helms, 2018). Alternatively, they can concentrate all those costs on one ERP
instead of expending resources on different systems which all require dedicated employees,
infrastructure, technical staff and licenses. It provides Land Rover and their senior management
with complete access to all relevant processes in company through easy access to data from all
departments.
Executive Information System (EIS): It is often used by the management of the
organization as administrative support. It also needs to be easy to do this so that administrators
can use it without assistance. EIS will carry out market research, record variations and have a
drill-down capability (Foote and Halawi, 2018). The results are usually described visually as per
the manager's information needs. EIS provides online analysis resources and a range of
information is accessible internal and external. With the assistance of EIS, Land Rover managers
can evaluate the market, collect valuable information and relay techniques to managers.
Recommendations:
By considering the above information MIS management information system is
recommended to Land Rover as it provides detailed description of the main administrative
activities of the organisation. It is useful for company as it offer data in order to identify the non
performing areas that lead to develop the better business productivity and efficiency for
company. Moreover it is also useful in making things better considering the decision-making
communication better data information and knowledge of customer needs. In order to develop
management information system bookkeepers is develop according to the records for the Taxes
shareholders and lenders. In relation with this it is beneficial for Land Rover in order to manage
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their whole working activity and daily routine by keeping a prominent record in a book. Along
with this manager of has the prominent information which is required by them in order to
identify the strengths and weaknesses of an organisation in order to achieve higher level of
efficiency. In context of this it is useful in enhancing the quality of decision by offering better
availability off detail information in order to reduce the uncertainty and also encourage managers
to make more prominent decisions depends on the reliable data. It is also beneficial in promoting
the better Communications among the departments and workplace and it becomes possible
because of managers and employees as they share the same information with the help of
communication in order to analyse the issued areas and also find mutually agreeable solution.
MIS also offer a platform in order to explore various scenarios and economic environment
regarding the management which is quite capable to analyse the possible results before
developing and making any decisions and commitments. For the more it also leads to enhance
the productivity of employees as subordinates does not have more time to spend for the gathering
of the data which management want as it is well designed and also useful in collecting
information without more efforts and input from employees. It also leads to unite the company
towards the competitive advantage buy running whore efficient business in order to reduce the
weakness and non performing areas that leads to increase the competitive advantage over the
Rivals. Moreover MIS leads to reveal more data and information about the customers and for this
it need the support of customers and Management in order to enhance the customer service and
also design it in more effective manner that leads to who develop marketing and promotional
campaigns.
Management information system is important for any kind of business that is small large or
medium that is more serious regarding the enhancement of its performance within the dynamic
business environment. Without a good MIS managers of the company are managed by trial and
error instead of making intelligent decisions that depends on the thoughtful determination of
data. In the context of Land Rover MIS leads to enhance the quality of decision making as it
helps the top management regarding the business to do it in more prominent way with the help of
proper solutions in order to provide the relevant information. MIS is useful in analysing the
situation by offering all the relevant information regarding the situation and also expect from
managers to take prominent decisions. Moreover MIS also provide some prominent
recommendations and give a better vision in order to take prominent decisions.
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4. Critically evaluate the key issues which organization face at the time of implementing their
recommendations
By considering the modern business it is fully depends on the technology as each and
every client interaction internal procedure depends on the computer system and its power. MIS is
the general form that encompasses the several technologies in order to exist within the
organisation and need several information’s in order to manage it (Karamitri, Talias and Bellali,
2017). In terms of this common problems considering the failure to strategize hire and retain
talented employees meet organisational requirements and also stay in the current and integrated
Technologies. In terms of this some prominent key issues are discussed as under:
Lack of strategy: Most of the common MIS problems can be tracked because of lack of
strategy. The leaders of information system are well aware regarding the use of many tools and
their availability in order to collect data bi a network but putting that information in practical
manner is quite challenging. At single time Technology department served as the single
operation in order to offer technological support and keeping the companies server machines to
complete the process (Xiaojun, 2017). Currently the MIS leadership sits alongside with the other
business leaders in order to work ok in collective manner and make started the technology being
used in most supportive way regarding the achievement of overall mission of the company by
moving it forward.
Economic structure: Another factor which is considered as the key issue is the economic
development status of the country and the proper area. It suggests that the nation progress
through various stages of economic and it development that is the relevant key problems which
should be considered regarding the change of infrastructure issues to the operational issues
(Wymore, 2018). In relation with this the managers of Land Rover need to consider their
infrastructure and structure problems while developing MIS as its stages depends on the gross
domestic product. By considering this factor it is concerned with the strategic issues that should
be prominent and has interest towards the group because of the advanced nature of information
system on this economy. Therefore the economic development with cultural differences can be
explained in this MIS at some of the large scale differences between the studies.
Technological status: It is considered as the diversity within the technological status of
many prominent areas. In terms of Land Rover the availability of telephone lines are still in the
radar of issue and it turns has a direct impact on the telecommunication (Gaviria-Marin, Merigo,
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J.M. and Popa, 2018). Concerning this various dimensions considering the economic
development political environment and National culture has impact on the technological status.
CONCLUSION
From the above observation it has been concluded that, organization must use methods
which successfully to sustain creativity. The Corporate Overview lists all the relevant aspects of
a organization and includes the organization history, places, management teams, etc. SWOT
analysis is an effective way to analyze an organization's assets, risks, vulnerabilities and
opportunities. Analysis from PESTLE is another model that assists in evaluating the factors
influencing the business and its processes. The five-power model by Porter analyzes market
productivity effectively. The firm's IT system comprises the management monitoring system, the
supporting decision system and the control process system. Employee hesitation, initial
efficiency loss and failure are the big problems in the implementation of the information system.
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REFERENCES
Books & Journals
Beynon-Davies, P., 2016. Information Systems Development: an introduction to information
systems engineering. Macmillan International Higher Education.
Hislop, D., Bosua, R. and Helms, R., 2018. Knowledge management in organizations: A critical
introduction. Oxford University Press
Liebowitz, J., 2016. Successes and failures of knowledge management. Morgan Kaufmann.
Lister, A., Eager, B. and Eager, R. D., 2016. Fundamentals of operating systems. Macmillan
International Higher Education.
Razmerita, L., Philips-Wren, G. and Jain, L. C., 2016. Innovations in Knowledge Management.
Online]. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Available from: http://link.
springer. com/10.1007/978-3-662-47827-1.[Accessed: 9th May 2017].
Shannak, R., Maqableh, M. and Tarhini, A., 2017. The impact of knowledge management on job
performance in higher education. Journal of Enterprise Information Management.
Turel, O., 2016. Untangling the complex role of guilt in rational decisions to discontinue the use
of a hedonic Information System. European Journal of Information Systems, 25(5),
pp.432-447.
Wymore, A. W., 2018. Model-based systems engineering (Vol. 3). CRC press.
Xiaojun, Z., 2017. Knowledge Management System Use and Job Performance: A Multilevel
Contingency Model. MIS quarterly. 41(3).
Centobelli, P., Cerchione, R. and Esposito, E., 2017. Knowledge management systems: the
hallmark of SMEs. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 15(2), pp.294-304.
Karamitri, I., Talias, M.A. and Bellali, T., 2017. Knowledge management practices in healthcare
settings: a systematic review. The International journal of health planning and
management, 32(1), pp.4-18.
Gaviria-Marin, M., Merigo, J.M. and Popa, S., 2018. Twenty years of the Journal of Knowledge
Management: A bibliometric analysis. Journal of Knowledge Management.
Foote, A. and Halawi, L.A., 2018. Knowledge management models within information
technology projects. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 58(1), pp.89-97.
Archer-Brown, C. and Kietzmann, J., 2018. Strategic knowledge management and enterprise
social media. Journal of Knowledge Management.
Sarnikar, S. and Deokar, A.V., 2017. A design approach for process-based knowledge
management systems. Journal of knowledge management.
Kasemsap, K., 2018. The roles of information technology and knowledge management in project
management metrics. In Global Business Expansion: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools,
and Applications (pp. 1191-1221). IGI Global.
Shahzad, K and et. al., 2016. Integrating knowledge management (KM) strategies and processes
to enhance organizational creativity and performance. Journal of modelling in
management.
Cervone, F., 2016, September. What might the curriculum in knowledge management programs
tell us about the future of the field?. In European Conference on Knowledge
Management (p. 166). Academic Conferences International Limited.
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