Language and Linguistics Task 1 PART A College Students Need Proficient in Language and Linguistics

Language and Linguistics Task 1 PART A College students seeking for entry into law school needproficiency in language hence ESP supports this competency(Huhta, Vogt, Johnson, & Tulkki, 2013). Languageis essential for specific purposes and targets learners with certain academic and professional needs (Wozniak, 2010). These are learners familiar with the subject hence require a LSP course design with structural features of the language, its professional focus and theme or genre.

Task 1

PART A
College students seeking for entry into law school needproficiency in language hence ESP supports this competency(Huhta, Vogt, Johnson, & Tulkki, 2013). Aged
between 19-25 yearsthese college level students may have background knowledge of law. The learning environment often has amulticultural group of learners. The aims and
objectives of this unit analysis are to analyze the use of English for Specific Purpose (ESP). Itlooks at learners speaking and listening skills, writing and reading skills for an
effective foundation in learning. The legal language is useful inbusiness and professionalslaw. Learners with a background in law are expected to be familiar with how to
summarize subject content. ESP is appropriate for learners interested in segments of legal practices. Learning materials have units withlegalcontent and learners should
comprehend the content in order to expanding their scope of knowledge (Bezukladnlkov, Kruze, & Mosina, 2013: Fard & Borouieni, 2013). This group of ESP learners
develops proficiency in English language for application in law and for communicating in the corporate world.
Needs Analysis Strategy
The use of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) in the professional world is for quality communication(Gollin-Kies, Hall, & Moore, 2015, p. 30).
Languageis essential for specific purposes and targets learners with certain academic and professional needs (Wozniak, 2010). Legal students are college level
learners pursuing a career in legal studies. Learning material in their coursesinvolve knowledge acquisition, comprehension of content, grammar competencies
and authentic language applications(Bhatia, 2014). Purposeful language allows the learner’s to engage in learning effectively. In this context the application of
Language for Specific Purposes is for specific needs considered. The methods used when determining these needs depends on the level of the learner. At
college entry the student is joining the legal profession at an undergraduate level. The first-year students have started learning different subjects in Law and
they need a grasp of basic terminologies in the subject area (Wozniak, 2010). These are learners familiar with the subject hence require a LSP course design
with structural features of the language, its professional focus and theme or genre. Ellis, Loewen, & Basturkmen (2005) recommend the use of LSP as a
critique in the development of learning material that is practical and based on the learner needs.
a) Reading skills
Handford Michael (2010) explored linguistic features to identify the use of language clusters in business perspectives. Using a cluster of two the
analysis, he looks at gaps in listening, speaking and reading skills as well as writing and reading. The target learners, in this case, are college students focused
on sharpening professional skills. At a higher education level, reading skills are essential for professional development. At this level, the teacher empowers the
learner by refining the knowledge through advanced knowledge for professional development. Concepts used in the learning materials include the
development of competencies through a wide range of activities. Reading strategies in advanced learning also incorporate learner participation in research,
presentation, personal and group participation (Doughty & Williams, 1998). Through wide reading, classroom research and language improvement, the
learners gain confidence for communicating in their area of study. The use of language as a tool for communicating in the legal industry is critical. Adult
learning strategies include motivation and cumulative learning. Successful implementation of this learning strategy involves knowledge transfer through
subject-based learning.
b) Listening skills
Language for specific purposes (LSP) is applied linguistics that focuses on education, training, and subject-based language (Long, 2005). Target
learners in this course depend on listening skills to make responses and presentations. Listening deepens an understanding of legal concepts for accuracy in
practical applications. Through listening activities, reading, language use and text a student captures the academic content designed for a desired professional
outcome. In this case, learning strategies include direct and indirect learning (Crawford, 2002). The learner uses the legal language to communicate in the
professional field. Targeting both men and women, this Chapter demonstrates a close connection between content and instructions. The legal industry
comprises of learned professionals who require certain expertise. The specific content theme has a purpose of preparing learners in the post-secondary level for
the legal profession. In a multicultural group listening boosts the group learning experience giving the learner an edge in social interaction. The Chapter
highlights the meaning of unknown words in the profession in order to develop vocabulary effectively.
c) Writing skills

These learners require an effective learning process that befits their level of education and professional development (Canale& Swain, 1980). Adult
education has a framework focused on personal development, vocational, formal and informal learning. Mature students need an organized system
environment for knowledge and skills transfer. With an objective of creating social, economic and cultural benefits the writing skills enhance professional and
personal skills. Incidental learning provides opportunities for graded college entrants to grow through reading and writing. Academic and nonacademic texts
support learner’s quest for reading. Learning how to use new words in phrases, in sessions is effective for advanced learner’s academic presentations (Harding,
2007). The process of elaborating words through meaning, grammatical patterns, and lexis demonstrates productive knowledge(Gollin-Kies, Hall, & Moore,
2015, p. 12).
d) Speaking skills
Continuing education refers to formal education that starts from schools and progresses to college level. It defines the professional development
through vocational training. Entry level in college prepare for advanced education through different situations. Learning to speak is important for a
multifaceted approach to learning. English as a core language for teaching is an integral part of legal studies (Brown, 1994). The learners need effective
speaking tasks in the legal genre for themed learning and legal presentations like legal defense. The learning process facilitates for reflective learning to
establish the development of language skills within the specificsubject. This means the application of language in formal and informal communication.
Proficiency in vocabulary is part of strategic learning and incorporates integrated techniques namely, listening skills, reading, speaking and writing skills.
Theme-based units have task-based subcategories with content based on the subject genre. This is important for the college learning situation because it allows
students to gain the necessary skills effectively (Nassaji&Fotos, 2004). It also supports intellectual development which compliments critical thinking in speech
and presentation (Flores, et al.,2012).
Unit Analysis
Mason (2011)presents an English book for Lawyers. Chapter 1 introduces learners to the profession with a captivating title “The Legal Profession”.
This has section 1A and 1B which discuss critical areas of the legal profession. 1A covers five segments with a foundational exam at the end of it. Although
Section 1A starts off with vocabulary development (Aretemeva & Freedman, 2008). Section 1B touches on grammar aspects with prepositions and letter
writing skills. This gives a basic guide with writing skills for the specificarea of study. This is a preliminary chapter on using knowledge in practice. The
vocabulary check captures key terms in areas of law. This makes it reliable ESP learnersguide with adefinition of key terms for the legal profession(Mason,
2011, p. 9).Professional law involves titles of people in the legal profession and exercise 1 and 2 of the first subtitle “Workingin Law” captures important
words such as ‘attorney, practice, barrister and attorney. Learners need to differentiate these terms so further exercise in Sections 1A and 1B distinguish type’s
roles in this industry. The exercises also incorporate a question an answer approach that engages the students learning skills. Learners can fill in the gaps while
researching on the answers (Hyland, 2002: Hyland, Bundles in academic discourse, 2012).
The Chapter has a structures designed for communication purposes. Letter writing, listening skills, text overview and language are clearly titled.This
chapter has specific segments that unpacking through sections and connected subheadings (McGrath & Kuteeva, 2012). Filled with numbered exercises, the
sections present sentence analysis questions to test the learners writing skills (Basturkmen, 2010). Chapter 1 also has comprehension questions with the “true
verses false” answersin exercises 1 and exercise 3 on page 30. Focusing on important words, the sections have lists of vocabularies in alphabetical order. This
makes it easier for the student to find words. Covering areas of law, exercise 2segments test the learner’s knowledge of specific areas of law. For example,
exercise 8 is on land law(Mason, 2011, p. 18). The effective use of space ensures that all these exercises fall within the same page. Its structure enriches the
student with a variety of exercises including vocabulary and sentence development (Basturkmen, 2010).
Although the Chapter has a number of exercises, it has limitations in that it focuses on vocabulary and word formation at the expense of other
communication activities such as reading, speaking and listening skills (Bezukladnlkov, Kruze & Mosina, 2013). It would be appropriate to incorporate
activities like role plays. None the less, exercise 3 on page 14 has a matching exercise that would come out effectively as a reading or role play exercise.
Contemporary language activities include the use of audio visual elements in an LSP book. This serves as a motivation for learners in a new subject

area(Bezukladnlkov, Kruze, & Mosina, 2013). Matching exercise covered in the chapteriseffective for this foundation course but the overconcentration on this
strategy compromises the quality of the course book making the content monotonous. Letter writing skills are important in the legal profession as indicated in
page 30-32 but learners need a scope of additional legal documents like Affidavits.
What makes the Chapter appropriate for the adult learner? Using a blend of subject relatedwords and phrases; this approach captures part of the
learning objectives in the course book as well as the curriculum (Bhatia, 2014). Professionals in any field require competencies and theinstructional material
strives to fulfill this (Christie, 2013). Teaching methods include the use of quality content designed with the learner’s interest in mind. Incorporating engaging
videos or audios targeting the learner reflects a contextual perspective. This chapter needs a strategy that makes the learner to look forward to the next section
(Richards & Rodgers, 2014). Chapter 1 may have a good introductory approach but it lacks other language elements such as writing for professionals and
public speaking which is critical in the legal practice. This course design hasanumber of reading exercises such as Exercises 2 on working in law featured on
page 10. A vocabulary overview on page 34 complements the learning exercise giving the learner deeper insight. The chapter connects with the real world
application of language in the legal profession through a barrister advertisement on page 26.
English for Specific Purposes
Delicia (2008) discusses English for specific purposes (ESP) with reference to international communication. According to Delicia, the
contextualization of language depends on the environment. The functional role of language identifies the language elements such as the pragmatic, lexical,
morphological and syntax. These are essential to understanding the meaning of language and sentence formation. Students look at the reading material by
recognizing the reading material and its content. Chapter one has a variety of vocabulary exercises but would benefit more with listening, speaking, writing
and reading exercises (Brown, 1994). The use of exercise in Chapter 1 provides learners with an overview of different subject areas. For example, exercise 2
of each section has areading part which is a core area for learners in law because of the legal exercises such as. Efficiency in language-based learning comes
from the successful implementation of knowledge in the right context (Aretemeva & Freedman, 2008). Grammatical patterns enhance proficiency for the
wider context (Tomlinson, 2012). Learners learn ways of creating meaning, determining the relationship between clauses and sentences (Samuda & Bygate,
2008). The repeated exposure to words in the industry is one way of polishing learners for their profession (Basturkmen, 2010). Acquisition of knowledge in
adult education is through incidental as well as intentional learning activities. Reading for wider knowledge means the achievement of fluency and recognition.
Learning strategies such as cooperative learning and discussions lead to familiarization with the formal knowledge of the language (Canale & Swain, 1980).
Nation & Coxhead (2001) discuss the development of academic vocabulary pointing out the need for learners in higher education to embrace an
independent approach to learning (Vandergrift, 2004). This is an effective mode of placing emphasis on knowledge development. Learners in college have an
extensive exposure to learning. Content-based Instructions like Masons Chapter 1 (2011) bridge the gap between learning and practice. Knowledge application
in different situations becomes effective through strategies such as extensive reading. Contextual learning is strategic and it leads to improvement when
strategic readers apply the knowledge over a long period (Canale & Swain, 1980).
Material Selection and Design
Modes
Basturkmen (2010, p. 16) argues that language comes in variety and that basic language overlaps with other modes like the technical lingo. Relevance
in learning materials relates to the learner’s goals and interests. In Masons Chapter example, the learners are seeking proficiency in legal studies hence will
find learning material that is specific to their needs (Christie, 2013). English as a tool for communication in college takes a subject-specific approach. English
learning modes have structured lessons for technical development. A complete cycle of learning includes the incorporation of linguistic features, learner
reflection, and competency (Crawford, 2002). Reflection exercises for college students acknowledge that each learner has their own experience in learning.
The use of top-down and bottom-up approaches depends on the learner expectation, course objectives and reading strategies employed (Day, J., Krois-Linder,
A., & Translegal, 2011)

Genre and Systemic Functions of Linguistics
According to Hyland (2002), language structure has connections with the social function of language. As a result, language for professional learners
has to make sense (Wozniak, 2010). The configuration of English according to the subject genre is universal. The implication of this is that Corporate Law
lingo is the same across different regions of the globe. Authenticity dictates that the course reflects on the learner’s target domain (Rod, 2006) The target
student in this plan is the Company Law student. The course instructor makes use of visuals, tasks, and texts used in their profession. Chapter 1 exercise 1 of
each subtitle defines roles, and personalities in the domain (Mason, 2011, pp. 9, 10, 12, 20). The learner gains information about corporate governance and
giving businesses legal advice (Richards & Rodgers, 2014).
Michael Rosen’s perception of the genre as a theory is critical in the development of educational content (Christie, 2013). This is because of the
language structure, which supports learning processes and writing activities. The ability to manipulate information through a cluster of subject areas is
instrumental in the development of language (Delicia, 2008). The material has specific competencies (reading and writing) that the learner has to developfor
professional purposes. Contextual and functional books have units or Chapters that engage the learner (Richards & Rodgers, 2014). Therefore Chapter 1is the
preliminary chapter in the learning material. Knowledge skills and strategies for adult education support learning through autonomous content (Vandergrift,
2004). Mastering a common subject involvesa specialization approach to the subject as captured in the classification of areas of law in page 28.
Social Interaction
Hessevaagbakke, Bjok, Christiansen & Havnes (2016) discusses interculturalism to bring out culture and language use for interatcion ( Ellis, 2002).
The reading exercises in this chapter test the learner’s interpretation abilities through ideas from the social context. For example, the foundation exam features
exercise 3 which is a conversational discourse between a client and the lawyer. (Nation & Coxhead, 2001).This is specific to the professional situation and
gives proper meaning to the ESP context (Tomlinson, 2012). This formal process is appropriate for the situational application (Mancho & Arno-M, 2015). The
product approach focuses on conceptual learning that trains the learner to achieve behavioral traits through habit formation (Rod, 2006). Instead of grammar
structures this Chapter looks at correct sentencing, comprehension, and vocabulary development for the specific profession (Ellis, 2018). As a course book for
beginners in the legal profession it supports English proficiency while encouraging a social context. Itsupports the learner’s personal and professional
development of communication skills for interaction in official language (Nassaji & Fotos, 2004). English guides the legal language. Practice activities like
sentence construction and word formation support the ESL students for communication efforts. Although the chapter shows consideration for social interaction
it does not place an emphasis on a multicultural setting (Gollin-Kies, Hall & Moore, 2015). The absence of listening activities is proof of this and the student
taking this subject finds information through reading and writing. Comprehension questions test the leaners scope of understanding (Samuda & Bygate, 2008).
The chapter also features other learning tools for the post-reading stage within its examination section. This shows the importance of material design that has a
systematic approach to skill development (McDonough & Shaw, 2012).
PARTS C
Suitability of the Learners and their needs
College students have proficient levels of English learning and Slager-Meyer (2014) describes the global enhancement of languag for higher learning.
They are able to comprehend texts through pre-reading, reading, and listen effectively. The Chapter is about vocabulary development in an orderly manner. It
presents the information in an orderly manner that has an expected outcome. The objective, in this case, is to familiarize the student with the profession
through information (Handford, 2010). Unfortunately, this Chapter makes use of texts but leaves out the use of multimedia elements like videos and pictures.
The internet is also a significant part of learning and the Chapter shows no reference to digital communication. Chapter coverage of vocabulary across its
subtitles is commendable (Smit & Dafouz, 2012).
The Chapter is plain and shows no use of images and pictures for colorful illustrations. Modern-day course content in a book would incorporate
colorful images and vivid descriptions and illustration of course content that the learners can appreciate. The use of color, fonts, and graphics adds value to text
descriptions for quality material (Warschauer, 2006). For example, exercise 2 on page 12 uses arrows in a matching exercise. This is beneficial to the student

because it helps them to recall information effectively (Wozniak, 2010). However, the use of different colors and improved graphics is beneficial. Although
the unit takes a professional tone with a focus on company law, it lacks an interpersonal tone and linguistic features that support group participation. The
academic language applies pedagogic theories such as the genre theory in the professional contexts (Aretemeva & Freedman, 2008). Vocational books contain
content that targets professional practice therefore it lays the foundation for the learner to interact with the professional community.( McGrath, & Kuteeva,
2012). The establishment of students in the legal profession is important for the establishment of learners and supports personal and organizational learning.
Learning material which adopt a content based approachoften involve tasks within its subcategories (Harding, 2007).
The discourse exercises and question and answer exercises indicate a presence of social interaction between the student and the writer. In order to test
the level of understanding the author uses a selective approach to information (Hirvela, 2013). Each section has a role for the learner. Part 1A and 1B have
different themes and examples of what the learner can do. This is engaging for the reader throughout and it provides sections for comparison and juggling the
learner’s intellectual abilities(Aretemeva & Freedman, 2008). This chapter recognizes the learner’s ability and activities in the professional setting. These
influence the learner’s attitude giving a positive or negative attitude. Effective manipulation of the texts engages the learner widening their scope and
imagination(Mason, 2011, pp. 12-14). A focus on specific content for the specific purpose is appropriate for college learners who are in training with a
vocation in focus (Huhta et al., 2013).
Language for social interaction contains vocabulary and words that support discourse (Ellis, 2018: Perfetti, 2013: Salvia, Ysseldyke, & Witner, 2012).
In order to make sense, learners in an industry develop the necessary language for effective communication. Text formation and discourse planning in the unit
encourage a holistic approach to learning because it covers the listening, reading, writing and speaking skills (Hyland, 2002). Learners also learn how to
organize professional documents like letters for the professional functions (Mason, 2011). The official content features in the texts giving the lexicon-grammar
for syllabus analytics. From the Chapter analyzed, it is evident that the material is organized around a sequence that allows the learner to listen, speak and form
vocabulary.
College beginner students’ base their thoughts on content material in their subject matter and a contemporary design of the content makes some
learning material more attractive to the learner than others did(Gollin-Kies, Hall, & Moore, 2015, p. 80). Learners at this level require motivational course
design in order to read widely and content important for the course. Most students agree that the use of multiple elements of learning is engaging. Students also prefer
reading by exploring different materials(Hirvela, 2013).
Conclusion
ESP is important in the global business world. Academic courses globally use English for course content and design. LSP guides course designers on suitable language use
for specific purposes and is based on the specific context. A unit analysis reveals its suitability for the target learners. College students are in continuous learning with an
objective of obtaining the necessary competencies in Law as a profession( Long, 2005). The vocational training depends on language and teaching techniques to succeed.
Structure, social theme, tasks and genre are critical in LSP design approaches. Learners look forward to interesting content and effective teaching strategies in order to gain
the necessary competencies. Students from nonnative backgrounds have trouble in learning because of principles of language. This chapter analysis from Mason (2011) gives
anexample of thebenefits and challenges faced by students when using ESPtextbooks. It brings out the role of language mode, genre and interpersonalelements of LSP. In
Chapter 1functions of language such as vocabulary and sentence formation support learning processes through professional communication.

A. APPENDIX
THELEGALPROFESSION
WORKINGINLAW
Exercise1
Lookatthislistoflegaloccupations. Allofthesepeopleworkinlaw. Wecallallofthepeoplewhowork
inthesejobs‘thelegal profession’. Matchthejobswithoneofthedescriptions.
Solicitor Attorney Barrister Lawyer
Thispersonisalawyerwhogiveslegaladviceandopinionstosolicitors. Heorshepassedthe
examsofTheBarCouncilattheendofhisorherstudies.
Thispersonisalawyerwhogiveslegaladvicetoindividualsandcompanies. Heorshepassedhis
orherexamsintheUSAattheendofhisorherstudiesandisusuallyamemberoftheAmerican
BarAssociation.
Thispersonisalawyerwhogiveslegaladvicetoindividualsandcompanies. Heorshepassedthe
examsofTheLawSocietyofEngland&Walesattheendofhisorherstudies.
Thisisthegeneraljobtitlethatweuseforpeoplewhoworkasasolicitor,barristerorattorney.
Exercise2
Readthistextaboutworkinginlaw. Themostimportantwordsareinthekeyvocabularybelow. Decideif
thestatementsonthenextpagearetrueorfalse.
Keyvocabulary
l lawyer l practise l barristers l lawfirm
l attorney l judge l trainingcontract l acting for
l qualified l legalpractice l partnership l represent
l litigation l advocacy l pleadingacase lspecialise
l rightofaudience l appear l solicitors l clients
Therearetwotypesof lawyer who practisein
England .Theyarecalled barristers and solicitors.
IntheUSAandmostothercountries,lawyersdon’t
makethisdistinction–alawyerissimplyknownas
anattorney-at-law,oran attorney.
InbothEnglandandtheUSA,itisnotpossibleto
take a specialexam to be a judge.Ifyoudecide
that you want to bea judge, you mustgetalotof
experienceasalawyerfirst,thenapplytobea
judgeand wait to seeifyouarechosen.
MostlawstudentsinEnglandbecomesolicitors.
Whentheyfinishtheiruniversitystudiestheydoa
one-yearlegalpracticecourseandthenatwo-year
trainingcontractwithalawfirm .Afterthat,theyare
qualifiedsolicitors.Manysolicitorsworkforalegal
practice,whichisusuallyapartnershipofsolicitors
©GlobalLegalEnglish

aTherearetwotypesoflawyerpractisinginEngland. True False
bLastyearIfinishedmytrainingcontractandIstartedworkingfora True False
largeinternationallawfirm. Iamnowaqualifiedsolicitor.
cOnlybarristerscanspeakonbehalfofclientsincourt. True False
dBothsolicitorsandbarristerscanworktogetherinpartnerships. True False
e IntheUSAandEnglandlawyerscantakeaspecialexamtobeajudge. True False
MAKINGACLAIMINTHECIVILCOURT
IntheEnglishandAmericanlegalsystemswedividethelawintotwomainareas. Theseare criminallaw
and civillaw.
Thismeansthateverythingthatisnota criminalmatterisa civilmatter.
Exercise1
Lookatthesesituationsanddecideifthepersonneedsacriminallawyeroracivillawyer.
Inotherwords, is it a criminal matter or a civil matter?
MrFlynnownsarestaurant .Hehasa
contractwithacompanytodeliverfruitand
vegetablestohisrestaurant .Thecompany
didn’tdeliverthemontheagreeddate,so
MrFlynnlostmoneybecausehecouldnot
openhisrestaurantthatday .MrFlynnneeds
tosee alawyer aboutaskingthedelivery
companytogivehimthemoneyhelost.
d The word‘plaintiff’is not usedinEngland any more butitisusedTrue False
intheUSA.
e ItisfreetostartaclaimintheCountyCourt. True False
f Thereisaspecialcourtinaseparatebuildingformakingsmallclaims. True False
 criminal  civil  criminal  civil
Helpdesk
Whatdo these wordsmean?
tobeindispute – to have a serious legalcosts–thecourtfeesandpaymentfor
disagreementwithanotherperson. the lawyerswhoareactingfortheparties.
apartytoacourtcase–theclaimantorthe aprocedure – a decided wayofdoing
defendant. something.
toowemoney to someone –tohavetopay toprosecute –totakelegalactionagainst
someonefor something that they have done for someoneinthecriminal court.
youorgiventoyou.
©GlobalLegalEnglish 11
Exercise2
Readtheinformationbelow .Itisabout starting a claim in the civil court .Decideif the statements
that
 criminal  civil
cThepolicearetakingMrDeantothepolice
stationbecausetheysayhestoleacar . He
needsa lawyerto come andvisit him there
totellhimwhattodo.
a MrBellerby is opening a newfactory . He d
needstovisita lawyer to get a contract for
all of hisemployeestosign.
 criminal  civil
bMrsRobsonisthinkingaboutwhatshewants
tohappentoherhouseandpossessionsafter
herdeath.Sheneedstovisitalawyertoget
thecorrectdocument, whichiscalleda‘will’.
amatter – asubject orsituation,e.g .acriminal
matter,acivilmatter.
awill –alegaldocumentinwhichapersongives
details of whatthey want to happentotheir
propertyaftertheirdeath.
tosteal (stole)–totakesomethingthatbelongs
tosomeoneelsewiththeintention of keeping it.
Helpdesk
What do thesewordsmean?
criminal law –thelawthatpunishesacts
againstapersonoragainstpropertythatpeople
consider to beharmfultothewholecommunity.
Thestateprosecutescriminals.
civillaw – the law concerning therights and
dutiesofprivateindividualsandcompanies
otherthancriminalmatters.
Why might a claimant start a claim? There are
alot
ofreasons,forexample:
l someonerefusestopayyoumoneythatthey
owetoyou
l someonedoesajobforyou,buttheydoit
badly . Wecallthisbadworkmanship
l somethingthatyoupaidforisnotsuppliedtoyou
lsomethingthatyouboughtisnotworkingproperl
y.
Theclaimant has to payasumofmoney,calleda
courtfee,forthecourttoissueproceedings . In the
claimform,theclaimantmuststate the amount
of
hisorherclaimandrequestthedefendanttopay
allofthelegalcostsofthecase.
Sometimes people talkabout ‘thesmallclaims
court’ . Theyreallymeanthespecial procedure
Startingaclaiminthecivilcourt
Whenyouareindisputewithanotherperson
sometimes itisnecessarytostartaclaiminthe
civilcourt . We sometimescallthisprocess‘filinga
claim’or‘issuinga claim’ . Lawyersalsosay‘starting
proceedings’ . Wedonotusetheverb‘toprosecute’
incivillawbecausethatverbisonlyusedincriminal
law . InEngland most civil claims arefiledinthe
CountyCourt . Thereareover200CountyCourtsin
England andWales .Most cities andlargetowns
have aCounty Court.
The personwhostartstheclaimiscalledthe
claimantintheUK . Thispersonwascalledthe
plaintiff until 1999, when there were newcourt
rulesinEnglandtomakeeverythingeasierfor
peopletounderstand . However,intheUSAthe
claimantisstillcalledtheplaintiff . InbothEngland
andtheUSAtheotherparty is called the
defendant.
Aclaimform is the document that a claimant
uses
a
b
Starting aclaim
meansthesameasstartingproceedings. True False
Youcan‘prosecute’ someone in the civil
court. True Falsec
 criminal  civil

AREASOFLAW
Exercise1
InEnglandandtheUSAthereisanareaoflawcalled‘thelawoftort’ . Itisthelawofcivilresponsibility .
It is an area of civil law . Readthistextabout thelawoftort . Themostimportantwordsareinthekey
vocabularybelow .Answer the questions that follow usingafullsentence.
Keyvocabulary
llawoftort l carelessness ltort l damages
l dutyofcare l committed l tosue l grounds
l allegations l negligence l nowinnofee l breach
The lawoftort saysthateveryonehasacivilduty
tobecarefulandnottohurtorharm another
person . Lawyerscallthiscivilduty‘the dutyof
care ’.Sometimes peoplebreach this dutyofcare.
Tobreachmeanstobreak .Veryoftentheybreach
thedutyofcarebyaccidentbutsometimestheydo
itdeliberately .Ifsomeone hurts or harms another
person because of a breach, we call thisharmful
actionatort .Thismeansthatsomethings that
mightbecriminalinyourlegalsystemareatortin
EnglandandtheUSA .
Lookatthelistofharmfulactionsbelow . InEngland
andtheUSAthey are usually torts.
l Leaving the floor of a shop in a dangerous
conditionsothata customer falls and hurts
her leg.
l Sayingsomething that is bad aboutsomeone,
whichisn’ttrue.
l Writinganegativestoryinanewspaperabout
someone,whichisn’ttrue.
l Playing loud music late every night, which
disturbsyourneighbours.
Thisareaoflawis easier to understand by thinking
of atortasbeingatypeofcivilwrong . Eachofthe
tortslistedabovehasaspecialname .Thetortthat
happensmostofteniscallednegligence.
Examplequestion: Whatisthedutyof care?
Exampleanswer: Thedutyofcareistheobligationtobecarefulandnottohurtanyone.
a
b
Thepartiesmustfollowthetermsofthe_______________thatthejudgemakesandtheymustmake
surethattheyobeyanyinstructionsabouttimelimits .
c
Iftheordersaysthatthedefendantmustpay money to the claimant, then the claimant can use the
_______________tocollectthatmoneyifthedefendantdoesnotpay.
©GlobalLegalEnglish
Exercise3
Herearesomeimportantexpressionswhichlawyersusewhentheytalkaboutstartingaclaiminthecivil
court . Completethesentencesbymatchingthefirsthalfofeachsentencewiththecorrectending.
…confirmthatyouhavereceivedtheclaimand
tosaywhat you will do next . (1)
…startaclaiminthecivilcourt.
…listen to the details ofthe
claimandlistento
whattheclaimantandthedefendantsayabout
theirdispute . (2)
…paythecourtanamountofmoneyforissuing
theclaim . (3)
…
canlegallytakeaperson’spropertywhenthat
persondoesnotpaymoneythatheorshe
owes . (4)
…officiallyannouncetheresultofthecase . The
judgemaygivethereasonsforthedecision . (5)
…sendtheclaimtothedefendant’saddress
and make sure that heor she receives it . (6)
…decidethatthispersonhaswonthecase . (7)
…officiallystatewhatsomeonehastodo,and
(* )Toissueaclaimmeansto…
aTopay afee meansto…
bToserveaclaim uponsomeonemeansto…
cTorespondtoaclaimmeansto…
dTohearacase meansto…
eTofindinfavourofsomeonemeansto…
fTo giveajudgment meansto…
Negligenceiswhensomeoneisnotcarefulenough
andthisperson’s carelessnesshurtsanother
personasaresult. The personwhoishurtiscalled
theinjuredperson.
Whensomeonehurtsyouasaresultofhisorher
actions,youneedtoconsultalawyerwho
specialisesintherightareaoftort . Thelawyerwill
trytogetyoumoneyfromthecarelessperson . This
moneyiscalled‘compensation’or,morecorrectly,
‘ damages ’ . Sometimesthelawyerscan’tagreeon
theamountofdamages . When thishappens,the
injuredpersonmaydecide to sue thepersonwho
hashurtthem. Suingsomeoneisamoreinformal
wayofsayingstartingproceedingsagainstsomeon
e
inacivilcourt. Theclaimformwillstatethe
claimant’sallegations againstthedefendant . An
allegation is like an accusation . The claimantis
statingthatsomethinghappened,butthe
defendant has the opportunity tosay that this
isnot
true . Thereasonsforgoingtocourtarecalled‘the
grounds ’ . Thegroundsforanactionintort are that
thedefendantcommitted a tort.
Sometimes a lawyer whospecialisesinthetortof
negligencemakesan agreementwithaclient . The
agreement isthatif the client does not win
thecase
thenhe orshedoesnothavetopayforthelawyer’s
Exercise4
HerearethestepsinwhichaclaimgoesthroughtheCountyCourt .FillthegapswithawordfromExercis
e3.
Theclaimant_______________aclaimintheCountyCourt .
Theclaimantwillhavetopaya_______________ . Theamountdependsontheamountofmoneythat
theclaimantisclaiming.
Thecourtortheclaimant’ssolicitor_______________theclaimuponthedefendant . Thismeans that
theysendittothedefendant’saddressandmakesurethatthedefendantreceivesit.
Thedefendanthas14daysfromthe day he or she receives the claim to _______________ to
it . The
defendantcanadmitthe claim, which means to agree that the claim is right, and pay the
money that
theclaimantwants,orthedefendantcandefendtheclaim.
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
Howdolawyerssayto‘break’adutyof care?
Answer:
In EnglandandtheUSA,isthelawoftortanareaofcriminalorcivillaw?
Answer:
Therearedifferenttypesoftort . Ingeneral,whatisatort?
servicesofa
©GlobalLegalEnglish 13

David‘IworkinNewYork .Idealwithclientsfromothercountrieswhowanttocomeandlivehere .Ihelp
themtogetpermissionfromthegovernmenttomaketheirdreamoflivingintheUSAareality.’
Tom ‘I am with a law firminManchester .Iamnowinthesecondyearofmytrainingcontract.
Atthe moment I deal with clients who are buying or selling their house .It is my jobtomake
sure everything is correct and thatthesaleisvalid.’
Jennifer ‘IworkinaveryexcitingareaoflawhereinLos Angeles . Imeetalotofwritersandmusicians
andsometimesevenpeoplefrommoviestudios!Iprotecttheirrightsandmakesurethat
noonecancopytheirworkandmakemoneyfromitwithouttheirpermission.’
Alistair ‘WhenIwritethestoryofmylifeIwillcallmy book, "Robbers, Murderers and Other Friends of
Mine!"I work in Newcastle,which is inthenorthofEngland .Idefendpeople who are in trouble
with the police . They may even go to prison! It is myjob to helpthem.’
Sunitta ‘IworkinSydney,Australia .Igiveadvicetopeoplewhoare unhappy living together and they
wantadivorce .Sometimespeopleargueaboutmoneyorthecareofthe children .It’sadifficult
area oflawandIfeelverysympathetictowardsmyclients.’
Cory‘IworkinChicago . I’m quite famous on TV here inthe USA .That’sbecauseChannel10show
my advertisement fivetimes every day! I askpeopletocallmeiftheywerehurtorwereinan
accidentbecausesomebodyelsewasn’tcarefulenough .Ifpeoplearenot careful, then I’m
afraidtheywillhavetopaydamages!’
Kayleigh ‘IworkinChristchurch,NewZealand .Mostofmyclientshaveproblemsatwork .Isawalady
thismorningwhoisgoingtohaveababy .Whenshetoldherbossthatshewaspregnant,hefired
herfromherjob . ThatisnotlegalinNewZealandandIwillhelphertodosomethingaboutit.’
Michael ‘I workfor averybigLondonlawfirm . Ourclients arebanks andotherbigbusinesses .Today
Iamworkingonamergeragreement,which means that two companies are joining together to
becomeone .Yesterday I advisedanewclientwhowantstostartaninternetcompanyonthe
differentwayshecandoit.’
Mary‘I ambasedinDublin,thecapitalcityofIreland .I seepeople orcompanies who wanttomakea
legalagreementwithanotherpersonorcompany . TodayIamdealingwithan agreement to
delivergoodsfromIrelandtotheUSA . Ihavetocheckeverywordverycarefully!’
Polly ‘Iworkinaveryoldandinterestingareaoflaw .TodayImetaclientwhois70yearsoldand
hasnofamily . Whenshedies,shewantstoputallofhermoney into a special fund .Hertwo
friends will use this money to help pay fora training schoolfor actors andactresses from her
home cityhere in Liverpool .I explained to her how to do that and I will draft the necessary legal
documentsforher.’
Helpdesk
Whatdo these wordsmean?
todealwithsomeoneorsomething –todo
businesswithsomeoneortotakethecorrect
actioninanareaofwork.
legal –allowedbythelaw.
valid –legallycorrectandacceptable.
todraftadocument –towriteadocument.
to have aright –(inintellectualpropertylaw)to
havea legal interest in something; it is yours.
robber–a person who steals money or property
whileusingorthreateningtouseviolence.
©GlobalLegalEnglish
dWhatisthenameofthetortthatapersoncommitsbecauseheorsheiscarelessandhurtssomeone
elseasaresultofthiscarelessness?
Answer:
eWhatdoessuingmean?
Answer:
fWhatisthecorrectnameforthemoneythataninjuredpersongetsfromthedefendantinasuccessful
actionintort?
Answer:
gWhat isthe correct name for anarrangementwhereaclientdoesnothavetopayhisorherlawyerif
theclientloseshisorheractionintort?
Answer:
Exercise2
PutawordfromthekeyvocabularyinExercise1intothefollowingsentences.
aIam______________theowneroftheshopbecausetherewaswateronthefloorandIfelland
hurtmyback.
bIamalawyerwhospecialisesinthetortof______________. Peoplearejustnotcarefulenough!
AtthemomentIamacting for the injured person in more than 20 different cases.
cThemachinesintheclothingfactorywereoldanddangerousandoneoftheemployeesinjuredhis
hand.Theemployeesuedthefactoryownersandgot£5000in______________.
dInyourclaimformyouaccuseusofbreachingourdutyofcare.Wedonotacceptthatyour
______________aretrueandwewilldefendyourclaimincourt.
eDoyouhaveagoodreasonforsuingtheownerofthehotel?Whatexactlyareyour____________for
startinglegalaction?
Exercise3
Hereisalistofsomeimportantareasoflaw .Read whatthelawyerssay onthenextpage .Theyaretalking
abouttheworktheydo .Matchthelawyerwiththecorrectareaoflaw.
adivorce –the legalendingofamarriage.
tomerge –(incompanylaw)whentwo
companiesjointogethertoformone.
tobebasedsomewhere – to be established
somewhereasthemainplacewhereyouwork
orlive.
goods –things thatareproducedsothatthey
can be sold.
fund –anamountofmoneythatapersonor
organisationkeepstopayforsomething
inparticular.

________________________ isthelegalprocessinvolvedintransferringtheownershipofahouseorland
fromthesellertothebuyer.
To ________________________againstsomeonemeanstobehavedifferentlytowardsthatperson,
usually in the workplace, because of their age, sex or the colour of their skin.
________________________isasituationwheresomeoneloseshisorherjobforareasonthatisnotvalid.
________________________ismoneythatanemployermustpaytoanemployeewhenthatemployee
isillandcannotwork.
Alawyerwhodealswithclientswhoareintroublewiththepoliceisaspecialistin______________.
periodoftimeinreturnforapayment of rent.
Lastyearmybank______________withabigGermanbankandtheyarenowcalledEuropBank .
IthinktheyarethebiggestbankinEuropenow!
Alawyerwhodealswithclientswhocreatenewinventionssuchasmedicines,machinesornew
artisticworkssuchasbooksormusic,isaspecialistin______________.
Ispentthreehoursthismorning______________acontractformynewclient. Ithinkthecontractis
readyforhimtoreadandsignnow.
Iwanttoputsomeofmymoneyintoafundforthebenefitofmygrandchildren,whichtheywillhave
whentheyreachtheageof18. Ineedtoseealawyerwhoisaspecialistin______________.
Well,IamfromLondonbutIam______________AmsterdamatthemomentbecauseIamworking
foraDutchcompany.
o
Alawyerwhodealswithclientswhoaredivorcingorwhohaveproblemsoverthecareoftheir
childrenisaspecialistin______________.
Thecompanydelivers______________allovertheUnitedStatesbyrailandbytruck.
Alawyerwhodealswithpeoplewhobreachtheircivildutyofcareisaspecialistin______________.
Thatcontractisnot______________becauseyourclienthasnotsignedit.
Exercise5
Lookatthe wordsandphrasesinthebox . Allofthewordsareconnectedwithspecificareasoflaw . Put
the words into the correct sentence to completethe definitions.
Exercise6
AllofthewordsandphrasesinExercise5belongtoeitheremploymentlaw,businesslaworlandlaw . Put
eachwordorphraseunderthecorrectareaoflaw.
EmploymentlawBusinesslaw Landlaw
________________________meansnothavingenoughmoneytopayyourdebts.
________________________isthejoiningtogetheroftwoormorethings,suchascompanies,to
form one singlethingorcompany.
________________________isapersonwhopaysrenttotheownerofahouse,aflatoranofficein
returnforlivingthere,orforusingthebuildingforbusinesspurposes.
16 ©GlobalLegalEnglish ©GlobalLegalEnglish 17
Exercise4
Chooseawordorphrasefromtheboxtocompletethesentences .
d
e
f
g
h
i
lthelawoftort
l familylaw
l merged
l criminallaw
l valid
l basedin
l goods
l intellectual
propertylaw
l drafting
l thelawofequity
andtrusts
A ________________________isanagreement to allow someone to use land or buildings for
a fixed
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
The ________________________
istheestablishmentofanewbusinessinaspecificway.
A ________________________isabusinesswhichaminimumoftwopeopleownandcontrol
.
________________________isthetimeperiodwhenawomanisnotatworkbeforeandafterthebirth
ofherbaby . Her employer usuallypays her for partorallofthetimethatsheisaway.
________________________isthetotalamountofmoney,propertyandotherassetsthatabusinessh
m ________________________ is a situation where someone loses his or her job because
anemployernolongerneedssomanyemployees.
A ________________________is a person whoowns a house, aflat or office andreceives
rentfrom
someonefor allowing them to live there, or usethe buildingfor businesspurposes.
n
rent– themoneythatsomeonepays,usually
everymonth,touseaflat,ahouseoranoffice
thatbelongstosomeoneelse.
fixed–somethingthatisfixediscertainand
cannot be changed.
Helpdesk
Whatdo these wordsmean?
ownership –tohaveownershipof a property
means that the property belongs to
you . Youare
theowneroftheproperty.
assets –
thingsthatapersonorcompanyowns.
l landlord l capital l redundancy
l maternityleave l sickpayl partnership
l discriminate l insolvent l merger
ltenant l conveyancing lrealestate
l unfairdismissal
l leaseoflandand
buildings
l formationofa
business
Tobea
b A
cA

Exercise7
Completethefollowingsentencesbyusingthewordsfromthe employment law section.
aMybabywillarriveattheendofMarchsoIwilltakesixmonths’________________startingon1March.
bHesuedhisemployeronthegroundsof________________becausethereasonhisemployergavefor
firinghimwasnotvalid .
cIfyouareillandnotabletoworkyoushouldlookatyourcontracttoseeifyoucanget________________.
dItisagainstthelawinEnglandforanemployerto________________againstanemployeebecauseof
hisorherage.
eManyemployeesareworriedabout________________becausealotofbusinessesareclosinginthis
area atthemoment.
Exercise8
Completethefollowingsentencesbyusingthewordsfromthebusinesslaw section.
The________________istheformalwayofsayingthewayinwhichanewbusinessiscreated.
________________ of thebusinessisvaluedatapproximately£32million.
Thebusinessdoesnothaveenoughmoneytopayitsdebtsandis________________.
Therewillbea________________nextyearbetweentwomajorBritishchemicalcompanies.
MyfriendandIwanttostartacleaningbusinesstogetherandwedecidedthatthebestthingtodoisto
createa________________.
Exercise9
Completethefollowingsentencesbyusingthewordsfromthe land law section.
aHeis a very good________________ .Healwayspaystherentontime!
bMysisterworksin the property department of her law firm . Sheactsforpeoplewhoare buying and
sellinghouses .Sheisaspecialistin________________.
cWedon’townourhouse;werentit .The________________endsinthreemonthssowewillhavetofind
somewhereelsetolive.
________________offivehousesinthisarea .Hemakesalotofmoneyeverymonthfromtherent.
eThepriceof________________inthispartofthecountryincreasedalotlastyear.Itisveryexpensiveto
buyahouse.
18 ©GlobalLegalEnglish
l andlaw
landlord
law firm
thelawof contract
thelawofequityandtrusts
thelawoftort
lawyer
lease
legal
legalcosts
legalpractice
litigation
maternityleave
matter
merge
n egligence
no win nofee
obligation
owe
tohaveownership
partnership
party
plaintiff
plead acase
practise
procedure
proceedings
to be q ualified
realestate
redundancy
represent
respond
tohavea right
rightof audience
serve
sickpay
solicitor
specialise
sue
tenant
tort
trainingcontract
u nfairdismissal
valid
w ill
a
b
c
d
The
total
dHeisthe
©GlobalLegalEnglish 19
UNIT1AVOCABULARYCHECK
Thesearetheimportantwordsthatyouhave
studiedinUnit1A. Youshouldmakesurethat
youknowthesewordsbeforeyougoon to
Unit1B.
a ctfor
advocacy
allegation
appear
attorney
b ailiff
barrister
tobebasedsomewhere
breach
c apital
carelessness
case
civillaw
claimant
client
companylaw
conveyancing
criminallaw
d amages
deal with
debt
defendant
discriminate
dispute
divorce
draft
dutyofcare
e mploymentlaw
f amilylaw
formationof a business
g oods
grounds
h arm
hear
i mmigrationlaw
insolvent
intellectual propertylaw
issue

Language and Linguistics
TOLESFOUNDATIONEXAMPRACTICE
Exercise1
Lookatthesentencesbelow . Eachsentencecontainsamistake .Themistakeiseitheranincorrectword
oraword that should not be there . Putacirclearound the word . Donotcirclemorethanonewordfor
eachsentence .Thereisanexampleatthebeginning( *).
Example
( *)Inthe United States they do not differencebetweentwo separate kindsof lawyerbecause all
lawyersareknownasattorneys.
1 When a student finishes hisor herlegal studies heorshehastomake atwo-yeartraining
contractwithalawfirm.
2 Thelawoftort says that everyone must to be careful and not harm other people.
3 IwillstartmytrainingcontractwiththeTaylorWallisinSeptember.
4 If weissue a claim against you wewill askfor averyhigh damages.
5 HebreachedthecontractandIwillprosecutehiminthecivilcourt.
Exercise2
Read thefollowingarticle anddecideifthestatementsunderitaretrueorfalse .Writeyouranswersinthe
boxbelow . There is an example atthebeginning( * ).
SanjayPritamisapartnerwithalawfirminSouthampton in the south of England . Sanjayisaspecialist in
maritimelaw .Hechosethisareaoflawbecauseofhisfamilyhistory . Hisfatherownsaship .Sanjay’s
fatherworkedonthisship for his whole life . Sanjayworkedwithhimfortwoyearsandthenhestartedhis
legalstudies .Sanjaythinksthispracticalexperienceonaship was very useful.
English law influencesmost of thelaw thatgovernsinternationalmaritimecases .For this reason,lawyers
fromallover the world contact Sanjay’s office to ask him for his opinion, which he gives by phone or
email .
Whenmaritimelawyersare speaking informally they divide cases into two categories .They call
them‘dry’
casesand‘wet’cases .Drycasesinvolveproblemswithshippingcontractsandwetcasesinvolveproblems
atsea, such as ships that have accidents .MostofthecasesthatSanjaydealswithcannotbenegotiated
andendinlitigation.
Example
( *)SanjayPritamworksinafamilylawpractice.
1 Sanjay’s fatheris also alawyer.
2 Sanjaythinksitisgoodthatheworkedonashipbeforehewasalawyer.
3 Sanjayusuallytravelstoothercountriestohelplawyerswhohavequestionsaboutmaritimelaw.

Language and Linguistics
4 A maritimecaseinvolvingabreachofcontractisinformallycalleda‘drycase’.
5 MostofSanjay’scasesgotocourtbecause the parties cannot agree upon a solution.
( *)FALSE (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)
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beyond
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file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/9781317896548_googlepreview%20(2).pdf

Language and Linguistics
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Merrill_Swain/publication/
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hl=en&lr=&id=VxnGXusQlI8C&oi=fnd&pg=PA80&dq=Crawford,+J.+(2002).
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%26+W.+Renandya,+Methodology+in+Language+Teaching+(pp.+80-91).
+Cambridge+University+Press.&ots=qhqumd9vhM&sig=0TjG3LIZniJrAgMNVodrp1A4eNw#
v=onepage&q&f=false
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+Grammar+Teaching-Practice+or+consciousness+raising%3F+In+J.+Richards,+%26+W.
+Renandya,+Methodology+of+language+teaching:+An+antology+of+current+practice.
+Cambridge:+Cambridge+University+Press.&ots=qhqumd9wlK&sig=-
bbnLQaggkKC_ymSeWkDBl3ajxI#v=onepage&q&f=false
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%26+Moore,+S.+H.+(2015).+Language+for+Specific+Purposes.+UK:

Language and Linguistics
+Palgrave&ots=AdHhRU4gS6&sig=PaeYvlN64P2YQyP7ArFG5RBrT1U#v=onepage&q&f=fal
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