Law and Politics in Latin America

This article discusses the Falklands War, higher education system, student reforms, Canada's involvement in Latin America, and the political crisis in Venezuela. It also provides references for further reading.

Running head: LAW AND POLITICS IN LATIN AMERICA
LAW AND POLITICS IN LATIN AMERICA
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author note:

1
LAW AND POLITICS IN LATIN AMERICA
Answer B
The Falkwands war, which had taken place in 1982, is regarded as an outcome of the
Argentina invasion belonging to the British owned Falkland Island. The initial periods of the
conflict had its occurrence primarily at sea among the elements of the Royal Navy along with the
Argentina Air Force. The war instigated when the troops belonging to Argentina landed in the
Falkland Islands (Levy & Vakili, 2014). However, the war concluded following to the British
liberation association of Port Stanley which is regarded as the island’s capital. However, the
British declared a formal end to the military action.The military junta of Argentina was hopeful
about the restoration of its aid during economic crisis by regaining authority of the islands. The
UK, which had its sovereignty over the islands for more than a century chose the path of conflict
(Freedman & Gamba-Stonehouse, 2014). Following the organization of diplomatic pressure in
opposition to Argentina, Margaret Thatcher, the then Prime Minister commanded the assemblage
of naval task force in order to reacquire the islands. The UK taskforce comprised of almost
30,000 troops along with more than hundred ships. However, it must be noted that its advanced
air power was restrictedby the remoteness of the island (Levy & Vakili, 2014). The first major
casualties took place when the Argentina cruiser sank which included the death of General
Belgrano along with the deaths of 400 other crews (Freedman & Gamba-Stonehouse, 2014).
With the effective implementation of the increased rate of British troops, they successively
invaded regions of San Carlos and began their extended march towards Stanley. The troops
fought combatted across the peat bogs areas of East Falkland before planning their final attack
on the borders of Argentina defence.
The Malvina’s War had taken place between Argentina and Great Britain in the year
1982 over the governor of the Falkland Islands and connected dependencies.

2
LAW AND POLITICS IN LATIN AMERICA
It has been reported that it would have been unable for Margaret Thatcher to conquer the
Folklands war without the immense contribution of America in offering crucial missiles in order
to bolster the air defences of Britain. The Argentina government had been upset with the United
States due to its initial equitable approach to the war which was believed to have offered an
extended services once Washington started to lose its endurance with the Argentinians (Beck,
2014). IT must be taken into account, the way America extended its support by sharing satellite
as well as signal intelligence along with the air-to-air missiles along with handheld missile
services.
Answer I
Higher education system in Latin America has many likenesses in relation to the US.
However, there can be seen certain significant dissimilarities related to education between these
two nations. Firstly, the method of delivery in Latin America is different whereby, all the
universities are considered to be financially aided by public (Carnoy et al., 2013). However, US
comprises of educational institutes which are primarily private entities namely Harvard,
Stanford. Secondly, the process of fundraiser of the Latin American government is more
accessible both in the process of sanctioning of loans as well as scholarships and awards.
Whereas, certain regions of the US like Ontario and Quebec are making significant progress in
introducing free education for the mass.
One of the significant structural aspects that distinguish Latin America from the other
developed regions is the excess level of technological research, investigation and innovation,
which are exclusively established in public aided universities (Douglass, 2016). However, certain
institutes have been witnessed to undergo transformations, which are expected to evolve in order

3
LAW AND POLITICS IN LATIN AMERICA
to compete with the other developed nations. The scientific sector is regarded as the sole
department to have developed in the educational domain, which corresponds to fundamental
investigation.
The higher education system of Latin America has experienced a wide range of
significant transformations. These changes symbolize the principles of the model which has its
emergence from the Cordoba Reform Movement (CRM) occurred in the year 1918 and further
carried its impact on higher education across the region for more than six decades (Carnoy et al.,
2013). The main aspects of this model incorporated academic autonomy as well as freedom from
governmental rule, independent co governance through shared bodies formed by students,
alumni as well as administrative workers.
Latin American students have been dominant during several ages of the 20th century. The
student rebellion that had occurred in the 1918 has been considered as a landmark against certain
conventional forms of teaching and traditional power in the old University of Cordoba in
Argentina (Douglass, 2016). Students, in various regions of Latin America including regions of
Brazil established organizations that challenged the status quo of the academic trend and further
acquired increased aid for the assignments related to the University of Reform.
Answer J
A massive section of young graduates and academicians marched for the educational
reforms that occurred between the years of 1916 and 1918. The reform that has its incidence at
the National Universidad de Córdoba has been referred as one of the more traditionalist
universities during that period (Balbachevsky, 2015). The University denied to compromise to
the demands raised by the students that they regenerate an accommodation for the medical

4
LAW AND POLITICS IN LATIN AMERICA
students residing near to the school premises. However, the students who had their association
with the school demanded a response and further created a scenario of negation. The three
educational bodies namely, Federaciones of Córdoba, La Plata along with Buenos Aires have
instituted a nationalized Federación Universitaria de Argentina (FUA) in order to coordinate the
struggles between the association led by three students on 11th April (Brennan, 2016). The raging
condemnation of the students have led the President Yrigoyen to declare a call for an
intervention and further appointed a state general executive in order to work on the structural
aspects of the university.
The significant success of the students’ demands in Córdoba rapidly had its repercussions
on several other important universities of that region. Student associations have intended to
maintain intense alliance with the employees of the organization as well as the labor unions
(Bernasconi & Celis, 2017). However, these student reformers are establishing associations in
scenarios of demonstrations and disputes. Another outcome that has established from the 1918
University reform has been politicizing of the election centers of the academicians within the
institute, which were further aided by the national political associations.
Answer K
Canada has been aiding more than $5 billion since 2007 in the process of total global
assistance in regions namely Latin America and the Caribbean. Canada has implemented certain
strategies in order to strengthen Canada’s involvement in the region (Escobar, 2018).

5
LAW AND POLITICS IN LATIN AMERICA
Improved Canadian as well as hemispheric economic opportunity
 Canada witnesses the increased commitment through business and commercial-economic
relations as one of the most improved methods to endorse sustainable economic
development in US.
 The process of mutual or bilateral trade has increased more than 30 percent, which has
further increased the direct investment of Canadian government. However, by the
beginning of 2013 more than 50% of all Canadian mining resources outside Canada were
located in the US (Borras Jr et al., 2013).
Fostering enduring associations
 Canada has acknowledged immense value on strengthening mutual and multilateral
associations throughout the hemisphere across administration, private organization, civil
society as well as other communities (Escobar, 2018). Establishing these relationships
across regions reinforces the mutual understanding as well as integration within Latin
America and Caribbean.
 Canada with its effort of capacity-building activity has improved the trends of
professionalism as well as liability related to public institutions and further facilitating
the public sector to be reactive towards the needs and demands of its citizens.
Answer M
Caracas, which is known as the capital of Venezuela, has been witnessing regular
demonstrations, which eventually transformed into a violent scenario. The opposition has
condemned the President, Nicolas Maduro for his authoritarianism and further demanded his
removal. However, the President highlighted the conspiring and integrated alliance of his rivals

6
LAW AND POLITICS IN LATIN AMERICA
with various foreign entities, the United States in particular in order to weaken the nation
(Levine, 2015). In the latest development of the crisis, the country has postponed its future
presidential election from the original date that has been scheduled on April 22 to May 20 after
an agreement between the Venezuela government along with few rival parties. The beginning of
2018 has been marked significant due to the launch of its latest digital currency known as petro
(Weyland, 2013). However, as per the government, the newly launched digital currency has been
aided by elements such as lubricants, petroleum, gold as well as diamonds, which has intended to
overcome the sanctions held by EU and US (Antillano et al., 2016). However, the suspect of
many Venezuelans in various parts of the coalition has included personalities who had been
proactive in politics for past decades. This integration has been damaged by various internal
authoritarian conflicts and discrepancies over principles and policy.
Hugo Chavez, an eminent figure of Venezuela has been successful in achieving the six-
year term of the country’s presidential is regarded as one of the most prominent vocal as well as
controversial leaders in Latin America (Pérez, 2013). Being imprisoned for several years,
Chavez was pardoned because the Venezuelan administration did not considered him as an
obstacle or a threat to the nation. However, his effort for establishing a new constitution in 2000
was marked as a symbol for enduring ambitions.
Nicolás Maduro, the President of Venezuela has been a target of unvarying
antigovernment reformations and condemnations raging from the United States along with the
world community for imposing the nation from democracy to the state of dictatorial regulation.
The project of Bolivarian has been comprised of certain organized popular areas that has
been performing together with the Chavista government corresponding to the mutual support

7
LAW AND POLITICS IN LATIN AMERICA
streams. According to Weyland, (2013), with the prominence of Democracy with Referendum in
1988 in an exceptional “civic military relation” following the self-obliteration of the country’s
steady democracy, the President has struggled to make way for Venezuela’s Bolivarian
Constitution reestablishing the Republic.

8
LAW AND POLITICS IN LATIN AMERICA
References
Antillano, A., Pojomovsky, I., Zubillaga, V., Sepúlveda, C., & Hanson, R. (2016). The
Venezuelan prison: from neoliberalism to the Bolivarian revolution. Crime, Law and
Social Change, 65(3), 195-211.
Balbachevsky, E. (2015). The Latin American University Model and the Challenges Posed by
the Reforms: Perspectives from the Academics. In The Relevance of Academic Work in
Comparative Perspective (pp. 239-252). Springer, Cham.
Beck, P. J. (2014). The Falkland Islands as an International Problem (Routledge Revivals).
Routledge.
Bernasconi, A., & Celis, S. (2017). Higher education reforms: Latin America in comparative
perspective. education policy analysis archives, 25, 67.
Borras Jr, S. M., Franco, J. C., Kay, C., & Spoor, M. (2013). Land grabbing in Latin America
and the Caribbean. The New Enclosures: Critical Perspectives on Corporate Land Deals.
London and New York: Routledge, 227-254.
Brennan, J. (2016). Region and Nation: Politics, Economy and Society in Twentieth Century
Argentina. Springer.
Carnoy, M., Loyalka, P., Dobryakova, M., Dossani, R., Kuhns, K., & Wang, R.
(2013). University expansion in a changing global economy: Triumph of the BRICs?.
Stanford University Press.

9
LAW AND POLITICS IN LATIN AMERICA
Douglass, J. A. (Ed.). (2016). The new flagship university: Changing the paradigm from global
ranking to national relevancy. Springer.
Escobar, A. (2018). The making of social movements in Latin America: Identity, strategy, and
democracy. Routledge.
Freedman, L., & Gamba-Stonehouse, V. (2014). Signals of war: the Falklands conflict of 1982.
Princeton University Press.
Levine, D. H. (2015). Conflict and political change in Venezuela. Princeton University Press.
Levy, J. S., & Vakili, L. I. (2014). Diversionary action by authoritarian regimes: Argentina in the
Falklands/Malvinas case. The internationalization of communal strife, 118-46.
Pérez, O. J. (2013). The basis of support for Hugo Chavez: Measuring the determinants of
presidential job approval in Venezuela. The Latin Americanist, 57(2), 59-84.
Weyland, K. (2013). The threat from the populist left. Journal of Democracy, 24(3), 18-32.