Understanding Criminology and Racism in the Criminal Justice System

This essay explores the concept of criminology and its role in understanding racism in the criminal justice system. It discusses the meaning of criminology, the different schools of thought in criminology, and how criminology improves society. It also delves into the concept of crime, its definition, and the various theories that explain its nature. Additionally, it examines the specific challenges and overrepresentation faced by minority communities in the criminal justice system, and the need for effective policies to promote equality.

LAW
LAW................................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................3
Criminology meaning..................................................................................................................3
Criminology Improves Society....................................................................................................5
Crime and its concept..................................................................................................................6
How can criminology help us to understand racism in the criminal justice system........................7
Specific Challenges in the Criminal Justice System....................................................................7
The Problem of Overrepresentation.............................................................................................8
A Nuanced Explanation of Discrimination..................................................................................8
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFRENCES.................................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
Law is that type of mechanism which promotes stability within a society. These are very
important as it promotes stability within an society or country. In other words this can be
understood as those type of rules and regulation that helps in building safety within society or a
country. Also help in maintaining of peace and order in society. Scope of these laws are wide in
nature as they cover all elements in an society. Nature is also dynamic as it has tendency to
impact society and its elements. Laws are very helpful in creating equality and provide justice in
fair manner. Criminology is that type of law in which aspects related to crime is covered and also
victimology is also covered with it which studies victim’s nature. In this essay things that is
going to be explained is criminology concept and how it is helpful in understanding racism in
criminal justice system
MAIN BODY
Criminology meaning
Criminology is the process in which crime is deal with. As crime is an necessary evil. It has
emerged and evolved as per the society. Changes took place in the quantum, form and techniques
it has reached to the stage of cyber crime. There has been lot of discussion and though has been
put over this and then only remedies regarding it has been discovered. Discussion and thinking
upon subject is known as criminology. Criminology is considered to be as that kind of branch of
knowledge which studies the crime in the form of an incident. It is also includes that kind of
interpretation and subject matter related to crime and its prevention of it. Criminologist are the
persons who studies about criminology. Criminology is also an scientific study of crime and its
prevention (Lin, Law and Zhou, 2017). In a narrow sense criminology is a study of crime that
embody the cause, types and extension and in a broad sense it also involves study of penology,
crime and various elements related to it. Criminology is one of the most important aspects of
society that is considered to be an study of various types of crimes and its forms in society.
These types of study on crime and its various elements leads towards understanding of basic
nature to commit crime. All types of crime in which an public at larger is affected comes under
it. Under this various concepts of victimology is also studied. The term criminology has been
derived from Latin word crime which means accusation and Greek word logia which is denoted

as “the study of”. In a sense it means study of crimes. Criminology is the branch of sociology
and has been studied in one way or another for thousand s of year. Despite of having a long
history, it has been developed only recent years ago and has been recognized as a scientific
discipline in its own right. Criminology looks at every conceivable aspect of deviant behavior. It
involves an impact of crime on individual victims and their families, society at large and
criminals themselves. Some of the specified areas in which criminology deals with are frequency
of crimes, location of crimes, causes of crime, types of crime, social and individual
consequences of crime, social reactions to crime, individuals reaction to crime and governmental
reactions to crime. There are various types of school that is there in criminology and they are
school of thought the goal of criminology is to define the root cause of criminal behavior and
has to develop effective means or remedies in order to prevent crime. Such goals have to produce
several schools of thought in discipline, each of which it looks at various factors involved in
behavior and comes to different conclusions for solving of problem related to crime. There are
three types of school in criminology and they are classical school, positivist school and Chicago
school (Ali, Law and Zannah, 2016).
Classical school in this many persons like Beccaria, embraces concepts and theories of crime
based on certain ideas and they are individuals have free will to make choices and to act on
their own accord. People will generally seek pleasure and avoid pain, and they will
rationally calculate the cost versus the benefit when choosing to commit an act,
punishment can be used to deter crime and the severity of the punishment must be
proportional to the crime itself, the swiftness and the certainty of the punishment is the
most important factor in deterring crime. Positive school in this school there are various
factors at work in deviant behavior besides simple pleasure seeking and pain avoidance.
It is related to external and internal factors which is beyond the control of an individual.
It also contains biological, psychological, social and environmental causes. This school
was the first to apply the scientific method for studying of human behavior. It is served in
order to advance field of criminology as an accepted and respected scientific discipline.
One of the earliest and best-known proponents of positivist thought, Cesare Lombroso, looked at
physiological features of criminals such as the shape of their skulls and the height of their
cheekbones to suggest that biology may precondition certain people toward criminal behavior.

These ideas, of course, have long been discredited, but the positivist school's belief that a study
of crime must include the environment in which the crime occurs remains relevant. Then comes
Chicago school also known as ecological school, the Chicago school was the first to develop in
the year 1920. This school has an advance idea over the human behavior at last partially,
determined by social structure. It takes into account psychological and environmental factors. In
other words this can be understood as. This school of thought advanced the idea that human
behavior was, at least partially, determined by social structure. It takes into account
psychological and environmental factors in seeking to determine the causes of deviant behavior.
This school has noted that being a human being means adapting to the environment around it. As
an destructive social environment such as growing poverty has lead to break down in social
structure. Such environment uses its ability to deal with various problems of society.
Criminology Improves Society
In the field of criminology has lead to improvements across criminal justice system. It includes a
big responsibility to crime and our treatment of both victims and criminal. It also helps in
understanding the reality of crime and elements involved in it. In relation to society as whole.
Criminology has led to even more specialized areas of study which includes environmental
criminology has brought advancements in policies tactics and practices which has resulted into
controlling of crime (Waldrop, 2016).
Crime and its concept
The concept of crime is not a new term especially even in laymen’s word. It is an act committed
in violation of the law. Indeed, it is an omission forbidden by criminal law. And in the
commission of a crime, it can be punishable through imprisonment or by a fine. In some cases,
there are also other forms of punishment imposed by the government or other governing bodies
which aims not only in reprimanding the violator but as well as in their reformation. However,
this is not the case for defining the word ‘crime’ (Law and et. al. , 2016). It has been perceived
that by giving definitions, one significantly outs or assigns limitations to the concept. According
to Savage and Brearly , it is quite common to define crime as an act that contravenes the criminal
law and is therefore punishable in law. But this should not be the case because crime is a concept
that should be treated with caution and not taken for granted. The focus on crime is more evident
in the study of criminology. In the definition of criminology, it has been described as the

“systematic study of the nature, extent, etiology and control of law-breaking behavior” (Henry,
n.d.). The focus on the assessment of the concept of crime is dealt by the aspect of ‘criminology’.
The concept of criminology is considered to be a broad science that involves various kinds of
crimes as well as societies and cultures in which the crime takes place. In addition, criminology
covers the aspect of law that is made by the society in order to address the various crimes that
have been committed in a given area. Thus, in the science of exploring the interaction of crime
and society, there has been a range of theories formulate in an attempt to explicate what causes
such reactions from individuals. Similarly, theories have been created as a reaction to the judicial
or social challenges which have been created . With this, one can say that concept of crime is a
very complex matter such that, it cannot be explained in a single theory alone. There have been a
remarkably high number of theories which attempt to explain the concept of crime in relation to
people and the society. Indeed, the nature of crime is increasingly changing largely because of
the changes in the society and the environment. Today, a crime cannot be viewed on a single
perspective alone. The concept of crime is explained on the basis of different contending
perspectives or theories (Greer and et. al. 2017). Two of the most popular perspective that
explains the nature of crime is its condition as being a social construct and being an individual
criminality. In the concept of crime as a social construct, it has been believed that criminality
could have been avoided if there are only prerequisites. Among these prerequisites include
presence of very good living conditions, real free will, not maltreatment from the direct and
indirect environment, family with principles and a job which can be considered as dignified. In
the absence of the noted prerequisites, it is likely that problematic or troubled individuals can be
lured into becoming criminals. The basis for explaining crime as a social construct is the social
environment. While crime is committed by an individual, it is still highly relevant to the society
such that, the society is attributed to the actual realization of the crime.
How can criminology help us to understand racism in the criminal justice
system
In the historical context within Britain is very helpful for understanding the current challenges
which are related to social discrimination in the country CJS and also more long-lasting issues of
discrimination of race all across UK. Perhaps the policies formed under discrimination has been
on part of policies has to be related in context to history. The first law formed to deal with

discrimination is the sus law (Liang and et. al. 2017). That was defined under Section 4 of the
Vargancy Act. Such section of the act was first passed in the year 1824 and become a popular
tools to be used by police in Britain to routinely arrest young men by their colour. Though they
have committed the crime or not. It has also spreader in wider way and has also been used to
fulfil illegal means. Also using this law police used to justify or arrest any young black men eve
if they are suspicious or not. Due to this law mistress has been created between Britain black
communities and police. This ahs eventually has served to create mistrust between Britin black
communities.
Specific Challenges in the Criminal Justice System
In today’s modern world discrimination is related to lot of challenges in Briatin CJS exist against
a backdrop of an long-lasting inequality, exclusion and racism. In four key areas of Briatin CJS,
significant racial discrimination can be observed. Institutional and structural biases has build into
system and values underpinning criminal justice in Britain has resulted into varieties of
inequalities at different levels of operations. An inequality is the outcome in areas of search,
arrest, prosecution and sentencing has posed a broader risk to continue functioning of Britain’s
CJS overall (Forstall and et. al. 2016). There is an urgent need of improving and eradicating of
laws that gives increase to discrimination. This is going to helps in increasing of trust back in the
system. A search is required to be done over the areas of UK’s CJS that has been subjected to be
claim for discrimination and racial discrimination. Following the report of 1991, it was revealed
that the police has dominated visible minorities to satisfy there ego. It is indeed required that
during 1980’s and 1990’s, young men of color were more frequently target by police in stop and
searches. It has to be noted that since the incidences of crime has increase the use of stop and
search method has once again increased the activities of discrimination. As a part of this process
various communities has been targeted for no reason by the police. Based upon the evidences
collected in the form of DNA at the time of arrest. It was found that black people has been
arrested more in number and were particularly Asian. White persons were less. Also the data has
shown that 27 percent of UK’s black population have there DNA in national database system.
In order to arrest and prosecutethe research has shown that black defendants are more likely to
receive longer sentences than their white counterparts. These findings reveal a CJS where racial
discrimination is widespread and pernicious. Also it has been revealed from various types of
analysis that discrimination problem is still there in UK and if it is required to be eradicated then

the country should build more effective an efficient rules which is going to promote equality in
the minds of people (Franco and et. al., 2018).
The Problem of Overrepresentation
Problem of overrepresentation in the CJS has been manifested in different manner among the
diverse BME population. Also Socio-economic status is one of the key factors responsible for
shaping of experiences of black males with CJS in Bratain. Various groups and communities has
been experiencing different levels of socio-economic success and integration. This cab be
understood through this example that families of Pakistani and Bangladeshi descent have tended
to face higher risks of poverty; conversely, black Caribbean communities and communities of
African descent face a higher risk of educational problems which can reflect their
marginalization. For some communities, a significant level of marginalization and isolation from
the broader society has led to a kind of polarisation and tribalisation. For other communities, the
experience is markedly different. There is thus a need to recognize the diversity inherent in the
experiences of different communities. While overrepresentation is clearly a problem in the
U.K.’s CJS, it is potentially dangerous to essentialise diverse groups on the basis of broad trends
and statistics (Waziry and et. al., 2017).
A Nuanced Explanation of Discrimination
A nuanced understanding of the root causes of discrimination in the U.K. system is needed for
advancing effective policy responses. Discrimination in UK has been embedded at very fast rate and
laws in UK has failed to deal with it in proper manner.
.
CONCLUSION
From the above essay it can be concluded that criminology is the study of crime and society
together and also cover aspects related to it. Then further in this file an detail explanation about
the topic has been given. Various things has been explained related to crime and also a
connection has been explained of crime and criminology. Problem of discrimination has been
discussed and has been told that how it is still present in UK and has embedded in the roots of
UK. Also it has been explained in context of socio economic problems that has occurred because
of it with an example.

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