Torts Law Explained

This assignment provides a comprehensive overview of Tort Law, outlining its key concepts and elements. It defines various torts, such as trespass, negligence, defamation, and nuisance, explaining their distinct characteristics and legal implications. The document emphasizes the common thread running through most torts: a party's action (or inaction) causing harm to another. It also touches upon consumer protection statutes and Occupier's Liability Acts as examples of legal frameworks extending beyond traditional tort law.

Running head: BUSINESS LAW 1
Law of Tort
Author Name(s)
Institution
Author Note

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Abstract
In law, a tort is an offense where the court grants compensations as a remedy to the affected
party. As indicated in the Law of Torts, individuals owe others obligations in various ways. For
instance, all drivers must care for any other person using the road. Thus, the occupier of a
specific property must take reasonable care to all people who come to the property. This paper
will be focusing on discussing issues that may attract the attention of the law of tort.
Keywords: Tort of Negligence, Tort of Misrepresentation, Product Liability, Occupier.

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Law of Tort
The law of tort requires people to be responsible while dealing with others. Also, the law
expects occupiers to make sure that their promises are safe from endangering the lives or the
properties of those who come to their premises. Similarly, businesses should ensure that their
products or services are safe and reliable to the customers who purchase them. In a deeper
discussion, this paper will be illustrating different applications of the law of tort.
Tort of Negligence and Misrepresentation
As the common torts, negligence, and misrepresentations are some of the torts that people
face on a regular basis. Starting with the tort of negligence, these are circumstances where one
person’s misconduct causes injuries to the other person (Kubasek, Browne, Dhooge, Herron &
Barkacs, 2016). On the part of misrepresentation, this one happens when a party’s conduct or
utterances present conditions that are untrue and convinces the other party to rely on those
conditions (Beatty, Samuelson & Bredeson, 2013). While misrepresentation can happen in both
the law of contract and the law of tort, this paper will focus on the law of tort where the law
punishes it by awarding compensation and even punitive damages (Kubasek, Browne, Dhooge,
Herron & Barkacs, 2016).
Tort of Negligence and Its element
There are essentially three elements of negligence, but the same elements can be broken
down to sub-elements. The first element is the duty of care (Miller & Cross, 2010). When a case
of negligence comes to the court, courts start by determining whether there was a duty to care
that the defendant owed to the claimant(Mann, Roberts & Smith, 2012). The case of (Donoghue
v Stevenson, 1932) was the first instance to determine a duty to care when it established the
concept of the 'neighbor principle.'

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The case involved a claimant who found a decomposed snail in a bottle of beer when she
poured the remaining content into her glass. The judgment in this case established that the
defendant who was the manufacturer had breached his duty of care. With that, he was liable for
the claimant’s damages of £500 as claimed by the claimant. For fear of the misuse of this case,
the decision of (Lords in Caparo v Dickman, 1990) set out a three-stage test for the
determination of the duty to care.
After establishing a duty of care in the defendant, the court moves forward to find the
second element of negligence. This element seeks to find whether the defendant breached that
duty (Varuhas, 2014). Since the law requires each person who owes a duty of care to act
reasonably in executing that duty, the law seeks to find whether the actions of the defendant were
unreasonable. By reasonable, the law expects that a person should act in the same way a
reasonable person would have acted in such circumstances. Take for example the case of
(Nettleship v Weston, 1971). The driver was a third lesson student who caused an accident
injuring the claimant who was his instructor. When the court examined this case, they found that
the defendant had acted unreasonably hence liable for the damages.
The court’s third step or third element is to connect the claimant’s damages with the
defendant’s reckless actions. The working mechanism for this step is the ‘but for test’ which tests
for the direct relationship between the breached duty and the loss (Steele, 2017). The ‘but for
test’ goes hand in hand with establishing whether the claimed damages are reasonably
foreseeable (Twomey, Jennings, Fox & Anderson, 2011). That is to say; the damages should not
be too remote. Take for instance the case of (Barnett v Chelsea & Kensington Hospital
Management Committee, 1969) Though the law found the lack failure to examine a patient as a
neglect of duty, it court did not find a connection between the death of the Barnett husband and

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the breach of duty by the hospital. No one could survive the arsenic poison meaning that in either
way, the husband would have died. In brief, the widow claimed that the death of the husband was
caused by the failure of the doctors to examine him. Despite that, the husband conditions resulted
from the deadly arsenic poison.
Misrepresentation and Its elements
The law of tort defines misrepresentation as an untrue statement or conducts that lures
another party into the contract or agreement (Clarkson, Miller, Cross & Clarkson, 2015). Gergen
(2013) states that when a case of misrepresentation comes to court, the court starts examining
whether there was an oral, written or conduct statement. After finding this first element, the court
then considers the falsity of the statement. A change of facts does not count what matters is
whether the person who had given a statement updates the other party on the changes. Take for
instance the case of (With v O'Flanagan, 1936). The doctor had true figures in January while
making the statement, but by May, the facts had changed. The statement turned to be false, and
the defendant sued for damages.
The second element is finding whether the statement was a fact as opposed to opinions.
In the tort of misrepresentation, what counts is the untrue facts but not untrue opinions. In
(Bissett v Wilkinson, 1927), Mr. Wilkinson told the Mr. Bisset that he thought the land would
accommodate 2,000 sheep. Mr.Wikinson knew for sure that the land had not been used for
rearing sheep. When the statement turned to be untrue, the judge said that the seller’s statement
was just an opinion but not a fact. In reality, the statement became untrue and the Mr.Wikinson
claim for damages. However, the claimed failed because the court did not find the statement
from Mr. Bisset as a fact but rather an opinion.

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The third element deals with induction. The question is whether the statement intended to
induce one party to accept the agreement and whether the statement indeed induced the party
(Mann, Roberts & Smith, 2012). The fourth element links the damages to the misrepresentation.
If there is a direct connection, the claim succeeds. If the damages are too remote, the court may
neglect to award the compensation.
Approach on Negligence and Misrepresentation within Business Context.
Both torts happen regularly in business. More often, they may happen in situations of
product liabilities and premises liabilities.
Product and service liabilities
Businesses are liable for dangers caused by their defective products or services. (Mann,
Roberts & Smith, 2012). When a defective product causes some damages, customers may elect a
cause of action through customers’ protection act. A good example is the illustrated case above
(Donoghue v Stevenson, 1932). Similarly, misrepresentation in products can happen through a
deceptive product where the business claims that a product would offer benefits which in reality
the traders knows that it is untrue. However, the law allows sales puff.
Defective services may also result in an action in court. In (Andrews v Hopkinson, 1957)
The claimant received a car with defective steering from the defendant. As a result, the claimant
got involved in an accident and sued the defendant for his negligent service. The court did find
the defendant liable and awarded the claimant a compensation for his loss.
Premise Liability
Premise liability deals with issues where a person would get injured in another person’s
premise. If the court finds that the defendant errored in providing reasonable care, the court is
likely to award compensation to the injured party (Mann, Roberts & Smith, 2012). People

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injured could be occupier’s visitors or just trespassers, but the court takes each case differently.
An example of this situation is the case of (B v JJB Sports,2006). The injured party was a boy of
10-years old. The defendant had cleaned the floor leaving the floor wet under which posed a risk
to children let alone unlike adults who would have read the signs. The court awarded
compensation to the boy as it found the defendant liable for his negligent conducts of leaving the
floor wet.
Issues of Advice
Advisors also owe a duty of care to those people relying on their advice (Clarkson,
Miller, Cross & Clarkson, 2015). The court did find the defendant liable for a wrong information
in (Chaudhry v Prabhakar, 1988). The claimant had asked the defendant who was a skilled trader
in cars to find her a solid secondhand car. However, the defendant brought a car that had been
involved in accident which was against the instructions given by the claimant.
Defense to Claims of Negligence
A claim brought could suffer frustrations if the defendant raises a defense. Even though
the defense would not succeed in wavering the entire claim, it can help in reducing the burden of
damages that the defendant would have paid (Clarkson, Miller, Cross & Clarkson, 2015). Some
of the special defenses are an act of God and trespasser. An act of God means dangers caused by
natural forces. Trespasser’s defense argues that the defendant cannot protect someone who he
does not have knowledge as to whether the person is on the premises. Apart from these two there
are other defenses such as contributory negligence.
Contributory negligence
This defense requires the defendant to prove that the claimant proceeded deliberately to
the risk despite being warned by the defendant. For example, in (Froom v Butcher, 1976). The

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claimant sued the defendant after sustaining injuries in an accident. The claimant alleged that the
negligent conduct of the defendant caused the accident though the court found that he was not
wearing his seatbelt. The court only allowed him to recover 80% of the claimed damages.
Volenti non fit injuria(Consent)
Where the claimant consents to get into the risk, cannot turn back to claim for the
damages. An example is a case of (Morris v Murray, 1990) In this case, the claimant knew his
friend was drunk, but he proceeded to take a ride with him in the aircraft. The claim failed as the
court found enough evidence that the claimant consented to the ride.
Illegality
The court does not award damages where the claim involves injuries where both parties
were executing an illegal action. Take for example the case of (Ashton v Turner, 1980). Since
the claimant was injured in a getaway accident after committing a crime with the defendant, the
court refused to award him damages suffered in the accident.
Other Torts in a business
Breach of statutory duties. This is a tort that happens when where the defendant breaches
the set standard for a workplace resulting in work injuries. Another tort in business is a
conspiracy. This tort occurs when two or more parties collude to deprive a third party. Another
tort in business is conversion (Clarkson, Miller, Cross & Clarkson, 2015). This one is a trespass
to goods where the court finds that a defendant takes possession of another person’s goods
without authority. Deceit is another tort in business. It may happen when one party provides
untrue information with an intention to defraud the other party (Mann, Roberts & Smith, 2012).

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Role for statutory or public authorities
There are various roles in statutory authorities in protecting the interests of the parties.
An example is how aking tort law statutes help in shaping the law of tort. Some of the common
ways in which statutes affect the interest of the parties is in limiting liabilities, expanding them
or restating some areas of private law. For instance, consumer protection statute aims to regulate
cases of misrepresentation, negligence, and fraud among others. A claim brought under
consumer protection statutes helps the claimant where the statute punishes the defendant under
strict liability for defective products. Even though, the statute does not act to replace common
law. Other acts are like the occupies liability act which seeks to award damages when someone
sustains injuries in a defective premise.
Conclusion
The Law of Torts encompasses various civil wrongs such as trespass, negligence,
defamation and nuisance, among others. The law deals with each tort differently depending with
its rules that guides on thee liabilities. However, almost all torts would require certain elements
meaning that the court can only impose liabilities on circumstances where one party either
negligently fails or does something that harms the other party.

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References
Beatty, J., Samuelson, S., & Bredeson, D. (2013). Business law and the legal environment.
Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning.
Clarkson, K., Miller, R., Cross, F., & Clarkson, K. (2015). Business law. Text and Cases (13th
ed.). Cengage Learning.
Gergen, M. (2013). Negligent Misrepresentation as Contract. Califonia Law Review, 101(4).
Retrieved from http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/californialawreview/vol101/iss4/2
Kubasek, N., Browne, M., Dhooge, L., Herron, D., & Barkacs, L. (2016). Dynamic business law
(3rd ed.). New York. NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
Mann, R., Roberts, B., & Smith, L. (2012). Smith & Roberson's business law (15th ed.). Mason,
OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.
Miller, R., & Cross, F. (2010). The legal environment today. Mason, OH: South-Western
Cengage Learning.
Steele, J. (2017). Tort law. OUP Oxford.
Twomey, D., Jennings, M., Fox, I., & Anderson, R. (2011). Anderson's business law and the
legal environment. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning.
Varuhas, J. (2014). The Concept of 'Vindication' in the Law of Torts: Rights, Interests and
Damages. Oxford Journal Of Legal Studies, 34(2), 253-293.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqt036
Cases
Andrews v Hopkinson [1957] 1 QB 229
Barnett v Chelsea & Kensington Hospital Management Committee [1968] 2 WLR 422
Bisset v Wilkinson [1927] AC 177

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Chaudhry v. Prabhakar [1988] All E.R.3 718
Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] UKHL 100
Froom v Butcher [1976] 1 QB 286
Morris v Murray [1991] 2 QB 6
Nettleship v Weston [1971] 3 WLR 370 Court of Appeal
With v O'Flanagan [1936] Ch 575 Court of Appeal