Leadership and Management: Roles and Characteristics

This document discusses the different roles and characteristics of leaders and managers in organizations like Harrods. It explores the importance of leadership and management in different situational contexts and discusses various theories and models used. The document also covers the approaches to operation management and the role of leaders and managers in achieving organizational goals.

Leadership and Management
Concepts & Leaders and
Operations Management

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................4
LO1:.................................................................................................................................................4
P1: Different roles and characteristics of leaders and manager-..................................................4
M1: Differences between role of leaders and function of manager-...........................................5
LO2:.................................................................................................................................................5
P2: Roles of leaders and mangers in different situational contexts-............................................5
P3: Different theories and models for managers and leaders-.....................................................6
M2: Strength and Weakness of different approaches-.................................................................7
LO 3.................................................................................................................................................7
P 4. The approaches to operation management and role of leaders and manager.......................7
P 5. The importance along with value of operation management................................................9
M3. Leaders and manager can improve their efficiencies in operation management...............10
LO 4 ..............................................................................................................................................11
P 6. Factors in which business environmental have impact on operational management.........11
M4. Different factors that affected business environment and community. .............................12
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Leadership is responsible for leading organizational employees in such a way that they
are able to collaborate their working efforts such that the overall working capability of the
organization is improved. Whereas Management is responsible for managing organizational
operations such that the work synchronism is established and chances of goal achievement is also
enhanced. Harrods is the chosen organization, the company trend to provide retail options of
luxury and quality products at high pricing due to which it has managed to achieve a strong
economic growth. Comparison of different roles and characteristics of managers and leader is
done in this report and with that evaluation of roles of leadership and manage in different
situational context has also been analysed. Analysis of importance of values of operations
management in terms of achieving organizational goals is also done in the report. Evaluation of
external factors which makes a considerable impact on the decision-making of management and
leadership is also identified in report.
MAIN BODY
LO1:
P1: Different roles and characteristics of leaders and manager-
Managers and leaders at organizations like Harrods are responsible for performing
several operations through which it can ensure that company is able to improvise the weak areas
by utilizing its strengths. Following are the different roles and characteristics of leaders.
Leaders Managers
Task Defining
Leading employees for collaborating their
working efforts for achieving a common
organizational goal by which chances of goal
achievement can be increased (Bakari, Hunjra
and Niazi, 2017).
Organising organizational resources
Managing employees and organizational
resources such that the high work productivity
is achieved in low expenditures.
Motivating individuals
Motivate employees to learn new skills
through which they can achieve their personal
Training to employees
Provide efficient training to employees by
which employees will be able to learn new

and professional goals, through this action it
tends to increase overall work productivity and
also employee's loyalty towards organization.
skills through which it can implement changes
in the working environment through which
Harrods can improve its performance in front
of the customers.
Organizing individual employees
Develops efficient communication bridge with
the employees and try to concentrate their
efforts in the tasks in which high work
productivity can be achieved from the
employee's.
Planning
Develops organizational structure and
employees have to work within the given
department by which it can ensure that
organizational working is done according to
the developed working strategy this can be
ensure by total quality management approach.
Evaluating results
Take suggestion and feedbacks from the
employees and then try to concentrate efforts
on implementing these achieved changes by
which employee's issues can be resolved and
work productivity can be increased.
Market evaluation
Analyse the external business environment and
evaluate the different between Harrods and
other market competitions and then develop
working strategy accordingly such that
company is able to achieve its efficient
competitive edge (Hallinger, 2018).
Setting example
Leaders tend to take risk for implementing
creative changes in the working environment
by which creative working output can be
achieved, through which company can fulfil
the customer's requirement and thus chances of
goal achievement can be increased.
Controlling
Managers tend to follow the predefined and
efficiently tested organizational structure by
which it can ensure that risk associated while
implementing changes in the working
capability of Harrods can be minimized and
with that company is also able to achieve its
increment in sales by fulfilling customer
requirements.
Planning
Leaders have to analyse organizational
activities and then has to develop work related
Directing
Managers tend to direct organizational
employees so that they are able to analyse the

planning accordingly so that employees will be
able to make concentrated approach for goal
achievement.
work requirement and then utilize their
problem solving skills to overcome the issues.
Briefing the team
Leadership tend to showcase the required work
rate to the employees so that they can make
improvisations accordingly.
Staffing
It tend to develop organizational team for
achieving a desired target.
Controlling activities
One of the main role of leadership is that it
tend to lead individuals so that their
engagement with the organizational activities
can be increases and for which they have to
control the operations. In this type situational
leadership will be highly beneficial so that
uniformity can be established.
Co-ordination
Managers tend to establish coordination
between different departments so that work
synchronism can be established.
M1: Differences between role of leaders and function of manager-
Managers have to develop organizational working structure in context with the scientific
management theory while integrating factors like government legislation, organizational work
culture, changing market trends and ever-changing customer requirements. Whereas leaders are
responsible for leading employees on the basis of leadership theories like transformational
leadership and providing organizational goals which they have to achieve through improvising
their working capability and learning skills. Thus through this collaborative efforts of leaders and
managers the overall working capability of Harrods can be improved. The situational leadership
will be highly efficient for the organization because organizations have to implement changes in
their working capabilities and because of which interdepartmental situations are also being
affected simultaneously. Similarly total quality approach of management is highly beneficial for
the organization because through which managers can be ensured of high level of quality in the
work process.

LO2:
P2: Roles of leaders and mangers in different situational contexts-
Organizational leaders and managers have to make sure that company is working as per the
requirement and for which they have to improvise their working process according to the
differences in situations. Following are the roles of leaders and functions of a manager for
different organizational contexts.
Organizational conflicts-
Organizational conflicts often arises within companies because of which the working capability
is often affected, thus it becomes very important to quickly resolve the conflicts, managers and
leaders have different approaches for resolving conflicts this is important so that company can
overcome problems like low productivity(Anbu, 2019).
Managers can chances the departments of consulting employees by which it can make sure that
employee interaction is reduced and thus probability of having conflicts over same topic can be
reduced. However, leader tend to establish communication and try to reach to the prime factor
which has generated the cause of conflicts and try to resolve the main reason by its efficient
relationship with the employees.
Improvising work capability and employee training-
Organizations like Harrods have to make sure that it is having a competitive edge and for which
it has to improvise the working process and implement suitable changes. For which managers
can provide efficient training to employees by which it can make sure that the working capability
of employees is being improved and through which high work quality is also achieved. Whereas,
leaders trend to motivate employees to learn new skills by which they can implement creative
working measures to improve their work quality. With that leadership can also motivate
employees to learn new skills by which it can achieve its professional and personal goals.
Organizational teams-
Organizational teams are made within companies like Harrods for the achievement of specific
allot task for the improvement of work quality. Managers analyse the working capability of
individual employees and then develop teams such that each team member is having high level
of work experience in their respective field and thus teams members are able to achieve new
products by collaborating their different point of views (Kovach, 2018). Leaders utilize their
efficient communication with the employees to motivate them for collaborating their efforts,

such that overall work creativity for problem solving can be increased and employee
communication can be improved. In order to increase the effectiveness rewarding employees is
an efficient way for achieving desired organizational target.
Organizational conflict and low work productivity-
Situational leadership will be most suitable leadership style which can be implemented by the
leadership for overcoming the specific situation through the leadership perspective. Directing
and controlling will be the desired management function which can be utilized by the managers
to overcome a situation.
P3: Different theories and models for managers and leaders-
Following are the different models and approaches used for improving the working capability
and problem solving skills of the organization.
Situational leadership- Situational leadership is the type of leadership in which organizational
leaders tend to improvise their working capability as per the changing organizational situations
by which it can make sure that company is able to maintain its strong performance in front of the
customers, irrespective of changing market conditions (Zaccaro and et.al, 2018). Through this
improvisation of working process leadership can ensure that Harrods is able to implement
changes in the working capability according to the changing market trends and can provide new
and trendy products to customers for achieving high organizational sales. Through the
implementation of this leadership style organizational leadership of Harrods can analyse the
situation and can develop effective strategies to overcoming it.
System leadership- System leadership is the set of skills and working capability which is
required by an organization can utilize to catalyse, support and enable the process of system-
level changes. This is essential for organizations like Harrods because company has to
implement changes in the working capability in such a way that it is able to achieve a efficient
competitive edge and for which it has to implement changes on the ground level working
process. For achieving high level of work productivity through implementing changes working
strategies have to be developed through which working strategy can be developed. This will be
efficient for the organization because company tend to have large employees work force and thus
can efficiently analyse the work productivity at different levels.
Contingency- The contingency theory tends to claim that there is no fixed way for performing
business operations but rather it is dependent on the external and internal situations to which the

business come against (Study.com, 2021). Due to this it allows organizations like Harrods to
implement changes in its working capability according to the arising situations (Gumus and et.al,
2018). This is an effective way of performing organizational operations but also it creates
unsynchronized working because due to the absence of systematic working method employees
are not able to collaborate their efforts for achieving a common target. This is an effective way of
performing organizational operations but also it creates unsynchronized working because due to
the absence of systematic working method employees are not able to collaborate their efforts for
achieving a common target.
Path-Goal theory- This theory states that organizational leaders tend to establish an desired
target to the employees by proving a clear image and then provide a appropriate path for the
fulfilment of the desired target through which employees at Harrods can achieve their desired
target (Chiu, Balkundi and Weinberg, 2017). This is an effective way of for motivating
employees to improve their working capability by which they can achieve high level of work
productivity and also with that employee's engagement in organizational activities can be
increased due to which employee's loyalty towards organization can also be improved.
M2: Strength and Weakness of different approaches-
Situational leadership- Sudden change in working condition develops inconsistency in working
capability of employees because they have to change their working process. This will make
negative impact upon Harrods because the company has to improves itself according to the
market condition and if the employees are not able to implement changes then overall work
productivity will be affected.
Path-Goal theory- A clear path is provided to employees for performing their operations
because of which employee's creativity for problem solving is affected this happens because by
proving a direct result will reduce the efforts established by employees.
Contingency- Unclear organizational working structure makes negative impact on establishing
synchronism in work process among employees because they are not being able to identify the
factors which are affecting their work productivity.
System leadership- Changes have to be made in overall hierarchical structure of the
organization and due to long chain of command is a time-consuming process.

LO 3
P 4. The approaches to operation management and role of leaders and manager
Approaches in company are used for understanding proper operation management and
also helps in analysing their action to be taken in any situation. This is followed below:-
Lean-
This is methods which is used to get the best results of outputs for organization along
with this various factor are being gets affected by them. In Harrods this lean help in desired to
reduce wastage while by using proper resources which are allocated to employee at working
place (Ando and et.al., 2018). The managers and leaders must make their employee aware
about in using their resources and tries to reduce wastage from goods that are produced.
These methods in company improve working productivity and assists people management
for developing skills and build up more knowledge. Leaders and managers plays roles in
lean for reducing their cost and tries to save their resource which are allocated to them in
having more production from company.
Total quality management-
Total quality management methods in company help in planning for period long in
getting their success and also take competitive advantages. The success results can keep
company more updated in developing their products and services in earning profits. Quality
management in Harrods support them in maintaining their products quality that are offered by
organization to customer. Leaders and manager play important roles in TQM for making
their products developed with having better quality of goods and services which they are
providing to customer and make their employee mush effectively in using their resources so
that they can save more resources.
Six sigma-
The Six Sigma helps in business to improve their currently process working in products
and services while by discovering more resources (Huo, Gu and Wang, 2019). The goal for
controlling their management in improving quality of products. In Harrods that can be expensive
to implement, but done properly and in companies leaders and managers working with
proper allocation. They both play roles in developing Six sigma chain while by producing
while quality of goods and services to customer.
Just in time-

These methods help in focusing their production of products and set time for completing
their targeted on given period. This also help in Harrods for obtaining earlier results of planning
and in reducing their wastage of resources, along with that making proper use of potential
(Sreedharan and Sunder, 2018). Process can be done in given time period of project so that could
be more benefits in earning more profits. The role of leaders and manager in just in time
important for motivating their employee and encouraged them for completing their work
on time with having full efficient resources which are allocated to them. Through having
proper communication and having leadership work as well targeted can be easily achieved
as per given time.
P 5. The importance along with value of operation management
Operation management is important for business to maintain the operation plan properly.
The importance and value of operation management is achieving objective that are described
below:-
Efficiency of production-
In Harrods production of products is prime area in ensuring the proper cost calculation.
As company try to avoid high costing of their products furthermore ensure about the efficiency
level of production in their products.
Maximization of profits-
The main goals for business is to have more profits and this can be achieved while by
having selling their products in market. Harrods company has developed them in various
countries and earn customer trust in selling their more goods (Machado And et.al., 2017).
Company needs to focused on customer demands and make growth with attractive discount plus
offers in promoting them.
Customer satisfaction-
Satisfied customer makes the business more success, it means that key lies in the
satisfaction of people with their company products. Harrods products needs to provide their
customer demand moreover from desired goods' variety. This is also an appropriate planning can
be done for operation management.
Effective utilization of resources-

Operation management in Harrods well-known to their effective resources as they also
know about how much of allocation of resources should be done in organization for making their
products more effective (Appelbaum and et.al., 2017). Strong operation management planned
each and every sector for utilizing in investing resources for having better production
furthermore operation process.
Improving product quality-
Harrods company is very carefully for using their products towards their customer. As
they produce good quality of products and services (Inman and Green, 2018). Continuous
company trying to improve their product quality better and make them more preferable to
peoples. Through which they concern it is one of the prime operation management in business.
Developing better operation skills-
The skills can be based on their employee which improve their operation management
planning. Harrods helps employee to build up their strong base in company as well skilled
workforce supply complete with international and domestic market.
Improving working conditions-
The working conditions is very important in Harrods for their employee, it means that
could ensure them in motivation by operation management. Workplace in company should be
safety and comfort by management so that many more employee feel safe for them. The more
facilities will be expected better performance for employee.
Advance in technology-
Harrods can adopt their newer technology while by using that they can also make their
business online and make their more customer. In using technology Harrods easily beat out with
their competition in market and make their company well-developed.
Global competition-
While increasing their business globally they must have required to adopt some strategies
through which they can work globally. In working globally Harrods can build their more
customer along with various stores in various different countries it means that they can huge
amount of profits.

M3. Leaders and manager can improve their efficiencies in operation management.
Managers and leaders can increases their efficiencies in operation to make business more
successfully while by achieving their company objectives. Improving coordination between both
leaders and managers that is main techniques for keeping their effectively increased (Abbas and
Sağsan, 2019). As it also helps in improving their team work in which they can work together for
having more goals achieved so that could be benefits for Harrods in making marketing position.
Leaders have main objective in Harrods to communicate employee about companies
goals and daily habit for communicate specific tasks in which they have to perform. Effective
leaders helps employee to stay to focused on their goals and prevents more to distracted by side
issue in completion of goals and objective.
Managers main objective in organization to coaches their employee and learned more
about their skills to other. usually in Harrods main aim for making their employee motivated in
such a way manager also helps their employee for becoming more motivate and also increased
their productivity. Manager also have main objective for supporting their employee and
managing their changes in organization.
LO 4
P 6. Factors in which business environmental have impact on operational management
There are various number of factors that affected their operation management in Harrods
and have impact on their business in which their manager as well leaders play important roles for
making the more developing. According to changes as per positive and negative decision-making
that are taken by managers in company as follows-
Environmental factors:-
In developing their environmental factor which might be influenced leadership and
manager performance. The decision making in environmental factor highly visible leaders and
manager role play but to scary to carry and they help in recycling their raw material in Harrods.
Role of leader and manager practices their goals for saving towards environmental such as
families, community, educational, religious. While by doing this they can make more finished
goods well using raw material.

CSR:-
In CSR leaders and manager has primary responsibility to corporate social responsibility
or director. Hence for overseeing the creation along with the implementation of Harrods social
responsibility objectives. Leaders in business towards their social responsibility uncertainty. As
they have to wider taking decision making for adopting changes and shifting towards sustainable
society.
Ethics:-
Being ethical leaders in Harrods is more than just having strong value and their
objectives. As for manager this is more clear in difference between job as boss and be as leader
in Harrods is more inspire for making their more responsibility, guide and nurture their employee
as they also try to help their employee for being more developed. Nowadays marketing trends are
changing every day and to evaluate this Harrods have to make their properly strategies (Martins
and Nienaber, 2018). This trends in market are to be analyzed by maintaining and working as per
the requirements of customer as well for organization. analyze in market can bring succession for
company and also for customer.
Stakeholders:-
In Harrods stakeholders included such as employee, customer. Investors and suppliers, so
on. Investor in company are those who makes large amount of investments for organization in
having desired interested and profits that to be earned. Customer make their products more
valuable and help company to being more developed in market along with that for having better
position in market.
Sustainability:-
In Harrods leaders and manager have more plan to implementation of developing
sustainability strategies while by making plan for something new products developments.
Decision-making can be more effective has impacts on their workplace towards their employee
and business in which they are working for developing. To ensure more about adhere
economically and environmental friendly methods could be possible.
Culture:-
Culture factor in Harrods must be more thinking about their working sector. They must
know more various culture in which they are going to developed. Apart from this culture
difference can make their decision more effective and make their growth. Legal changes in

Harrods decision can be taken by leaders and manager and this changes can be made by
changing in policies and affecting their planning being done (Appelbaum and et.al., 2017). Here,
the leaders has main role to predict their future changes and manager roles managing plus
arranging their resources.
M4. Different factors that affected business environment and community.
The relationship between manager and leader are to be desires in organization for
developing them in market with having better planning strategies. They both also take care of
objectives in organization. The leader and manager have main roles and responsibilities in
Harrods for analyzing their business environment and to take proper decision-making in
company. The employee in company have to follow up their path and work must be done as per
their allocated activities of resources in organization.
For maintaining good recycling they have to increase their value in organization and make their
customer more concern about their policies and procedures. Government agencies need to be
more control over their companies policies with developing them more in market.
CONCLUSION
From the above report it had been concluded that in company roles of leaders and
manager plays important for making their company more developed. The power is being also
distributed among them with having equality of roles and responsibilities. While by giving some
models and theories, their both roles are being understand. Also, by analysing their strength and
weakness in using models and theories of organization. This report also concluded about
essential things that operational management in giving approaches along with roles of leaders
and managers. At last about the relationship of leaders and manager in developing their business
environment.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Abbas, J. and Sağsan, M., 2019. Impact of knowledge management practices on green
innovation and corporate sustainable development: A structural analysis. Journal of
cleaner production. 229. pp.611-620.
Anbu, D., 2019. The Role of Leaders and Managers in Business Organisations. Asian Journal of
Management. 10(3). pp.225-228.
Ando, K. and et.al., 2018. Improvement of Community Bus Operation Management System. In
Modern Approaches for Intelligent Information and Database Systems (pp. 329-340).
Springer, Cham.
Appelbaum, D. and et.al., 2017. Impact of business analytics and enterprise systems on
managerial accounting. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems. 25.
pp.29-44.
Bakari, H., Hunjra, A.I. and Niazi, G.S.K., 2017. How does authentic leadership influence
planned organizational change? The role of employees’ perceptions: Integration of
theory of planned behavior and Lewin's three step model. Journal of Change
Management. 17(2). pp.155-187.
Chiu, C.Y.C., Balkundi, P. and Weinberg, F.J., 2017. When managers become leaders: The role
of manager network centralities, social power, and followers' perception of
leadership. The Leadership Quarterly. 28(2). pp.334-348.
Gumus, S. and et.al, 2018. A systematic review of studies on leadership models in educational
research from 1980 to 2014. Educational Management Administration &
Leadership. 46(1). pp.25-48.
Hallinger, P., 2018. Bringing context out of the shadows of leadership. Educational management
administration & leadership. 46(1). pp.5-24.
Huo, B., Gu, M. and Wang, Z., 2019. Green or lean? A supply chain approach to sustainable
performance. Journal of cleaner production. 216. pp.152-166.
Inman, R.A. and Green, K.W., 2018. Lean and green combine to impact environmental and
operational performance. International Journal of Production Research. 56(14).
pp.4802-4818.
Kovach, M., 2018. An examination of leadership theories in business and sport achievement
contexts. The Journal of Values-Based Leadership. 11(2). p.14.
Machado, C.G. And et.al., 2017. Framing maturity based on sustainable operations management
principles. International Journal of Production Economics. 190. pp.3-21.
Martins, N. and Nienaber, H., 2018. The influence of time on employee engagement in the SA
business environment. International Journal of Productivity and Performance
Management.
Sreedharan V, R. and Sunder M, V., 2018. A novel approach to lean six sigma project
management: a conceptual framework and empirical application. Production Planning
& Control. 29(11). pp.895-907.
Zaccaro, S.J. and et.al, 2018. Leader individual differences, situational parameters, and
leadership outcomes: A comprehensive review and integration. The Leadership
Quarterly. 29(1). pp.2-43.

Online
Study.com, Contingency Approach of Management: Definition & Example, 2021 [online].
Available through: <https://study.com/academy/lesson/contingency-approach-of-
management-definition-example-quiz.html>