Leadership and Management: A Comparative Study of Organizations

This essay delves into the critical aspects of leadership and management within modern organizations. It begins by differentiating between leadership and management, highlighting their distinct roles and impacts on organizational success. The essay then explores charismatic leadership as a specific leadership style, examining its characteristics and influence on employee motivation and organizational vision. Furthermore, it touches upon the management development programs of Tesco PLC as a practical example. The analysis covers key differences between leadership and management, the activities of leaders in contemporary organizations, and the impact of leadership styles on employee work processes. The essay also discusses the importance of leadership qualities in the modern business environment, providing insights into how leaders can drive organizational goals and objectives. Finally, it references relevant theories and the work of key figures like Max Weber to provide a comprehensive understanding of leadership and management dynamics.

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LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIZATIONS
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Introduction
As discussed by Aw and Ayoko (2017), the activities that are performed by different
organizations based on effective leadership are considered to be important for the success that
is gained in their respective industries. The psychology of humans and expert tactics are able
to play a major part in the methods by which organizations are able to develop their position
and maintain the employees as well. The leadership skills can be developed properly with the
help of the abilities of various organizations that operate in the modern business environment.
The potential of employees and individuals is an important factor that can affect the
performance that is depicted by the leaders (Anselmsson, Bondesson and Melin 2016).
According to Botschen and Wegerer (2017), the leaders of an organization have the
capability of dominating others with the help of their knowledge and qualities that have been
gained. The knowledge levels of leaders are able to play a key part in the methods by which
organizations can manage the employee base. The employees or individuals have the
responsibility of leading employees in the company in order to achieve the goals and
objectives. Organizational leaders can aim at the boosting morale of employees in an
effective manner (Bratnicka 2015).
The analysis in essay will be mainly based on major differences that are evident
between the leadership activities and management of an organization in modern business
environment. The activities of leaders in the modern organizations are also an important part
of the discussion to be made in the essay. The employee work process the can be influenced
by the leadership process in a huge manner (Ciravegna and Brenes 2016). The leadership
style that has been taken into consideration for analysis is charismatic leadership. The
management development based programs of Tesco PLC will also be analysed in the essay in
detail. Tesco PLC is a multinational retail based organization that has its origins in the United

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Kingdom. The headquarter of Tesco is located in Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire,
England, United Kingdom. Tesco has gained the position of the third biggest retailer in the
world in terms of the revenues that have been developed (Demirtas and Akdogan 2015).
Differentiating between the concepts of leadership and management
As discussed by Hooijberg and Lane (2015), leadership is mainly defined as quality of
employees which is related to the methods that are developed by the leaders in order to
influence members in the organization. The employees aim at fulfilling the organizational
objectives in an active way with the help of proper leadership. The objectives and goals that
have been developed by the organization are considered to be important factors that have an
impact on the leadership style. The activities based on management and leadership can be
developed within the organizations that belong to different industries like, sports, education
and hospitality (Jain and Sharma 2019).
As opined by Kim and Kim (2017), a major difference exists between the activities
that are related to management and leadership based activities. Management is based on the
ways by which formal group of employees are managed and leadership is related to be
effective directions that are provided to an informal group of people. The skills that are based
on leadership of a particular group are mainly based on the direction and inspiration that can
be provided. Leadership can also be defined as an interpersonal process which involves
different methods that are implemented for fulfilment of different tasks (Koçyiğit 2015).
As discussed by Ladan, Nordin and Belal (2017), the leaders are followed by the
employees of an organization in order to work according to the direction that is provided to
them. Leaders have the capability of bringing major levels of changes within an organization
in order to achieve the goals that are provided to them. The examples of major leaders who
have proved to be the face of their organizations and ensured that success in the competitive

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business environment include, Sundar Pichai, the CEO of Google, Jeff Bezos, the CEO of
Amazon, Steve Jobs, the co-founder and ex-CEO of Apple. The leaders have provided
guidance to the employees in a collaborative manner (Lee, Idris and Delfabbro 2017).
As discussed by Li et al. (2016), the knowledge and work process of leaders have an
impact on the methods by which employees are able to provide their services. The employees
can be divided into different teams by the leaders and they are provided smaller goals that
lead to the overall goals of the organization. The organizational leadership is not limited to
the individuals who are a part of the company. The competitors of a particular organization
are also affected in a huge manner by the leadership qualities that are depicted by the leaders.
Different factors that have an influence on the leadership activities in modern business
organizations include, brand, cost, market share and the products (Lindblom, Kajalo and
Mitronen 2015).
According to Long, Yong and Chuen (2016), management on the other hand is based
on the process that has been implemented within the organizations for dealing and managing
the employees. The development of a collaborative work environment can also be considered
to be a major responsibility that is provided to the managers. The development of proper
collaboration between the employees is important for achievement of the overall
organizational objectives. Collaboration is mainly based on the ways by which effective
balance can be developed between different organizational processes that include,
development of effective plans, controlling the operations, leading, providing motivation,
decision making and organizing (Mekraz and Gundala 2016).
As discussed by Men and Jiang (2016), the most significant differences between the
processes of leadership and management within an organization are as discussed further.
Leadership is a virtue that is related to the ways by which employees can be led and

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encouraged for fulfilling the objectives. Management is a method which is based on proper
development of different organizational activities. Leadership is developed with respect to the
trust levels that are present among the leaders and the employees. Leaders are able to
influence their subordinates with the help of their effective work process and management is
based on the commands that are provided by the managers to the subordinates (Mihalcea
2017).
As discussed by Mo and Shi (2017), the leaders of an organization have major levels
of foresightedness that can play a major role in taking the decisions based on short term and
the long term factors as well. The principles and guidelines that have been formed by the
organizations need to be followed in order to maintain the leadership process in an effective
manner. Management is considered to be a reactive process and leadership is highly proactive
in nature (Nawaz and Khan_ PhD 2016). The changes that are implemented within the
organizations are mainly related to the leadership style and quality of leaders as well.
Management on the other hand is able to develop high levels of stability within the
organization. The processes of management and leadership that are performed within the
organization are able to complement each other and cannot be separated as well (Mo and Shi
2017).
As opined by Oreg and Berson (2015), the managers of different organizations in the
industry need to gain leadership based skills for managing the employees and the operations
in an effective manner. The departments are operated effectively by appointing one manager
and many leaders who are able to lead different teams. The teams are divided in such a
manner that can help the organizations to achieve the overall goals and objectives in an
effective manner. The demands that are developed in a modern business environment can be
fulfilled by the managers or leaders with the help of leadership related qualities (Seibert et al.
2017).

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As discussed by Shamir, Arthur and House (2018), the development of effective
management and leadership based qualities are considered to be an important part of the
operations in different industries. The attributes based on both leadership and management
are considered to be important for the effective organizational operations. The managers are
able to develop stability within the organization and leaders can provide direction of
achieving the goals that have been set by the managers. Management is the effective
maintenance of the processes that are developed within the organization and leadership on the
other hand is related to the methods that are implemented in order to achieve the goals
(Storey 2016).
Analysis of Charismatic leadership theory
As discussed by Teece (2016), charismatic leadership is a model that is implemented
by the experts in the organizational leadership for determination of traits, activities and
behaviours which are able to motivate and inspire change in the organizations. The theories
and paradigms that are developed under charismatic leadership based model have an impact
on the approaches and tools of effective management. The theories mainly include, self-
assessment, frameworks and attributions (Teller et al. 2018).
As opined by Veríssimo and Lacerda (2015), charismatic leadership is mainly based
on the ability the leaders have to persuade and charm the followers in an effective manner.
The capability of inspiring the followers or different individuals is possessed by different
types of leaders that include, the organizational leaders, the political leaders and the business
leaders as well. The inspiration that is provided by the leaders is based on their charisma and
ability to influence others. The emotional changes that can take place in the followers are also
affected or evoked by the charismatic leaders. The qualities of charismatic leaders are not
only based on the ways by which the audience and followers can be excited (Oreg and Berson

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2015). The leadership process is also based on the levels of motivation that the leader is able
to provide to the employees. The persuading capability of the charismatic leaders are also
quite high in this case (Grabo and Van Vugt 2016). The five different characteristics that are
developed by a charismatic boss are as follows,
The charismatic leaders are able to develop a strong, calm sense based on faith in the
skills, abilities and experiences as well.
Communication skills are considered to be the most important part of the qualities
that have been gained by the charismatic leaders. The listening capabilities that have been
developed by the leaders are able to help in formation of an effective relationship (LePine et
al. 2016).
Creativity is also considered to be a significant quality that is depicted by the
charismatic leaders in an effective manner. The leaders are able to provide suggestions and
new ideas that are based on the ways by which the employees can be managed (Grabo and
Van Vugt 2016).
The vision of charismatic leaders has an impact on the work process that is developed
by the organizations. The goals that are set by the leaders can be achieved effectively with the
help of activities that are performed based on the vision (LePine et al. 2016).
According to Long, Yong and Chuen (2016), the charismatic leaders can also be
evaluated with the help of focus that has been developed on the qualities, traits and
behaviours that are developed. The qualities of charismatic leadership are evaluated with
respect to the viewpoint of the employees who are a part of the organization. The theory is
mainly based on the beliefs of the leaders rather than the thoughts of the leaders. The main

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principle based on this leadership process is that the existence of charismatic leadership is
related to the beliefs of the followers (Grabo and Van Vugt 2016).
As discussed by Grabo and Van Vugt (2016), Max Weber has explained that
charismatic leadership mainly relies on three major components that are able to affect the
ways by which leaders are able to influence the employees and their work process. The first
dimension in this case is based on the psychological dimension that is based on inner
qualities that have been developed by a leader (Seibert et al. 2017). The traits of leaders are
considered to be their gifts that are able to affect their personal mental and physical state. The
development of charisma is based on the assumptions that have been formed by the
employees. Social aspect is another dimension that is related to the charismatic leadership
based activities performed in an organization (Nawaz and Khan_ PhD 2016).
According to Botschen and Wegerer (2017), the nature based on charisma can be
taught and the qualities can be gained by the leaders as well. The third dimension is termed as
the relational dimension that is based on the relations that have been developed between the
subordinates and the leaders. The relationship that has been developed between the leaders
and subordinates is an important factor that is able to affect the behaviours of charismatic
leaders. The behaviours of charismatic leadership are depicted with the help of the
understanding of the ways by which they are able to influence the followers.
As discussed by Ladan, Nordin and Belal (2017), the leadership qualities that have
been developed by Jeff Bezos have been able to reshape retail world from the year 1994. The
organization had started its operations from the sales of books and has further expanded in
sales of highly recognized brands in its website. The success of Amazon.com is mainly based
on the entrepreneurship of Jeff Bezos and the activities of employees as well. The reputation

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that has been developed by Bezos is mainly related to the leadership style and vision based on
future operations of the company (Oreg and Berson 2015).
According to Long, Yong and Chuen (2016), the motivation that is provided to the
employees is related to the tools that are used for the ways by which they are able to fulfil the
demands of customers. Bezos has provided major importance to the customers of the
organization and the “Customer first” based vision has been developed. The CEO always
keeps a chair empty in the meetings that is able to represent the customers. The approach that
has been implemented by Bezos is however not quite effective for the aspiring business
leaders. Bezos has followed the traits and attributes that are a part of the charismatic
leadership style and has been successful in providing highest levels of motivation to the
employees (Koçyiğit 2015).
Bezos can be called a charismatic leader who is highly enthusiastic and self-confident
in nature. Charisma is considered to be the most important part of the leadership that has been
developed by Bezos in Amazon.com. The expansion of the operations of Amazon.com is also
based on the ways by which Bezos has been able to manage the employees (Lindblom,
Kajalo and Mitronen 2015). The vision of organizational operations that has been shared by
Bezos is also an important factor that has been able to affect the growth levels of
Amazon.com. Bezos has been able to provide major levels of inspiration to the teams and
employees in order to work towards the vision that has been developed by him. The new
technologies like Drones that have been implemented by Amazon are also based on the
inspirational nature of Bezos (Lindblom, Kajalo and Mitronen 2015).
Analysis of management development program of Tesco PLC
Tesco PLC is committed towards improving training and development based activities
that are able to affect the workforce of an organization. The organization has underlined the

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commitment that it has towards the improvement of training that is provided to the
employees. Tesco PLC has developed its position as the biggest private sector based
employer in the United Kingdom (Tescoplc.com 2019). Training and development has been
able to play the most important role in development of the revenues of Tesco PLC in the
retail industry of the United Kingdom. Training can be defined as the process that is
implemented for proper acquisition of skills and knowledge by the staff (Long, Yong and
Chuen 2016).
Development on the other hand is based on the ways by which employees can handle
different situation that can take place within the organization. Tesco has developed different
types of training based programs for the managers and leaders. The managers in the
organization are provided on the job training that is based on different activities that include,
shadowing, coaching, mentoring, job rotation. Off the job training is based on the training
that is provided to the employees by qualified staff of the organization (Tescoplc.com 2019).
As discussed by Shamir, Arthur and House (2018), the identification of training needs
is considered to be highly important for proper formation of programs that are based on
training and development. The targets that have been set by the management can be achieved
with the help of critical activities that are performed by the trainers. The proper development
of employees is also considered to be highly important for the ways by which they are able to
provide the best levels of services (Lindblom, Kajalo and Mitronen 2015).
The development of employees is ensured with the help of workshops that are
attended by the employees. The managers are able to improve the capabilities and skills with
the support that is provided by the programs based on training and development that are
formed by the organization. The approach based on learning and development that has been

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developed by the organization is considered to be a major part of its operations in the industry
(Lee, Idris and Delfabbro 2017).
As discussed by Ladan, Nordin and Belal (2017), development of people has always a
major part of the aims that have been set for the operations of Tesco in the retail industry of
the UK. The Tesco Academy is able to provide major opportunities based on the
development of the skills of employees. The leadership and management in Tesco begins
from the training that is provided in the Academy. The organization wants to ensure that the
employees have been equipped in order to deliver to the customers in an effective manner
(Tescoplc.com 2019).
According to Long, Yong and Chuen (2016), the virtual learning based portal of
Tesco is based plays a major role in providing specialist training with the help of
international learning and development based programmes. The training materials that are
used for this purpose are also of high quality and the staff can gain effective levels of skills in
this case. The just-in-time based approach has been implemented by Tesco in order to
provide effective training that is related to the needs of the employees. The access to learning
related approach is also considered to be an important part of the ways by which Tesco PLC
has been able to operate in the market (Tescoplc.com 2019).
The Academy Online has been developed in Tesco with the collaboration of the
employees in order to provide the best levels of training and high quality resources. The
online portal based on training is also able to play a major role in the ways by which the
organization can receive feedback from the employees related to the training program that
has been implemented. The development of effective learning content is also an important
factor that is related to the online portal of Tesco. The success of Tesco is also based on the

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quality of the development and training that is provided to the employees or managers
(Tescoplc.com 2019).
Development of its own training materials is an important part of the operations that
have been performed by Tesco PLC. The learning based materials developed by Tesco have
been able to fulfil the needs of employees in an effective manner. The values of Tesco are
included within the training programs of the organization. The managers and leaders of the
organization have been provided with effective levels of training so that they are able to the
provide their services based on the organizational values (Tescoplc.com 2019). The main aim
of the development of Academy Online is based on the ways by which the training programs
can be rolled in the operations of Tesco in the United Kingdom and on an international basis
as well. The vision of Tesco PLC is considered to be an important factor that is related to the
development of training and development programs (Tescoplc.com 2019).
Tesco PLC has invested 3 Million Euros in the training and development programmes
that are aimed at developing the future leaders. The company has made largest levels of
investment in the proper development of teams in Tesco PLC after the year 2008. Tesco
Academy tries to develop the leaders in such a manner that is helpful for its future operations
in the retail industry (Tescoplc.com 2019). The managers and leaders are able to provide best
levels of their performances with the support that is provided by the training and development
based activities in the organization. The training based budgets that have been formed by the
organization are also related to performance that is depicted by Tesla in the highly
competitive retail industry of the UK (Tescoplc.com 2019).
Tesco PLC operates in the highly competitive retail industry of the United Kingdom.
The development of effective training and development programmes for the employees and
managers is considered to be highly important for the organization in order to maintain its