Leadership Styles and Management Techniques

This assignment delves into the realm of leadership styles and management techniques, presenting a range of theoretical perspectives and practical applications. From classical management theories like Fayol's General and Industrial Management to modern approaches such as leading change towards sustainability, this document offers a comprehensive overview of leadership and management practices. References are provided from various books and journals, including 'Implanting Strategic Management' by Ansoff and others (2019), 'Reframing Organizations' by Bolman and Deal (2017), and 'Leadership Styles' (2018). The summary also touches upon key concepts like the Big Five Personality Traits and Leadership Styles, making it an essential resource for students of management and leadership.

GUIDE TO LEADERSHIP
AND MANAGEMENT

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................1
1. What is involved in being a successful leader?.......................................................................1
2. Can good leadership be developed, and if so, how?...............................................................5
3. What distinguishes leadership from management?.................................................................7
4. What have you learnt about leadership from own experiences, on this course and
elsewhere?...................................................................................................................................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Leadership and management are both important for the successful working of the
organisation. Leaders and managers of the organisation guides and motivates employees so that
they come up with innovation and creation. Views and ideas of leaders brings effective results
for the organisation and also leads to achievement of overall goals and objectives. Tesco PLC
deals in retail markets who offer general merchandise products and groceries. Tesco aims at
motivating employees and leaders so that they come up with innovative ideas that brings
effective results and also leads to successful achievement of goals and objectives. In this report,
steps for being a successful leader are explained. Distinguish between leadership and
management is also given. Critical evaluation and personal reflections are discussed further in
the report.
MAIN BODY
1. What is involved in being a successful leader?
Every business organisation requires effective leaders who put their best efforts in the
working and brings best outcomes and results. Self-motivated people are successful leaders who
consistently improve their management and leadership skills and brings effective results and
outcomes . Tesco focuses on inspiring and motivating employees and leaders using examples of
successful leaders and guide them to accomplish task effectively. Following are given various
theories that guides skills, traits and styles required for being a successful leader.
Big Five Personality (Traits)
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Illustration 1: The Big Five Personality Traits
Source: (The Big Five Personality Trait, 2018)

Effective and successful leaders respond differently to similar situations (The Big Five
Personality Traits, 2018). According to this theory, there are different dimensions of personality
traits of leaders which are explained as follows:
Openness: Leaders with these trait are imaginative and creative who are also eager to learn
things and gain new experiences. Leaders with openness traits are adventurous and curious
having broad range of interest, and are also focused on tackling new challenges. Tesco aims that
leaders have this openness trait and willingly accept and overcome challenges (Ansoff And et.al.,
2019).
Extraversion: This refers that leaders are talkative, emotional and excited who are high for
extraversion. Successful leaders tends to be more expressive, energized and who gain energy in
sociability. People with extraversion trait are assertive, energetic and confident and leads to
being a successful leader.
Neuroticism: Leaders having this trait are tend to be moody or instability of emotions. Sadness,
irritability and mood swings are features of neuroticism trait (Bolman and Deal, 2017).
Successful leaders understand that neuroticism trait may bring sadness and stress in situation,
therefore, they do avoid this trait.
Conscientiousness: Leaders with this trait pays extra attention to every detail, fixes schedule for
everything, prepares time-table and accordingly complete task on time. Tesco aims that its
leaders and employees have conscientiousness trait feature which guides them for being
successful.
Agreeableness: Trust, affection and kindness are the attributes of this dimension and leaders
provide co-operative support to its employees. Agreeableness trait leaders gives empathy,
support, assistance and help to other employees.
Kat'z Three Skills Model (Skills)
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Illustration 2: Three Skills Approach
Source: (Three Skills Approach, 2013)
This skill theory explains that successful leaders require three skills to be more effective
and successful, i.e. human, conceptual and technical (Bratton and Gold, 2017). Tesco aims that
its leaders have abilities, skills and knowledge required to be successful and effective and
achieve organisational goals and objectives.
Technical Skills: This refers that successful leaders have adequate knowledge and competency
about specific task or activity. For example, leaders needs to have knowledge about software
programs so that they can easily manage technical issues and help employees with the same.
Human Skills: This skills needs to be present in leaders at all levels of management as it allows
and enables working with different people. Successful leaders needs to have interpersonal,
human skills and as well as strategic skill for effectively communicating, getting along with
employees and build effective team.
Conceptual Skills: This skill allows leaders to work with different concepts, ideas and also
enables them to understand which actions and measures needs to be taken in particular situation.
Leaders at top level of management in Tesco needs conceptual skill in order to formulate policies
and procedures (Christopher, 2016). Successful and effective leaders needs to have balance
between different skills so that he can solve various organisational problems and also inspire and
direct employees to bring effective results and outcomes.
Lewin's Leadership Styles (Styles)
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Illustration 3: Leadership Styles
Leadership style means that leaders behaviour while motivating, guiding and directing
employees. This leadership theory guides that being a successful leader, he needs to adopt to
most suitable style of leadership according to situation (Doppelt, 2017).
Autocratic style: Leaders with autocratic style provides clear guidance and direction to
employees and team members (Leadership Styles and Frameworks You Should Know, 2018).
Autocratic leaders makes decisions himself and participation of employees is not much and there
is clear division of task and responsibility between leaders and employees. Successful leaders
can adopt to autocratic style when there is less time for taking group decisions and when leaders
needs to be bossy according to situation demands.
Democratic Style: This is considered as most effective style of leadership as employees are
allowed to take participation in decision making and also guidance is provided by leaders.
Leaders with democratic style motivate employees to take effective part in activities and decision
making process but final decisions are made by leaders only. Successful leaders adopt to
democratic style while providing motivation to employees by engaging them in business
activities.
Delegative Style: This style of leadership is considered as the least productive style as leaders do
not offer much guidance to employees and also allow them control over decision making
process. Successful leaders adopt to this style when there are employees with high experience
and skills who can manage to complete given roles and responsibility.
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2. Can good leadership be developed, and if so, how?
Good leadership refers to effectively managing and directing employees so that they
come up with innovation and creation in business activities which bring effective
accomplishment of overall goals and objectives (Fayol, 2016). Developing leadership refers to
expanding and increasing capacity and capability of individuals for performing leadership roles
and duties within organisation. Following are given some theories and approaches which can be
used for developing leadership.
Situational Leadership Approach:
According to Hersey and Blanchard, good and effective leaders needs to adopt leadership
style as per the demands of situation. Leadership can be developed by understanding the most
important aspect and responding or acting accordingly with situations within organisation. Good
leadership includes both directive and supportive dimension which needs to be applied in
different situation (Gosling and Western, 2017).
Hersey and Blanchard describes Situation theory which is based on two concepts i.e. on
leadership and development level of employees. Leadership can be developed by understanding
the situation and performance level of employees and accordingly reacting to it. Four different
styles of Situation approach are explained as follows:
Directing (Telling): In this style, leaders makes decisions on their own and also provide
guidance and direction to employees. Leadership can be developed by properly understanding
development level of employees and using directive or supportive style of leadership.
Coaching (Selling): In this style, leaders provide great support to leaders and allows two way
communication. Leaders divide roles and duties among employees in this style of leadership so
that followers effectively take part in business activities and decision making.
Supporting (Participating): In this style of leadership, employees are encouraged to take
decisions on their own regarding certain matters. Leaders motivate employees to take effective
part in business activities and come up with innovative and creative solutions and ideas.
Delegating: This style is referred as hands-off approach as leaders are less involved in decision
making and other activities. Employees are allowed to make decisions and given different roles
and responsibilities.
Path Goal Theory:
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Successful leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Abraham Lincoln and Alexander the Great
adopted to different styles as per the demands of situations around them. These leaders
successfully lead the group of people and managed to bring success (Hoegl and Muethel, 2016).
Good leadership can be developed by consistently learning and improving own skills and
knowledge. Good leaders learn from their roles, responsibility, activities, experiences and
challenges within and outside the organisation, this makes them successful leader and also
develops leadership. Following is given the explanation of Path Goal Theory which can be used
for developing leadership:
Leaders selects specific style or behaviour that suits employees demands and also
according to working environment. This leads to bring effective outcome for overall organisation
and also develops leadership. Good leadership brings effective results in form of increased
motivation and satisfaction of employees and also accomplishment of overall goals of
organisation. Good leadership can be developed by using four different styles of leadership
according to particular situation.
Directive: Leaders provide guidance and set standards for employees ot complete the given task
or duties (Jones, 2017). This style is used for unstructured task or when employees have less
experience.
Supportive: Leaders create friendly working environment and provides full support and
guidance to employees. In case of hazardous, boring or stressful task, this style brings best
results.
Participative: Leaders encourages employees for taking effective part in activities and decision
making process. This style works best when employees are experienced and have innovative
ideas.
Achievement- oriented: Challenging goals are set for task and effective involvement of
employees in expected from leaders. Leaders adopt this style to accomplish goals and in
situations of complex task.
Servant Leadership:
This theory explains that leader's main aim is to serve the organisation first. Leaders with
this style makes a balance between servant and leader and brings effective results for overall
organisation. Good leadership can be developed by adopting to the qualities and values of
servant leaders, which are explained as follows.
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Servant leaders aim at providing values to everyone's opinion and contributions. They
focus on developing environmental culture and trust of employees. Servant leaders provides
proper guidance and support to employees so that they grow and develop their learning and
leadership skills (Kerzner and Kerzner, 2017). Leadership develops when leaders give power to
employees for developing their skills and delegate roles to them for leading. Servant leaders
provides proper guidance and support rather than only providing direction. These leaders acts
with humility and provides motivation and encouragement to employees and brings long-term
benefits for employees and overall organisation.
3. What distinguishes leadership from management?
Below mentioned are the differences between leadership and management:
Leadership: Leadership plays an important role in an organisation's growth and
development. It is one of the core aspects of an organisation that makes it achieve growth and
success. A successful leadership evolves with time and ensures that the organisation is achieving
success and getting better results. Below mentioned are the functions of leadership and it what
ways it is different from management:
Innovation: Leadership is known for innovation. A leader has to keep innovate new
ideas and develop himself in such ways that he is seeking growth with the organisation. The
leadership always needs to make sure that in order to meet the requirements of consumers and
the development of the organisation it is constantly innovating new ideas.
Planning: It is an important function of leadership to plan and execute (Laudon and
Laudon, 2016). The leadership requires effective planning to work step by step towards the
achievement of a goal or an objective. The leader always plans and makes sure that its
organisation is working towards its short terms and long term goals by using effective planning.
Risk Taking: Risk taking is one of the most important aspects of the leadership.
Leadership is assigned to determine the areas where risk can be taken to ensure the evolution of
the organisation. It is the job of a leadership to understand that the taken risks will add growth
and success to the organisation instead to eliminating it. To ensure this, a leader of the
organisation makes use of successful strategies and developments.
Management: The management of an organisation is one of its core areas that makes the
organisation's functioning smooth and efficient (McCaffery, 2018). The management is
responsible for activities that takes place on a regular basis instead on a long-term basis. A
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successful management ensures that the organisation is achieving growth and success and
maintains its prosperity by putting continuous efforts. Below mentioned are the major functions
of management and what distinguishes it from leadership.
Organising: The management of an organisation is focused on organising tasks and
duties as per its needs and requirements. The management ensures organising of proper budgets,
teams, allocations, developments etc. This makes the organisation functioning smooth and
efficient.
Controlling: The management of an organisation ensures proper controlling of the
activities related to the organisation's growth and development. This maintains efficiency of the
organisation and its overall departments functioning. Proper controlling also makes sure that the
employees are working properly as per the organisational wants and are there's not any occurring
faults which are hindering its growth.
Eliminating Risks: As compared to leadership, it is the job of the management to
eliminate risks rather than inviting them (Mone and London, 2018). The management keeps a
track of everything going within the organisational environment and ensures that there are no
appearing risks. This makes the organisation improve at its required pace and leaves no trace of
any problems. It is one of the most important function of management.
The above mentioned factors explains the importance of leadership and management and
in what ways they are different from each other.
Examples:
Leadership: The CEO of Apple technologies Tim Cook is one of the most efficient
leader in today's organisational leaderships. Tim Cook is known for his use of effective skills and
technologies during his leadership in Apple. The CEO makes use of effective techniques such as
better planning, creativity, and innovating to make sure his leadership achieves growth and
success (Noe and et.al., 2017). This makes him an effective leader and Apple's leadership one of
the best surviving leaderships in the industry.
Management: The examples of the best management practices includes the management
of Marriott Hotels. The hotel chain is having more than 5000 properties worldwide and is one of
the leading hotel chains. Better management makes the organisation's operations smooth and
effective and leaves no trace of problems and pitfalls. The organisation's management
characteristics includes organising, accepting responsibility, specialising, setting goals,
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minimizing risks, delegating, motivating, coordinating etc. The management of the organisation
is always careful while making its decision for the organisational growth and always ready to
take required actions to ensure its safety and security. This makes the organisation achieve
growth and success and being one of the best hospitality chains in the world.
4. What have you learnt about leadership from own experiences, on this course and elsewhere?
Leadership is difficult and also an important role within the organisation. Being a leader,
requires many qualities and it is also a continuous and lifelong learning process. From my own
experience within Tesco Organisation, I always looked for opportunities for developing and
improving my ability, attributes and leadership skills (Sadgrove, 2016). Tesco being a retail
business requires large number of employees for handling and managing different activities and
operations of business. Leadership brings great influences on the capabilities and performance of
employees within the organisation that leads to accomplishment of goals and objectives.
Tesco adopts to The Big Five Personality Traits Model and emphasises that leaders have
different dimensions or traits which are used in different situations. Whereas, this model is based
on clinical practices and theoretical approaches and assumptions, therefore, does not bring
effective results in practical situations. Five personality traits approach includes openness,
conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism which have both benefits and
disadvantages. Different aspects and dimensions of personality traits brings effective results. I
can develop my experiences and knowledge by exploring new things and being curious for new
challenges.
Openness trait allows me to gain new knowledge and improve my interpersonal skills.
This personality trait allows me to be more confident and also to improve my communication
skills. Conscientiousness trait requires me to gain each and every detail of the task. This makes
me to be the most creative and innovative among team (Sanchez, 2019). But, there are certain
situation within organisation that relies heavy duties, rules and guidelines, which makes it
difficult for me to prepare for details. Complex and difficult task within Tesco doesn't provide
me to get creativity and innovating freedom. Extraversion people are outgoing and energized in
nature where people have large friend and social circle. This makes person more confident and
comfortable which also leads to improves knowledge and interpersonal skills. But, person with
this attribute and attitude gets hectic schedule of work and social life.
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From this module, I have learned that different traits, styles and skills enables leaders to
develop their management and leadership skills. According to kat'z three skills model, different
skills are required at different levels of management within the organisation. Human, technical
and conceptual skills are needs to be there in leaders to bring success and effectiveness in
business operations and activities. Various technical skills are greatly required at middle and
lower level of management, whereas, conceptual skills are greatly required at top level of
management. Human skills is appreciated at every level in the organisation. Leaders with
different skills brings effective results and outcomes.
Different approaches and theories teaches me to improve skills and knowledge which can
be used in both personal and professional career (Stein, 2017). I gained knowledge and also
improved various skills through this module which will be helpful for me in my personal and
professional life.
CONCLUSION
Leadership is required at every level within the organisation as it aims at motivating and
guiding employees to bring effective results by bringing innovative and creative ideas. Different
approaches and theories guides and directs employees methods for motivating employees and
accomplishing overall goals and objectives. Developing leadership results in effectively
achieving the goals and also providing motivation to employees. Leadership plays important role
within the organisation and it is a continuous and lifelong learning process. Successful leaders
have different traits and qualities that helps in effectively guiding and motivating employees.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journal
Ansoff, H. I. And et.al., 2019. Implanting strategic management. Springer.
Bolman, L. G. and Deal, T. E., 2017. Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership.
John Wiley & Sons.
Bratton, J. and Gold, J., 2017. Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave.
Christopher, M., 2016. Logistics & supply chain management. Pearson UK.
Doppelt, B., 2017. Leading change toward sustainability: A change-management guide for
business, government and civil society. Routledge.
Fayol, H., 2016. General and industrial management. Ravenio Books.
Gosling, J. and Western, S., 2017. Leadership exchange: contextualized learning about how
leadership is accomplished and personalized leadership development. In Field Guide to
Leadership Development. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Hoegl, M. and Muethel, M., 2016. Enabling shared leadership in virtual project teams: A
practitioners’ guide. Project Management Journal. 47(1). pp.7-12.
Jones, M. L., 2017. Sustainable event management: A practical guide. Routledge.
Kerzner, H. and Kerzner, H. R., 2017. Project management: a systems approach to planning,
scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley & Sons.
Laudon, K. C. and Laudon, J.P., 2016. Management information system. Pearson Education
India.
McCaffery, P., 2018. The higher education manager's handbook: effective leadership and
management in universities and colleges. Routledge.
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Mone, E. M. and London, M., 2018. Employee engagement through effective performance
management: A practical guide for managers. Routledge.
Noe, R. A., and et.al., 2017. Human resource management: Gaining a competitive advantage.
New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
Sadgrove, K., 2016. The complete guide to business risk management. Routledge.
Sanchez, P. A., 2019. Properties and Management of Soils in the Tropics. Cambridge University
Press.
Stein, G., 2017. And Now What? A Guide to Leadership and Taking Charge in Your New Role.
Emerald Publishing Limited.
Online
Leadership Styles and Frameworks You Should Know. 2018. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.verywellmind.com/leadership-styles-2795312>
The Big Five Personality Traits. 2018. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.verywellmind.com/the-big-five-personality-dimensions-2795422>
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