Leadership and Management: Decision Making, Leadership Styles, and Performance Management

This document discusses the importance of effective decision making, leadership styles, and performance management in business. It covers topics such as decision making process, different leadership styles, motivation theories, roles and functions of management, and performance management. The content provides insights into how these concepts contribute to the success of an organization.

Leadership and
Management

Table of Contents
Table of Contents.............................................................................................................................2
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
Decision making..............................................................................................................................3
1.1...........................................................................................................................................3
1.2...........................................................................................................................................3
1.3...........................................................................................................................................4
1.4...........................................................................................................................................4
1.5...........................................................................................................................................4
1.6...........................................................................................................................................4
Leadership styles..............................................................................................................................5
2.2...........................................................................................................................................5
Motivation theories..........................................................................................................................5
2.3...........................................................................................................................................5
Roles and functions of management................................................................................................6
3.1...........................................................................................................................................6
Roles and functions of management................................................................................................7
3.2...........................................................................................................................................7
Management and leadership theories...............................................................................................7
3.4 & 3.5.................................................................................................................................7
Performance management................................................................................................................8
4.1, 4.3 & 3.3..........................................................................................................................8
4.2, 4.6 & 3.6..........................................................................................................................9
4.4...........................................................................................................................................9
Management information system.....................................................................................................9
4.5...........................................................................................................................................9

Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................10
References......................................................................................................................................11

Introduction
In order to make a business successful it is important that the management and leadership
skills of the owner of business are efficient which can help in effective decision making so that
the success of business in market can be increased. It is also important that the employees of
company are kept motivated so that they can use their skills and abilities in an efficient manner
and help in achieving company objectives in an efficient manner (Bhanot, 2018). Performance
management also plays an important role in improving the performance of workers so that they
can help in maximising the productivity of company. In this report the importance of effective
decision making, leadership styles and model, performance management etc. are discussed so
that in various situations a business can continue to successfully exist in the market will be
discussed.
Decision making
1.1
While making business decisions it is important that the goals that are to be achieved along
with the scope and success criteria are predetermined as this can help in making effective
decisions that can help in achieving the desired objectives on time. Manuel first defined the
objectives, scope and success criteria for the restaurant he wishes to open which helped him in
making decision regarding location of the restaurant and target customers. It also helped him in
assessing the cost benefit analysis so that the decision regarding purchasing a space for restaurant
or leasing the space could be made (Bush, 2019). By analysing the objectives, scope and success
criteria Manuel made the decision of leasing a building in an old trendy area of the city which is
undergoing urban renewal which can help him in attracting urban professionals to the restaurant.
1.2
It is important that the potential impact of decisions made are analysed which can help in
selecting the best alternative available so that the profits can be maximised. Manuel gave
importance to analysing the potential impact of decision making which helped him in
maximising his cost benefit analysis so that decision regarding the location of restaurant and
target market could be effectively made by him. He was also able to determine if purchasing a
space for restaurant or leasing the space will be a good idea for starting a new restaurant. This

can help him in making sufficient profits from running the restaurant so that his business can
survive sustainably in the market.
1.3
It is important that before making a decision all the information required are collected from
valid sources and analysed so that effective decision can be made which can help in maximising
the benefits from the business. Manuel gathered information regarding various aspects of
opening a new restaurant like restaurant spaces available, estate options like purchasing or
leasing, information regarding the likes and preferences of target market etc. All this information
helped him in making informed decision so that the profits earned from restaurant can be more
than total costs incurred while opening a restaurant.
1.4
It is important that the decisions that are made by Manuel are aligned with the objectives,
values and policies of the restaurant because through this way he can make decisions that can
maximise the profits of restaurant. Aligning decision making with objectives of restaurant can
also help in achieving restaurant goals on time and in an efficient manner. This can also help him
in making well informed decisions so that the needs of customers can be efficiently fulfilled so
that the competitiveness of business in market can increase.
1.5
It is important that the data collected for making decisions is validated so that the
effectiveness in making correct decisions can be determined. Manuel collected various data in
relation to opening a new restaurant so that effective and informed decisions could be made. The
validity of information can be increased by gathering information from authentic sources so that
its reliability can be increased (Clark, 2017). Also the consequences both positive and negative
needs to be determined with regards to the decision made using the information so that the
validity and effectiveness of information can be analysed.
1.6
Various issues related to achievement of targets and quality standards can be addressed by
Manuel by reviewing the problem so that the root cause can be found so that decisions regarding
effective steps in eliminating the cause can be taken. Quality standards issues can be addressed
by Manuel in his restaurant by following the food safety standards which can help in ensuring

high quality food to the customers. Also regular feedbacks from customers, training the staff
members, keeping the restaurant hygienic etc. can help in enhancing the quality standards of the
restaurant.
Leadership styles
2.2
In the first scenario lassie-faire leadership style is followed in which the team members are
allowed to make their own decisions regarding the completion of a project with least interference
from the leader. This style is suitable in the situation as this can allow the employees to use their
own innovative ideas which can help in development of software that can help children to learn
reading and writing. This can help in motivating to employees to work independently so that
effective solutions can be found on time (Solomon, Costea and Nita, 2016).
In the second scenario authoritative leadership style is followed by the supervisor which is
suitable in this situation as there has been a violation of safety measure by the employee. In order
to maintain discipline and to increase the obedience of the employees to follow various rules and
regulations of company this leadership style is the most suitable.
In this scenario participative leadership style is followed which is suitable in this situation
as it can help in gaining various ideas from the team members in using plastic ion new ways.
This can help in finding different solutions to using plastic and encouraging active participation
of all the members so that efficient decisions can be made regarding the use of plastic in an
innovative manner (Haile, Emmanuel and Dzathor, 2016).
Motivation theories
2.3
Motivation of employees plays an important role in encouraging the employees to use their
skills in an efficient manner so that organisational objectives are achieved on time. Motivation
also helps in creating a friendly working environment in the organisation so that the employees
can improve their work performance which can help in enhancing the productivity of
organisation. It is important that companies apply the theories and models of motivation in
workplace so that employees can be encouraged to work in an efficient manner so that company
objectives are achieved on time. Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs theory can be applied by
fulfilling the hierarchical needs of employees so that employees can use their skills in an

efficient manner. Psychological needs can be fulfilled by providing minimum wages to the
employees, Safety needs can be fulfilled by providing safe and healthy working environment to
the employees, Social needs can be fulfilled by increasing participative culture in the
organisation so that friendly working environment can be given to the employees, Esteem needs
can be fulfilled by giving rewards, performance appraisals etc. to the employees and Self-
actualisation needs can be fulfilled by giving challenging tasks to the employees, through
training and development etc. so that they can learn and grow in their career (Hallinger, 2020).
Herzberg’s two factor theory can be implemented in a workplace by increasing the job
satisfaction of employees by including the motivating and hygiene factors in the workplace so
that highest satisfaction of employees can be achieved. Motivating factors are the ones whose
presence can increase the motivation of workers to work hard like recognition, achievement,
work itself, possibility to growth etc. On the other hand hygienic factors are those whose absence
can lead to dissatisfaction among employees like salary, working conditions, relations with
supervisors and subordinates etc. It is therefore important that the company increase the presence
of motivating factor while ensuring that hygienic factors.
Roles and functions of management
3.1
As Tom is a project manager in IT company it is important that the resources available
are distributed among various departments effectively so that sufficient resources are available
with each department which can help in achieving each department’s target on time. Allocation
of roles among team members is also important so that the team members can know about the
roles that they have to perform which help in decreasing the ambiguity related with the tasks they
have to perform (Renz, 2016). It also helps in efficiently managing task in the company so that
all the employees can perform their roles and responsibilities in an efficient manner.
Daniel looked at team results and took corrective actions. Daniel’s action can help in
achieving company goals on time because by adjusting sales goal and taking additional quality
control measures the performance of employees can be enhanced. Through the quality control
measures the performance quality of each team member can be analysed and efficient
improvement in their actions can be made so that they can achieve the desired goals on time.

Also through revised sales goals team members can be encouraged to perform better so that the
goals can be achieved on time in an efficient manner.
Mathew’s action of planning can help in achieving the store goals as through the planning
of strategic actions that are to be taken so as to achieve the objective he has determined a
pathway that is to be followed making it easier for employees to use their skills in an efficient
manner. Also through planning work can be appropriately distributed among members so that
they can work towards achieving the goals effectively.
Roles and functions of management
3.2
Managers can ensure that the team objectives are met by setting clear goals so that all the
team members can understand the actual objectives that are to be achieved by company so that
they can use their skills and abilities in the direction of achieving goals. It is important that
managers plan and organise the work among team members so that they can fulfil their job roles
and responsibilities effectively (Jefferies and Giannoudi, 2016). Also it is essential that the
mangers review the performance of team members so that corrective actions can be taken which
can help in improving the work performance so that team goals are efficiently achieved.
The answers to the questions in template are:
Q1) All the answers are correct
Q2) They are used to measure at certain intervals whether the organisation is moving in the right
direction
Q3) All the answers are correct
Q4) Capable, Capable
Management and leadership theories
3.4 & 3.5
Q1) Contingency theory
Q2) Transformational
Contingency leadership theory
Strengths Weaknesses
 This theory is dynamic in nature and
helps the leader in making decisions
 As the decisions of leader change as per
the situation the implementation of

based on the situation.
 It help in making the decision making
skills of the leaders more efficient.
decisions become complex and
difficult.
 It is reactive in nature which can affect
its effectiveness in certain situations.
Transformational leadership theory
Strengths Weaknesses
 It help in enhancing employee
engagement in company.
 Learning and development of
employees can take place which can
help in encouraging employees.
 It requires constant and consistent
feedback so that implementation of
decision can be improved.
 It might create confusion because of
different views of people.
Adam’s skills can help in making improvement in organisation as he effectively analyses
the situation so that effective decisions can be made regarding handling the situation in an
effective manner. it also help him in quickly delegating work among team members so that
situation can be efficiently handled. Also setting up a mobile trauma unit in parking lot can help
in effectively bringing emergency patients to the hospitals so that quick treatment can be given to
them.
Performance management
4.1, 4.3 & 3.3
Mission: To become one of the leading restaurant groups in the UK.
Goal: To increase the market share by 10% in the next 10 years and build a brand image in
market.
Objective: To provide high quality services to customer so that customer satisfaction can be
enhanced and their loyalty can be achieved.
Sales department
Departmental objective: To increase the sales of company by 20% this year.
KPIs:
 Monthly sales growth.
 Increase in the average profit margin of company.

4.2, 4.6 & 3.6
Output is the result which is received from the work performed like increase in the number
of employees in company because of the improved recruitment policies while outcome is the
change in the number of employees before and after the decision made. This can be measured by
determining the increase in number of employees in company after improvement in recruitment
policies.
Performance management system helps in efficiently monitoring and tracking the
performance of employees in company so that necessary improvements can be done through
effective actions which can help in enhancing the performance of employees so that company
performance can be improved (Oplatka and Arar, 2017). It is important that the information is
easily understandable and clear so that employees can use it in improving their performance.
The operational constraints because of the lack of budget an affect the staffing levels of
company, procurement of resources and materials, inability in gaining loans etc. These can affect
the operations of Greg’s restaurant which can affect its ability to sustainably exist in market.
4.4
Balance score card can be used in organisations so that the business performance can be
efficiently monitored and reported so that all the employees can be encouraged to perform better
so that organisational goals are achieved on time. Through BSC the four basic areas like
financial goals, customer satisfaction, departmental processes, training and learning goals can be
focused. These goals can help the company in achieving its overall aims and objectives. Also
through a BSC the employees can be encouraged to perform better as their performance can be
measured in their effectiveness in achieving company goals so that they can be given
performance appraisals which can help in encouraging them to achieve company goals.
Management information system
4.5
Management accounts and MIS play an important role in managing the performance in an
organisation so that organisational objectives are efficiently achieved. MIS can helps in gaining
various information regarding various departments of company like financial, human resources,
marketing, manufacturing etc. so that the information can be efficiently used in monitoring and
managing the work in company (Renz, 2016). These information also help in making efficient

decisions in all the departments so that the overall objectives of company can be achieved.
Management accounts can help in making effective financial decisions so that the funds of
company can be used efficiently in achieving company goals on time and within budget.
Conclusion
From this report it can be said that in order to make an organisation successful it is
important that the leaders and manager of company can take efficient decisions regarding
monitoring and managing the work in company. It is also important that effective leadership
style, motivation theories, performance management techniques etc. are used so that the
employees of company can be encouraged to improve their performance so that company
objectives are efficiently achieved.

References
Books and Journals
Bhanot, R., 2018. Improving leadership and management education in medical school. Advances
in medical education and practice, 9, p.305.
Bush, T., Bell, L. and Middlewood, D. eds., 2019. Principles of Educational Leadership &
Management. SAGE Publications Limited.
Clark, L., 2017. Implementing an institution-wide community-engaged learning program: The
leadership and management challenge. In Learning Through Community
Engagement (pp. 133-151). Springer, Singapore.
Haile, S., Emmanuel, T. and Dzathor, A., 2016. BARRIERS AND CHALLEGES
CONFRONTING WOMEN FOR LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT
POSITIONS: REVIEW AND ANALYSIS. International Journal of Business & Public
Administration, 13(1).
Hallinger, P., 2020. Science mapping the knowledge base on educational leadership and
management from the emerging regions of Asia, Africa and Latin America, 1965–
2018. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 48(2), pp.209-230.
Bush, T., 2018. Research on educational leadership and management: Broadening the
base.
Jefferies, R., Sheriff, I.H., Matthews, J.H., Jagger, O., Curtis, S., Lees, P., Spurgeon, P.C.,
Oldman, A., Habib, A., Saied, A. and Giannoudi, M., 2016. Leadership and
management in UK medical school curricula. Journal of health organization and
management.
Oplatka, I. and Arar, K., 2017. The research on educational leadership and management in the
Arab world since the 1990s: A systematic review. Review of Education, 5(3), pp.267-
307.
Renz, D., 2016. The future of nonprofit leadership and management. The Jossey-Bass Handbook
of Nonprofit Leadership and Management, New Jersey: Jossey-Bass, pp.734-745.
Renz, D.O., 2016. The Jossey-Bass handbook of nonprofit leadership and management. John
Wiley & Sons.
Solomon, I.G., Costea, C. and Nita, A.M., 2016. Leadership versus management in public
organizations. Economics, Management and Financial Markets, 11(1), p.143.