Leadership and Management: A Review of Theories and Practices

This assignment reviews various leadership and management theories, including full-range leadership theory, authentic leadership, responsible leadership, and their effects on organizations. It also explores the relationship between leadership, management, and organizational outcomes, as well as the importance of knowledge sharing and creative problem-solving capacity in leadership. The review includes studies from 2011 to 2014, covering topics such as school leadership, project delivery, and business resilience.

Leadership and
management

Table of Contents
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1 What is involved in being a successful leader?.....................................................................1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................5
P2 Can good leadership be developed, and if so, how?..............................................................5
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................6
P3 What distinguishes leadership from management?................................................................6
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................8
P4 What have you learnt about leadership from your own experiences, on this course and
elsewhere?...................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

TASK 1
P1 What is involved in being a successful leader?
The term leadership brings to mind a variety of images, i.e. an explorer, an executive
and a manager as well. A leader is a person who is able to deliver results without giving
importance to their jobs. Along with this, successful leaders have the power to influence their
subordinates; it results accomplishment of business goals and objectives in an effective manner.
Successful leaders are focused to know when to seize market opportunities and how influence
subordinates to do any task or activity towards attaining firm's goals and objectives (Gayle,
Tewarie and White Jr, 2011).
The best leaders have a combination of three aspects, such are stated as under: -
Individual
Traits – In order to understand an individual's traits or characteristic it is essential for
corporate associations to implement Trait theory of leadership. The theory is emphasised on
determining several personality traits which are associated with successful and strong leadership
in variety of situations. Trait theory of leadership is based upon “Great man theory” which
signifies that leaders are born: it identifies that there are certain behavioural characteristics
which are common in leaders. (Hendriks and Scheerens, 2013).I Implications of leadership are
stated as under: -
 Certain traits produce certain patterns of behaviour
 These patterns are consistent across different situations
 People are born with these leadership traits
Skills – Where the trait approach taken into consideration the personality of an individual
but to understand attitude or behaviour of a leader Style Approach can be acquired. In this
manner, Katz’s Three Skills Model can be adopted by business associations thus to improve
their skills and competencies. The skill approach of leadership states that different leaders have
different behaviour which allows them to act in several situations.
Styles – There is no specific leadership styles that suits for all situations but it helps to
understand a common approach of leadership thus to develop or boost up individuals skills. In
this manner, Blake Mouton Managerial Grid, a popular framework for thinking about a leader's
"task versus person" orientation.
Contextual – This aspect of leadership involves three approaches, such as -
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Situational approach - The basic premises of this leadership application is that there are
several situations which occur within working environment which can affect individuals efforts
or action. As above mentioned that there is no specific leadership style for leaders to deal with all
problems and issues; so Situational approach suggested that leaders are required to implement
theory as per the nature of situation. While applying the theory, various principles must be
followed: -
 Language learning is habit-formation
 Mistakes affect negatively, hence they should be ignored because it give rise to bad
habits.
 Different languages have to be learned properly so as to deal with people of diverse
nature.
Contingency model – The model is based upon contingency theory of Fred Fiedler it is
associated with effectiveness of leadership within business organisations. As the theory is based
upon relation between performance of a company and leadership. It is one of the oldest situation-
contingent leadership theories which signifies that if a corporate association wants to attain
group efficiency then there is needed to evaluate a leader on premises of underlying traits or
characteristics.
Path goal theory – The theory was formulated in order to define the way through which
leaders inspire and support their subordinates for accomplishing specific goals and objectives.
Specifically, leaders have to clarify the path thus followers get to know which way to go (Doh
and Quigley, 2014). Path goal theory describes to arise the rewards along with ways and
eradicates roadblocks which stops them to attain team goals and objectives.
Relational
Servant leadership – This leadership style signifies that servant-leader is servant first.
Servant leadership style is a balance and blend of servant and a leader; thus servant leader is the
person who have values contribution of every individual and seeks out their viewpoints. These
people cultivate a cultural of faith or trust with others because won't follow others without
having trust upon them.
Transformational leadership – Its a style of leadership in which leaders work with other
teams in order to determine required changes and implement a vision thus to implement changes
through inspiration and innovation. In addition to this, transformational leadership increase
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motivation, job performance and morale of followers by considering variety of mechanisms
(Kim, Kumar and Kumar, 2012). The main objective of this theory dictates that to being a role
model it is essential for leaders to develop interest of followers thus to attain a strong leadership
at workplace.
Leader Member Exchange Theory – Its a relation based approach of leadership which
tend upon the dyadic interaction between leaders and their followers. The LMX model describes
that there is an exchange relationship between leaders and subordinates which puts a vast impact
on behaviour of other subordinates, i.e. their roles, decisions and so on.
TASK 2
P2 Can good leadership be developed, and if so, how?
Every small or large business organisation is tend towards gaining high market growth
and share; for this purpose they tend towards improvising qualities and abilities of workforce so
as to gain high competitive edge. By considering leadership, it also can be developed or
improved in order to deliver more effective and efficient guidance to employees as they put more
efforts in accomplishing business goals and objectives.
Individuals' perspective – By taken into consideration of an individual, it is
fundamental for management to recognise personal traits, skills, behaviour, attitude and working
style of an individual so as to develop or improve them accordingly. But it is assumed that traits
are quite difficult to develop because they are in-built in a personality so that leaders should
focus on developing skills and styles of people; it enables to make them more productive and
efficient (Lloyd-Walker and Walker, 2011). In order to improve an individual's skills and
abilities, Katz’s Three Skills can be good approach. The theory encompasses with three
necessary skills, I..e technical, human and conceptual skills; all these theories support a leader to
become successful in career.
(Antonakis and House, 2013). For example – supervisors will need human and technical skills
whereas middle level management requires all mentioned three skills. Importance of all these
skills is based upon the structure of management.
 Technical skills comprises with knowledge level and proficiency of an individual in a
specific criteria. If leaders have strong technical skills, it will support them to do a task in
innovative manner.
 Human skills is an ability to work with and relate to people.
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 At last, conceptual skills consists with capability to work with various ideas and concepts
thus to implement something new within working environment.
Contextual perspective – In order develop their skills or ability, leaders can adapt a
specific leadership approach thus better meet the needs of the situation and the subordinates. In
this manner, Lewin's model of leadership can be acquired by leaders; its a foundation of many
approaches and leadership styles. It involves three major styles of leadership, like -
 Autocratic style – Here, leaders make decisions without involving their employees. This
leadership style can be beneficial while making instant decisions and team agreement is
not compulsory.
 Democratic style – In this leadership style, leaders make final decision, i.e. what to do or
what not do. Democratic leadership styles is based to involve all team members in
decisional activities of the company. They encourages creativity within teams and
members are getting involved in all decisions or projects.
 Laissez-Faire – It is based upon giving proper freedom to team members as they can
freely take all decisions and do their work as per the deadlines. These kind of leaders
gives support to its followers in respect of providing them essential resources and advises
whenever it its required otherwise they don't get involved in any working procedure
(Thiel, Connelly and Griffith, 2012).
To understand contextual behaviour of an individual there can be applied path goal theory which
describes four aspects of leaders, such as -
 Directive – Here leaders render guidelines lets followers get know what expected from
them. In this leaders set performance standards, controlling behaviour of people while not
accomplishing these standards.
 Supportive – It is essential for leaders to be friendly and helpful for its subordinates. It
displays to meet personal needs of followers in well being manner.
 Participative – In this leadership style, leader wants that employees take participate in
decision making process of team, exchange information with them. Leaders is concern
for tasks goals, issues and provide right path to attain these goals (Best theories of team
formulation, 2017).
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 Achievement oriented – In this context, leaders regulate certain challenges and inspire
workers to achieve peak performance. The people believe that workers have capability to
complete challenging roles.
Relational perspective – In this leadership styles, leaders are tend towards developing
their relationships with their subordinates to improve the effectiveness of their leadership. For
this purpose, they can use one among all these three approaches, such as - Leader Member
Exchange Theory, Transformational leadership and servant leadership. Here the most effective
leadership style is transformational leadership style which is useful for all organisational levels,
i.e. teams, divisions, departments as well as entire organisation. Although, transformational
leaders are visionary, daring, thoughtful thinkers and risk takers who have charismatic appeal.
One the other side, to bring major modifications For bringing major changes, transformational
leaders should exhibit four aspects, such as – inspirational motivation, idealised influence,
intellectual stimulation and individualised consideration.
TASK 3
P3 What distinguishes leadership from management?
Leadership – The word “leadership” has a vital role to manage growth and viability of a
business organisation; with having strong leadership or direction companies' cannot survive for
long run. Most of the business entities are created with an aim of obtaining pre-determine goals
and objectives by putting efforts of human group. But for this, companies have to focus on
managing and directing overall workforce in a systematic way (Currie and Lockett, 2011). Thus,
leaders are the person who takes initiatives to starts and completing any tasks effectively through
implementing certain specific policies or plans for subordinates as they can work systematically.
Management – Administration is an inevitable aspect which helps in directing as well as
unifying employees efforts for accomplishment of specific goals and objectives. It is mandatory
for management to recognise workers' aims and desires by taking necessary corrective actions.
Management is required for all areas thus to cope a business or its activities. In other words,
management functions have universal application.
Following is defined differentiation between management & leadership, such as -
Leadership Management
Leadership is an ability to persuade people Management implies discipline of handling
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thus organisational objectives can be attained
willingly as well as enthusiastically. It is not
same as management actually leadership is a
part of management.
various things in a systematic manner. Its an art
of getting work done by other. Management is
founded in all fields, i.e. education., corporate,
hospitality, sports etc.
Leadership is acquired for formal and informal
group; it requires good foresightedness. A
strong leadership is based upon certain specific
principles and guidelines.
Management is for formal groups; it has short
range of perspectives. An effective
management relies upon policies and
procedures (Shahrill, 2014).
All leaders cannot be a managers cause there is
a specific position that has implemented for
all them.
A leader doesn't have an authority figure at
workplace; the person can be anyone who has
capability to direct or guide others.
Most of the managers can be a leader as if they
adequately carry out all roles and
responsibilities, such as – motivation,
communication, guidance as well as
encouraging staff members to arise maximum
outputs.
Unlike managers, employees follow their
leaders cause of their behaviour, personality
and working styles. Leaders have a great role
in success of their followers and provide them
maximum job satisfaction.
Managerial duties are a formal part of job
description, its a degree of a specific title or
designation. The main focus of a manager is to
meet desired goals of a company.
A leader tries to know where they stand and
where they want to go. For accomplishing this,
these are getting involved in team development
and give then future path or direction (Carmeli,
Gelbard and Reiter‐Palmon, 2013).
Managers builds a strategic vision and break it
down through developing a gateway for entire
organisation to follow it.
Leaders have certain people who believe on
them and walk by their side on pre-set paths.
These people are usually inspiration for others
in the company.
Management is liable for its day to day efforts
while allocating requires resources and
anticipating desires of employees so as to make
changes along the way. Beside this,
management also have responsibility to
implement work rules, standards and operating
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processes.
Relationship between leadership and management -
Leadership and management, both are the terms which often treated as same; it is
necessary to recognise that leadership is a significant part of management. A strong leadership
behaviour builds an environment in which employees can develop their skills and learn more and
more. Managers are required to know that how to lead and manage workforce as well ass giving
reward to people whereas leaders can only influence people they may not have any power. In
multinational business associations, good management encompasses with certain aspects of
leadership, such as - Therefore, it can be said that Leadership attended by management which
sets out a way and create optimal utilisation of available resources to accomplish organisational
goals and objectives. In this over-dynamic business world, companies cannot survive with strong
;leadership as well as management; over the time firms are required to expand their functional
aura. For this purpose, systematic management and appropriate leadership styles helps
companies to accomplish maximum competitive edge in a certain time period.
For example – Leaders like – Tim Cook who is the CEO of Apple and took over the
company after Steve Jobs. The person is always enable to implement new and innovative
leadership theories within organisation thus to provide proper guidance and direction to
subordinates thus to obtain high competitive edge. On the other side, Bob Iger (CEO of the
Disney Corporation), Elon Musk (CEO of Tesla and Space X) and Mary Barra (CEO of General
Motors Company); these are the famous leaders who have followed effective and imperative
leadership approaches within their working styles so as to improve organisational effectiveness
and credibility. The reason behind success of their companies is strong leadership skills of
leaders.
TASK 4
P4 What have you learnt about leadership from your own experiences, on this course and
elsewhere?
In this competitive environment, many large business associations wants to expand their
business and for the same they tend towards developing leadership within their working
environment so as to manage entire workforce in the best possible manner. In this regard,
companies are emphasised on hiring experienced leaders with a right combination of charisma,
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self assurance and enthusiasm; all these supports a corporate association to gain high competitive
edge. Although, leaders are blessed with these skills but certain leadership traits are learned and
sharpened with the time and practice.
As per this above discussion, I realised that leadership is one of the most important task
for every business association. it supports firm to attain its performance objectives in an effective
manner. I analysed that without having proper leadership no one business association can acquire
its goals. In addition to this, leaders are the people who challenges existing working styles of the
company and apply their own approaches to do things in the best possible manner, , i.e. problem
solving skills, decision making skills and so on. Apart from this, I have participated in our
college project which is based upon “Principles of marketing”. During this time, I had played
the role of a leader cause of having strong knowledge of marketing and liable to manage all
project activities and tasks. We worked in a team of 8 to 10 people and all of them belongs from
different cultural. At this this, numerous hurdles came up in communication due to cultural
diversity. But my past experience helps to reduces all these issues and good command on
marketing helps to identify areas which can be developed and highlighted. It improves
attractiveness of our project. Another failure was lack of time and costs as we couldn't give more
and more time to research activities. But due to team cooperation and coordination supports us to
complete project before its given time period. Apart from this, while doing this project I get to
know that leadership is a procedure of social influence which increases efforts of others towards
accomplishing business goals and objectives. It can be also defined that it has nothing to do with
superiority or anyone's position in organisational hierarchy. It supports to convert vision into
reality. At the time of crisis within my project work, I developed certain plans and policies which
will provide proper direction to my colleagues for effective completion of all tasks and activities.
In my past experience, I always have focused on improving my skills and knowledge level thus
supports me to provide proper training and development assistance. As another role of leaders is
to motivate and inspire people.
I have followed trait theory in my entire study the theory dictates that there are certain
traits which are linked with great leadership as great leaders have strong intelligence; they have
ability to make choices to move the team ahead. They are eager to accept various responsibilities
and do not blame other for mistakes. I also get recognised that three main skills on which I need
to look out, such as – human skills, technical skills and conceptual skills. As a leader my role is
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to provide necessary direction and guidance which is required for completion of this project; all
of the subordinates were cooperative in nature even they were also willing to know new things
and concepts. This improver their knowledge and competency in specific area and helps to get
good grades in assessments. Apart from this, I get realised that a leader should behave as per the
situation so as to deal with all adverse situations in the best possible. Thus, I have applied
contingency approach and Lewin's leadership styles so as to direct staff members an effective
manner. I also get determine that formulation of an effective organisational structure helps
management to apply all business activities in the best possible manner. Due to
misunderstandings and misconception, various conflicts and disputes occurs while competition
of the project; but I easily got overcome with this issue.. After attending classes and under the
guidance of professors, my views has been changed totally about leadership. Before this, I
thought that leadership and management both are similar but now I understand that leadership is
totally differ from management; its a critical component of management. My professors defines
me what are the main leadership styles and approaches and how they can be implemented in
workplace environment. In future I will try that these issues would not occur; it helps us in
effective completion of project reports.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Gayle, D. J., Tewarie, B. and White Jr, A. Q., 2011. Governance in the twenty-first-century
university: Approaches to effective leadership and strategic management: ASHE-ERIC
higher education report (Vol. 14). John Wiley & Sons.
MacBeath, J., 2011. No lack of principles: leadership development in England and
Scotland. School Leadership and Management. 31(2). pp.105-121.
Hendriks, M.A. and Scheerens, J., 2013. School leadership effects revisited: a review of
empirical studies guided by indirect-effect models. School leadership & management.
33(4). pp.373-394.
Antonakis, J. and House, R.J., 2013. The full-range leadership theory: The way forward.
In Transformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary
Edition (pp. 3-33). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Griffin, R.W., 2013. Fundamentals of management. Cengage Learning.
Doh, J. P. and Quigley, N. R., 2014. Responsible leadership and stakeholder management:
Influence pathways and organizational outcomes. The Academy of Management
Perspectives. 28(3). pp.255-274.
Kim, D.Y., Kumar, V. and Kumar, U., 2012. Relationship between quality management practices
and innovation. Journal of operations management. 30(4). pp.295-315.
Lloyd-Walker, B. and Walker, D., 2011. Authentic leadership for 21st century project delivery.
International Journal of Project Management. 29(4). pp.383-395.
Thiel, C. E., Connelly, S. and Griffith, J. A., 2012. Leadership and emotion management for
complex tasks: Different emotions, different strategies. The Leadership Quarterly.
23(3). pp.517-533.
Currie, G. and Lockett, A., 2011. Distributing leadership in health and social care: concertive,
conjoint or collective?. International Journal of Management Reviews. 13(3). pp.286-
300.
Shahrill, M., 2014. Exploring educational administration: The relationship between leadership
and management. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social
Sciences. 4(1). p.525.
Carmeli, A., Gelbard, R. and Reiter‐Palmon, R., 2013. Leadership, creative problem‐solving
capacity, and creative performance: The importance of knowledge sharing. Human
Resource Management. 52(1). pp.95-121.
Hall, D., 2013. Drawing a veil over managerialism: leadership and the discursive disguise of the
New Public Management. Journal of Educational Administration and History. 45(3).
pp.267-282.
Avery, G. C. and Bergsteiner, H., 2011. Sustainable leadership practices for enhancing business
resilience and performance. Strategy & Leadership. 39(3). pp.5-15.
Online
Best theories of team formulation, 2017. [Online] Available
through<https://www.slidegeeks.com/shapes/product/business-strategy-formulation-3d-
illustration-of-best-team-character-models>
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