Studying the Impact of Leadership on Organisational Performance and Productivity

This research study focuses on the impact of leadership on organisational performance and productivity. It includes a literature review, research methodology, data analysis, and recommendations. The case study of Marks and Spencer is used to understand the importance of leadership on the overall development of the organisation.

Studying the impact of
leadership on organisational
performance and productivity
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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................3
Background of company.............................................................................................................3
Aim and objectives .....................................................................................................................4
Significance of research .............................................................................................................5
LITERATURE REVIEW ...............................................................................................................8
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................16
FINDINGS (DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION) ........................................................20
Frequency Distribution Table...................................................................................................20
Data interpretation.....................................................................................................................22
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS..........................................................................34
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................34
Recommendation.......................................................................................................................35
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................37
APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................39
Questionnaire............................................................................................................................39
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Title: Studying the impact of leadership on organisational performance and productivity
INTRODUCTION
Leadership is defined as an ability of an individual to guide, support and influence other
people within an organization. A leader is a person who inspires others with passion and
entrepreneurial spirit in organization. Leadership plays important role irrespective of its sector
and industry, as it allow organization to have a motivated workforce those who perform various
roles and responsibilities in effective way (Shanafelt and Noseworthy, 2017). Leadership plays
important role for an organization as it creates a link between management and employees which
allow organization to retain its skilled and talented workforce for longer period of time. With the
help of a good leadership organization can have a motivated and efficient workforce through
which overall objectives can be fulfilled in effective manner. Leadership is undoubtedly one of
the most important function of an organization as it helps company to assure overall
accomplishment of objectives motivated employees. A leaders with the help of various
leadership qualities, skills and traits increases courage confidence determination and moral of
workers. With the help of good leadership organization can create a workplace environment
which helps to have a honest workforce that helps in enhancing overall growth and profitability.
In this modern business environment it is essential for organization to implement strong and
effective leadership strategies and practices in order to maximise overall growth and
profitability. With the help of taking use of leadership organization can not only encourage and
enhance performance of employees but can also satisfied customers needs and demands in
effective manner.
With the help of the leadership the performance of the company is affected and it is found
out to be essential in the growth of the company (Lichtenthaler and Fischbach, 2018). The aim
of the research is to outline the impact of leadership on the performance of the company. The
company chosen for the research is Unilever. As the goal of any company is not only to survive
in the market but to earn good profit by elevating the level of performance. Present research
include discussion on the significance of leadership on the performance and effectiveness of the
organization. To accomplish research aims and objectives literature review has been conducted
along with best research include data analysis interpretation and proper recommended practices.
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Background of company
To accomplish present research aim which is to determine the impact of leadership on
organization productivity and performance Marks and Spencer is selected. This company is
operating as a major British multinational retailer. The organization headquarters in London,
England the United Kingdom. Organization is holding specialization in offering beauty clothing
home products and food products this organization was founded in the year 1884 and offer wide
range of products and services exclusive of luxury to customers. The organization offers its
services with more than 80,000 employees and offer their products worldwide. It has been
analysed that in this modern business environment organization is facing challenges in terms of
increasing competition from other rivals. In this it is important for leaders to maximise their
skills and capabilities and implement different type of leadership approaches in order to enhance
effectiveness and performance of organization.
The company chosen for the research is Marks and Spencer which is in the business of
consumer fulfilment items in the world. It has various sectors which are related to food, personal
care and home care products (Driving superior performance with our purpose-led,future-fit
business). Along with it, It has strong portfolio which comprises of various brands globally and it
has a strong network in the form of distribution chain.
Aim and objectives
Aims of the study:
“To study the significance of leadership on the performance and effectiveness of the
organisation. A case study of Marks and Spencer organisation”
Research Objectives
 To understand the importance of leadership on the overall development of the
organisation.
 To analyse the specific strategies to improve the leadership skills, performance, and
efficiency of the staff members of Marks and Spencer organisation
 To determine the various benefits of effective leadership on the enhancement of
organisation productivity and performance.
Research question
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 What is the importance of leadership on the overall development of the organisation?
 Which are the specific strategies to improve the leadership skills, performance, and
efficiency of the staff members of Marks and Spencer organisation?
 What are the various benefits of effective leadership on the enhancement of organisation
productivity and performance?
Rationale
The main rationale for conducting the present research is to evaluate the effect of the
leadership on the performance of the company (Li, Zhu and Park, 2018) . Leadership in
management is said to be helpful in improving the level of profitability and the motivation
among the employees in order to improve the development of business. The present research will
help the learner in both contexts that is personal and professional both. As in the personal
context, it will allow to bring better understanding for a learner about leadership and its impact
on the performance of the organisation. This will also help in examining the issues regarding the
leadership in the employee management and its impact on the productivity of the chosen
company. Along with it, it also helpful in the professional context too as it supports in enhancing
various skills as well as core abilities of the learner. Due to which the proper guidance can be
provided in relation to performing the research related activities in a elaborated manner. With the
help of conducting correct research, one can have the positive outcomes in a significant manner.
Significance of research
Overview of Dissertation
As the name suggests, it is essential part for the research which will outline the better
understanding of different chapters which will be highlighted in the research (Saha and et.al.,
2020). As the research is presented in the systematic manner in the specific area and the various
chapters are explained below-
Introduction
In this section, it will present the chapter with aim and objectives on which the search is
based. The introduction part properly explains the depth of various points that is scope,
importance, rationale related to the research. This part mainly demonstrates the overall
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presentation of the research through that an investigator can identify the overall scenario or
issues with solutions.
Literature Review
Literature Review is the next part in the research which has the main goal that is to
further elaborate the topics of the research in a detailed manner. That is why the main intention
of literature review is to analyse research issues and achieving all the objectives effectively. In
order to collect the information and data in this chapter that is literature review, secondary
method of data collection are more preferred for example books, scholars, journals and source of
range on the internet (Al-Malki and Juan, 2018).
Research Methodology
This chapter of dissertation is considered to be significant in the research process as it
helps in processing the affirmative solutions in relation to the particular subject region. In
addition to this, by selecting the methodology allows to provide the elaborated analysis which
are helpful and supportive to go in the right direction with right sources of information. The
term research methodology chapter contains research philosophy, research approach, research
strategy, data collection method, sampling, research limitations and the ethical considerations
also.
Data Presentation and Analysis
It is also one of the most necessary part of the research as it highlights the information
related to the objectives and questions. That is why, the present research is settled on the primary
method of data collection in which questionnaire will be made for better understanding. The
main goal behind making use of this method is to do save time and the cost both. Due to which
the data will be analysed by utilising the thematic analysis method in which the charts, themes
are formulated and also form the interpretation (Shet, Patil, and Chandawarkar, 2019).
Results and Discussion
This chapter of the dissertation projects the information related to the outcomes, results
and discussion on the areas which are linked to the questions mentioned in the literature review
chapter.
Conclusion and Recommendations
This chapter of research is considered to be one of the important prospect in the research
which comprises of proper research aim and objectives. In addition to this, this chapter will also
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concise the whole summary of the project, various limitations in results and might be improved.
Along there will also be recommendations formulated on the assessment fundamentals.
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LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature review is mainly defined as an overview of the previously conducted work on a
specific topic. In addition to this it has been analysed that, this is mainly defined as a
comprehensive summary of previously conducted work on a particular topic. This is mainly
inclusive of survey of books, scholarly articles and other resources associated to the particular
area of research (Alnakhli, Agnihotri and Itani, 2020). It is important to conduct literature review
in effective manner by identifying areas of prior conducted research to prevent duplication. The
main aim of literature review is to synthesise and summarise the ideas of existing knowledge in a
particular field with the help of literature review research work and fulfill overall research in an
effective manner which helps in building knowledge in the particular field. This helps in
bringing clarity and focus to research problems enhance knowledge associated to the research
topic to improve research methodology and provide efficient sources to accomplish research aim.
In context with present research on the impact of leadership on organizational performance and
productivity mentioned below literature review is being conducted.
Importance of leadership on the overall development of the organisation
As per the view point of Babalola, (2016) Leadership is mainly defined as an ability of an
individual or a or a group of individual to guide, influence and support other individuals within
organization. This concept is mainly inclusive of skills, knowledge and abilities to persuade
others towards fulfilment of overall goals and objectives. In addition to this it has been analysed
that leadership is mainly defined as ability to motivate other individual towards achievement of a
common goal in business organization. Leader is an individual who is well equipped with
various leadership skills, qualities and traits and further direct other employees or colleagues
with a strategy to fulfil organizational needs. It has been analysed that leadership captures the
essential being able to inspire others. With the help of innovative leadership approach and ideas
and undertaking use of effective communication techniques leaders engage themselves with
others and further direct and support them to fulfil organisational objectives. It has been analysed
that leaders emphasise on innovation and inspire others by determining their needs and demands.
An effective leader is it having various characteristics such a strong communication, self
confidence, creativity, management skills, innovative thinking, willingness to take risk, openness
to change etc. which allow leaders to guide other individual in an effective manner in
organization.
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 Leaders plays important role as they not only involved in creating and fulfilling vision
and further inspire them towards the same, but also involved in day to day management
and undertake their process to turn organization vision into a reality. Furthermore it has
been analyse that leadership in business is mainly defined as an organizational capability
to achieve challenging goals. In today’s time period it is essential foreign organization to
have talented and skilled leader those who possess with characteristics, traits and skill as
it allows organizations do not only overcome competitive rivalry, but also allow them to
retain employees for longer period of time (Bebbington, 2021). It has been analysed that
leadership of a direction for an organization and its employees in order to lead in a proper
direction. Leaders play essential role those who undertake their responsibility and further
guide and motivate to accomplish overall organizational objectives.
 Furthermore, it has been analysed that leadership plays important role for overall
development of organization. It has been analysed that for any organization leadership is
essential function which allow company to direct its resources for goal accomplishment
and further enhance overall efficiency. With the help of influential leader organization
can achieve success and can retain skilled and talented individual for longer period of
time. In addition to this, it has been analysed that leadership is important for overall
development of company, as a leader conduct several function which is essential for
organization success. The main role of leader is to provide vision for the company and
further guide and motivate employees towards the same. With the help of having multiple
skill and knowledge a good leader inspire and motivate other members and with the help
of coordination and collaboration they accomplish overall organizational goals.
 In addition to this it has been analysed that, leadership is acting as a crucial element for
development of the organization. As a leader is an individual who initiate the work with
the help of taking use of effective communication. It has been analysed that leaders act as
a link between management and employees which helps employees to stay connected
with the management and generate sense of belonging among them. Furthermore, it has
been analysed that with the help of a good leader organization can have a motivated
innovative and skilled workforce through which they can overcome any challenges in
effective manner.
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 Along with this it has been analysed that, a successful leader provide guidance to
subordinates in an effective way and create confidence among them which is important
factor to conduct business rules and responsibilities in this challenging business
environment. Furthermore it has been analysed that leaders also play crucial role in
development of organization as they build environment of company and develop a
workplace environment which offers positive growth to organization and employees.
Furthermore, it has been analysed that leaders is important as with the help of
coordination they fulfil overall goals and act as representative of company. Along with it
has been analysed data leaders act as a friend philosopher and guide which help them to
retain talented, skilled and potential employees in organization for longer period of time.
With the help of different type of leadership traits and skills a leader inspire others in a
well defined and effective manner (Bergstedt and Wei, 2020). In addition to this it has
been analysed that leadership takes on many dimensions and further inclusive of many
definitions. It is important for organisations in any sector to emphasise on the
understanding and importance of leadership, as it acts as a vital concept which is
important for overall success. In order to assure overall development it is essential in
organization to encourage good leadership, as a leader act as an entrepreneurial spirit
within organization who creates innovative and competent workforce which benefit
organization to satisfy customers and assure higher profitability growth in a market
segment.
Thus, according to the above mentioned analysis it has been evaluated that without having a
good and competent leader organization have a ship sailing without a captain. In this modern
business environment it is important for an organization to understand and implement good
leadership practice within workforce (Uhl-Bien and Arena, 2018). This will not only allow them
to overcome digital technology transformation but also benefit company to satisfy customers
needs and demands. Leadership plays important role within company as it influence employees
fulfil their needs and solve internal conflicts. A competent and good leader also nurture future
leaders, build morale, motivate employees enhance their performance and many changes
effectively. With the help of effective decision making, skills and talent a leader facilitate
organization to assure long term growth and sustainability for longer period of time.
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Specific strategies to improve the leadership skills, performance, and efficiency of the staff
members of Marks and Spencer organisation
According to the viewpoint of Hurduzeu, (2015) a leader is defined as an individual who
communicates organization plans and policies to employees in order to accomplish
organizational goals. A successful leader motivate employees by providing them financial as
well as non-financial incentives and further motivate them to accomplish overall objectives in an
effective manner. It has been analysed that Marks and Spencer is operating as a major British
multinational retailer headquartered in London, United Kingdom. This organization is operating
in the retail sector which is highly competitive. In this Marks and Spencer is facing competition
from Zara, H&M and another organizations. Along with this due to digital transformation
company is facing challenges to increase performance and efficiency of employees. In this there
are certain strategies through which leadership skills can be improved in order to enhance
efficiency and performance of staff members within organization:
 It is important for organization to have . In this leaders plays important role to execute
communication which acts as one of the most important factor that contributes in overall
team productivity. It has been analysed that without having a proper and effective source
of communication business can fail to accomplish overall objectives. Absence of
communication lead towards miscommunication that affects overall aim of a company
(Sheninger, 2019). In order to successfully thrive in this business environment it is
important for leaders of Marks and Spencer to assure effective communication. In this
with the help of taking use of virtual communication strategies leaders can fill the
communication gap which can overcome the issue of multiple confusion. In this leaders
of the company can take advantage of dropbox, zoom calls another social networking and
online collaboration and productivity platform to encourage, web conferencing tool as
well as video conferencing tools. With the help of assuring strong communication leaders
can enhance performance and efficiency of workers communication helps in overcoming
delay in work and miscommunication.
 It has been analysed that each and every individual perform their work in order to feel . In
this competitive business environment it is important for organization to encourage
employees by providing them various rewards and incentives and rewards in effective
manner, as Marks and Spencer is operating in highly competitive business environment
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there other rivals like H&M Zara are taking use of various rewards strategies to retain
talent employees and further attract new candidates from the market. This increases
competition in order to conduct roles and responsibility and satisfy customers (Jiménez,
Winkler and Dunkl, 2017). In this Marks and Spencer leaders with the help of taking
advantage of encouraging recognition can make employees work beyond expectation that
will help in fulfilling overall result. With the help of recognition and celebration Marks
and Spencer leaders can excellently increase production volume by reducing the stress.
With the help of taking use of incentives in monetary and nonmonetary manner such as
increase in wages and salary, providing competitive promotion and recognition, praises,
fringe benefits, providing free vacations, healthcare benefits, insurance policy etc. leaders
can enhance overall performance and efficiency of employees. It has been analysed that if
employees feel valued it increases their sense of belonging is towards company. With the
help of this strategy improvement in leadership skill along with the staff members
efficiency and performance can be assured by the company.
 To overcome challenges and changes in business environment, it is important for
organisations to focus on growth in education of employees. This is one of the most
effective strategy which not only help leaders to enhance efficiency and performance of
employees within workplace structure but also aid leaders to create future leaders as well
as managers. With the help of emphasising on leaders within company can enhance
employees current level of skill, knowledge and capability that will help them to perform
roles and responsibilities in better way (Shanafelt and Noseworthy, 2017). This will also
help leaders to identify weakness and strength of employees and further enhance them
with the help of providing professional education courses. This will help in providing
support and guidance to employees that will further benefit them to face difficulties. With
the help of this leaders can retain employees for longer period of time and can undertake
use of their unique skills to satisfy customers needs and demands in more efficient
manner.
 In today’s business world digital transformation has changed the manner of conducting
business environment. Marks and Spencer is operating in retail industry which is highly
influenced by technology. In this with the help of taking use of technological to leaders
can enhance efficiency and performance of workers and can maximise leadership. With
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the help of taking use of smartphone, computers, artificial intelligence, virtual reality,
cloud computing and other software leaders can encourage team engagement as well as
collaboration (Katou, 2015). In this with the help of working with technological
professional leaders can provide opportunities to employees to increase their skill. With
the help of undertaking advantage of this strategy leaders can improve efficiency and
productivity of workers. This will also allow employees to enhance their educational
level which allow them to deal with customers in more effective manner.
Thus according to the above mentioned analysis it has been stated that it is important for
leaders to develop their skills in order to maximise efficiency and performance of staff members.
As Marks and Spencer is operating its roles and responsibility in retail industry which is facing
aggressive competition. In this with the help of taking advantage of above mentioned strategies
such as implementing technology, focusing on encouraging communication, providing rewards
and recognition to employees they can enhance efficiency and effectiveness of employees. In
addition to this leaders with the help of conducting team building exercise, taking advantage of
product management tool, giving constructive feedback can encourage performance of
employees in effective manner (Patiar and Wang, 2016). Along with leaders and managers with
Marks and Spencer with the help of analysing performance metrics of employees can enhance
their overall efficiency and effectiveness to perform their roles and responsibilities in a better
way. This will significantly help the respective organization to assure long term growth in the
industry, that will also benefit them to satisfy customers needs and demands in a well defined
and effective manner.
Various benefits of effective leadership on the enhancement of organisation productivity and
performance
According to the view point of Koohang, Paliszkiewicz and Goluchowski, 2017) Leadership
is defined as an act of inspiring, guiding and supporting other subordinates to perform and
engage in accomplishing a common objective. With the help of successful leadership
organization can overcome any challenge in effective manner and can assure fulfilment of
overall objectives in a well defined and effective manner. A good leader spot opportunity and
further with the help of creativity and entrepreneurial approach they encourage and guide other
members to challenge competition and fulfil overall objectives in appropriate manner. It has been
analysed that with the help of taking use of effective leadership organization like Marks and
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Spencer can assure enhancement of organization productivity and performance. Furthermore it
has been analysed that with the help of leadership organization can assure increasing their
revenue. As a good leader inspire support and guide other employees to fulfil overall objectives
of organization. A successful leader encourage motivation and morale of employees which
encourage workers to conduct their responsibilities in more hardworking manner. This helps
organization to accomplish roles and responsibilities in an effective manner. Furthermore it has
been analysed that with the help of taking use of leadership organization can implement vision
and values in effective way and can further communicate the same to employees, that will help
in fulfilling overall goals in efficient manner. Along with this it has been analysed that a
successful leader boost morale among employees and with the help of taking advantage of good
communication they create competitive and highly productive workplace structure. This benefits
organization to assure accomplishment overall goals in effective manner (Paais and Pattiruhu,
2020). Furthermore it has been analysed that with the help of leadership organization can have
directive approach which help them in reducing risk of miscommunication. A leader act as a link
between management and workforce which allow organization to communicate vision and
objectives in an appropriate manner without any confusion. This helps in enhancing overall
productivity with less error in workplace structure.
Furthermore, it has been analysed that leader also motivate employees it has been analysed
that strong business leader motivate, encouraging, guide other members in the terms of rewards
recognition and motivation (Owens, Wallace and Waldman, 2015). With the help of
implementing various rewards schemes leaders encourage employees motivation and hard work
towards accomplishment of organizational objectives. Leaders also utilise resources
appropriately that helps organization to conduct their business performance in cost effective
manner. In today’s business environment organisations like Marks and Spencer is facing
aggressive competition from other rivals. In this a successful leader plays important role as it
encourage employees efficiently and further guide them to accomplish overall roles and
objectives in effective manner. Furthermore with the help of taking use of various hard and soft
skill leaders build trust within workplace structure and encourage other team members to work in
a collaborative manner (Leenstra, Wendt and Tulleken, 2016). Leaders also encourage
collaboration in workforce which helps in building relationship and bond between team
members. This helps in retaining staff members for longer period of time. Furthermore it has
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been analysed that leaders also undertake use of communication as if organization fails to
communicate their vision and objectives effectively to employees then it can create number of
issues in front of organization. With the help of facilitating communication leaders makes it
easier for employees to overcome challenges and accomplish organizational objectives in
effective manner. Furthermore it has been analysed that leaders also plays crucial role in
overcoming conflict situation which helps organization to save himself from many challenges.
Leaders play important role in encouraging employee engagement which helps organization in
terms of having innovative solutions and competent ideas which help them to accomplish goals
in effective manner.
Thus, from the above mentioned analysis it has been analysed that effective leadership has
number of benefits on enhancement of organization productivity and performance. It has been
analysed that effective leadership encourage employee engagement, facilitate communication,
build trust and utilise resources in effective manner. Leaders undertake use of employees skills,
knowledge and capabilities at a greater extent and further utilise their talent to fulfil
organizational objectives in effective manner (Nikpour, 2017). Along with this it has been
analysed that effective leadership also benefit organization in terms of motivating workforce and
boost employees to fulfil overall aims in effective manner that helps organization to measure
increase in performance and productivity. In addition to this it has been analysed that with the
help of taking advantage of leadership organization can embrace delegation, enhance confidence,
creativity, innovation and uniqueness within workplace structure and have a positive attitude
among workforce with honesty and trustworthiness. This help organization to overcome
challenges in effective manner and further satisfy customers in more efficient manner. This helps
company to assure greater profitability and performance in the industry. This will also benefit
organization to retain talented and skilled employees for longer period of time that will
significantly benefit them to execute roles and responsibilities in better and competitive way.
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is defined as a specific technique or procedure that is being used to
determine, select process and evaluate information and data associated to the topic. This is one of
the most important aspect of overall research which allow investigator to evaluate research
overall reliability as well as variability. It has been analysed that is a crucial part of research as it
provide research legitimacy an offer scientifically sound findings. In addition to this it has been
analysed that it provides investigator to have a detailed plan which further get to keep research
on track and further make progress in a smooth manner which is manageable and effective
(Kumar, 2018). It is important for investigator to emphasise on taking use of appropriate research
methods and techniques in order to fulfil research in effective manner. In context with present
research investigator has undertaken the advantage of research onion which is mainly stages
through which researcher need to pass when developing an effective methodology. This play
important role as it helps in creating a series of stages that offers various methods of data
collection.
Research Philosophy-
Research philosophy is defined as a belief about the manner in which data about the
phenomenon is required to be evaluated, analysed and utilised. It has been analysed that this is
important aspect which allow investigators to reveal the assumptions that investigator are making
about the research. It has been analysed that there are various forms of research philosophies
such as positivism, interpretivism, pragmatism and realism which helps investigator to fulfil
overall aims and objectives in effective manner. In context with present research investigator has
undertaken the use of positivism research philosophy. The main reason behind taking advantage
of this method is to undertake quantitative data analysis which shows pattern and trends that is
also reliable and help investigators to have a well defined structure, during discussion with the
help of this method investigator came to have structured questionnaire in which numerical data
with the help of survey help in assuring accurate and reliable research outcomes.
Research approach-
Research approach is defined as a procedure and plan which is inclusive of certain steps
of broad assumption to detail method of data collection (Pandey and Pandey, 2021). It has been
analysed that this is important as it helps investigators to collect data according to a set plan or
procedure in appropriate manner. It has been analysed that there are various approaches of
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research such as inductive and deductive which allow investigator to execute research in
appropriate basis. In context with present research investigator has taken advantage of deductive
research approach in order to support positivism research philosophy. Along with this with the
help of this method investigator is aiming to conduct study by measuring concept in quantitative
manner. It will also help to generalise research findings in appropriate manner and will further
benefit investigators to conduct better testing and canning of numeric facts and data.
Research strategy-
Reserved strategy is defined as a step by step plan of action which offers direction to
investigator process and thoughts. The main advantage of this is to executive research in
effective manner and conduct research in a systematic manner to produce quality results with
detailed reporting. It has been analysed that there are different forms of research strategy such as
survey, action research, experiment, observation etc. Among all these methods investigator has
undertaken the use of survey method to accumulate data and information to execute research
with valid conclusion. The main reason to contract use of survey is to have high
representativeness which offers general capability in representing a large population. It also
helps to have convenient data gathering in low cost.
Choices of method-
Qualitative and quantitative are some types of choice of method which allow investigator
to accomplish research objectives in appropriate manner. There are different forms of method
that allow investigator to collect and evaluate data and information in an effective manner. In
context with present research study, researchers have taken advantage of quantitative nature of
research method. The primary benefit of this method is to have information and data from larger
sample size in much easier manner which offers objectivity and accuracy. Along with this with
the help of this method investigator is aiming towards to reach higher sample size and collect
information in cost effective and quick manner with the help of randomized samples.
Data collection and analysis-
This aspect of research methodology is one of the most crucial elements that helps in
accomplishing overall research in an effective manner. There are different forms of sources from
where researcher can collect data such as primary and secondary source of data collection
method. These sources allow investigator to collect information and data associated to the topic
and further utilise them to execute research in appropriate manner. In context with present
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research investigator has undertaken the advantage of primary and secondary source of data
collection method. Both of these sources offers wide range of sources from where data can be
collected that helps in enhancing effectiveness efficiency and validity of the present conducted
research. In this in context with primary investigation researchers has undertaken the use of
survey in which questionnaire is being developed (Ørngree and Levinsen, 2017). This method
helps in evaluating first hand and authentic set of data directly from participants and helps in
having valid information which helped in drawing conclusion in appropriate manner. While on
the other hand in context with secondary source of data collection method in this investigator has
undertaken the use of journal, books, previously conducted work, articles, websites etc.
Furthermore it has been analysed that in order to present and evaluate primary data and
information investigator has undertaken the use of pie chart and frequency table. While in
context with secondary information this has been analysed and presented with the help of
literature review.
Sampling-
Sampling is defined as the statistical process which allow researcher to collect sample
size out of the whole population. With the help of sampling method investigator can collect data
information from the selected respondents. In addition to this it has been analysed that this is a
process which is being utilised as a statistical analysis to undertake information from larger set of
population (Panneerselvam, 2014). With the help of taking advantage of this aspect investigator
can select subset of the population of interest in research study and can acquire data in
information in effective manner. In context with present study investigator has taken advantage
of random sampling method. The primary reason behind taking advantage of this method is to
collect information and data in effective manner by providing equal opportunity to all
respondents. Furthermore it has been analysed that in order to collect data investigator have
selected 30 respondents. All these are employees of Marks and Spencer. The main justification to
take use of them as respondent is that they have proper and efficient information associated to
the topic that helps in enhancing validity and reliability of the research data and information. In
this investigator with the help of questionnaire as a primary data collection method acquire data
in appropriate basis that will further help in accomplishing overall research in appropriate
manner.
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According to the above mentioned analysis it has been determined that investigator has
selected research method which allowed investigator to select appropriate research philosophy,
approach strategy, choices of method and data collection technique. This helps in acquiring
research outcomes in more appropriate and efficient manner. By undertaking use of appropriate
and effective research methodology tools and technique investigator is aiming towards to execute
research and accomplish and outcomes in more efficient manner.
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FINDINGS (DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION)
Frequency Distribution Table
Q1) Do you have basic knowledge regarding the concept of leadership within
an organisation?
Frequency
a) Yes 27
b) No 3
Q2) According to your opinion, does leadership plays an important role in
improving the success rate of company?
Frequency
a) Yes 24
b) No 4
c) Can't Say 2
Q3) What is the role of leadership in enhancing the performance and
productivity of Marks and Spencer?
Frequency
a) Formulating and communicating new strategic directions 7
b) Motivating employees 6
c) Communicating mission and vision 9
d) Resolve conflicts 8
Q4) According to your perspective, what is the importance of leadership on
the overall development of the organisation?
Frequency
a) Create and fulfill vision 5
b) Provide guidance to subordinates 8
c) Develop positive workplace environment 7
d) Create innovative and competent workforce 6
e) Ensures effective communication 4
Q5) Do you think that leadership affects the productivity and performance of Frequency
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employees within Marks and Spencer?
a) Yes 22
b) No 3
c) May be 5
Q6) What is the specific strategy for improving the leadership skills,
performance, and efficiency of the staff members within Marks and Spencer?
Frequency
a) Develop communication network 4
b) Appreciate and value employees 5
c) Offer training and development opportunities 6
d) Implement new technologies 8
e) Focus on continuous performance management 7
Q7) According to your view, does appreciating and valuing staff helps in
encouraging them to give productive outcomes in accomplishing business
goals?
Frequency
a) Yes 25
b) No 3
c) Can't Say 2
Q8) As per your opinion, what is the effective leadership style which is
suitable for Marks and Spencer for improving business performance?
Frequency
a) Autocratic leadership style 5
b) Transactional leadership style 4
c) Transformational leadership style 6
d) Consultative leadership style 8
e) Democratic leadership style 7
22

Q9) As per your perspective, does the implementation of leadership style helps
in improving the performance and efficiency of Marks and Spencer?
Frequency
a) Yes 21
b) No 4
c) May be 5
Q10) What is the benefit of effective leadership on the enhancement of
organisation productivity and performance?
Frequency
a) Effective resource management 5
b) Increase revenue 6
c) Develop good business culture 8
d) Provide training opportunities 7
e) Ability to thrive with changes 4
Q11) According to your view, what is the challenge faced by leaders of Marks
and Spencer while enhancing business performance?
Frequency
a) Providing inspiration 7
b) Handling different perspective 8
c) Managing team 6
d) Provide growth opportunities 4
e) Lack of Communication 5
Q12) What is the way for overcoming the challenge faced by leaders of Marks
and Spencer while enhancing business performance?
Frequency
a) Communicating effectively with the team 5
b) Providing stability 7
c) Developing and mentoring employees 8
d) Boost employee motivation and morale 6
23

e) Guiding change 4
Data interpretation
Table 1: Basic knowledge regarding the concept of leadership within an organisation
Q1) Do you have basic knowledge regarding the concept of leadership within
an organisation?
Frequency
a) Yes 27
b) No 3
a) Yes b) No
0
5
10
15
20
25
30 27
3
Interpretation:
It is being evaluated from the above graph that out of total number of participants, 27
thinks that they have basic knowledge regarding the concept of leadership within an
organisation. Leadership is a process of providing guidance and support to employees so that
they can give their better efforts in enhancing the business performance and growth. The
remaining 3 said that they don't have basic knowledge regarding the concept of leadership within
an organisation.
Table 2: Leadership plays an important role in improving the success rate of company
Q2) According to your opinion, does leadership plays an important role in Frequency
24

improving the success rate of company?
a) Yes 24
b) No 4
c) Can't Say 2
a) Yes b) No c) Can't Say
0
5
10
15
20
25
24
4
2
Interpretation:
The above graphical representation states that out of 30 chosen respondents, 24 said that
leadership plays an important role in improving the success rate of company as it provide
guidance to accomplish the business goals in effective and efficient manner. The other 4 thinks
that leadership doesn't plays an important role in improving the success rate of company as the
motive of leaders is to guide and encourage team members to actively participate in business
activities. At last, 2 have opinion that they can't say that leadership plays an important role in
improving the success rate of company.
Table 3: Role of leadership in enhancing the performance and productivity of Marks and
Spencer
Q3) What is the role of leadership in enhancing the performance and
productivity of Marks and Spencer?
Frequency
a) Formulating and communicating new strategic directions 7
b) Motivating employees 6
25

c) Communicating mission and vision 9
d) Resolve conflicts 8
a) Formulating and communicating new strategic directions
c) Communicating mission and vision
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
7
6
9
8
Interpretation:
It is being analysed from the above chart that from the total number of chosen
participants, 7 have perception that formulating and communicating new strategic directions is
the role of leadership in enhancing the performance and productivity of Marks and Spencer.
They generally formulate and communicate the strategic direction to staff so that they can work
accordingly and give their best performance in accomplishing business goals. The other 6 have
opinion that motivating employees is the role of leadership in enhancing the performance and
productivity of company. Leaders ensures hat their staff must feel motivated so that they can
contribute their best output in enhancing business performance. Beside this, communicating
mission and vision is the role of leadership in enhancing the performance and productivity of
Marks and Spencer. They focus on communicating the mission and vision to employees as it
develops clarity of thoughts among them and also they can achieve it in systematic manner. The
remaining 8 have view that resolve conflicts is the role of leadership in enhancing the
performance and productivity of Marks and Spencer. Leaders ensures that there must be no
conflicts between the employees as affect the decorum of organisation.
26

Table 4: Importance of leadership on the overall development of the organisation
Q4) According to your perspective, what is the importance of leadership on
the overall development of the organisation?
Frequency
a) Create and fulfill vision 5
b) Provide guidance to subordinates 8
c) Develop positive workplace environment 7
d) Create innovative and competent workforce 6
e) Ensures effective communication 4
a) Create and fulfill vision
c) Develop positive workplace environment
e) Ensures effective communication
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
5
8
7
6
4
Interpretation:
This graph outlines that out of 30 respondents, 5 have view that create and fulfill vision is
an importance of leadership on the overall development of the organisation. It is the
responsibility of leader to create and fulfil the vision due to which goals and objective of
business can be achieved in better manner. The other 8 have perception that provide guidance to
subordinate is an importance of leadership on the overall development of the organisation. They
generally provide support and guidance to employees due to which they perform better. Another
7 have view that develop positive workplace environment is an importance of leadership on the
overall development of company. The leader of Marks and Spencer ensures that they must create
27

positive working environment within an organisation as it helps in boosting productivity and also
reduce employee turnover.
Table 5: Leadership affects the productivity and performance of employees within Marks and
Spencer
Q5) Do you think that leadership affects the productivity and performance of
employees within Marks and Spencer?
Frequency
a) Yes 22
b) No 3
c) May be 5
a) Yes b) No c) May be
0
5
10
15
20
25 22
3
5
Interpretation:
The above graph shows that out of 30 respondents, 22 thinks that leadership affects the
productivity and performance of employees within Marks and Spencer by offering them training
and development opportunity. The other 3 said that leadership doesn't affect the productivity and
performance of employees within Marks and Spencer. At last, 5 stated that may be leadership
affects the productivity and performance of employees within Marks and Spencer.
Table 6: Strategy for improving the leadership skills, performance, and efficiency of the staff
members within Marks and Spencer
Q6) What is the specific strategy for improving the leadership skills, Frequency
28

performance, and efficiency of the staff members within Marks and Spencer?
a) Develop communication network 4
b) Appreciate and value employees 5
c) Offer training and development opportunities 6
d) Implement new technologies 8
e) Focus on continuous performance management 7
a) Develop communication network
c) Offer training and development opportunities
e) Focus on continuous performance management
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
4
5
6
8
7
Interpretation:
It is being interpreted that out of total number of chosen respondents, 4 thinks that
develop communication network is the strategy for improving the leadership skills, performance,
and efficiency of the staff members which can be used by Marks and Spencer. It is important to
create effective communication between the management and employees so that they can interact
and share their message and opinion. The other 5 have said that appreciate and value employees
is the strategy for improving the leadership skills, performance, and efficiency of the staff
members that can be implemented by Marks and Spencer. Beside this, 6 have view that offering
training and development opportunities is the strategy through which organisation can enhance
the performance of employees. Through training and development opportunity company can
enhance the skills and knowledge of staff. The other 8 thinks that implement new technologies is
the ways that helps in enhancing the performance of employees. At last, 7 have perception that
29

focus on continuous performance management is the way that helps in improving employee
performance.
Table 7: Appreciating and valuing staff helps in encouraging them to give productive outcomes
in accomplishing business goals
Q7) According to your view, does appreciating and valuing staff helps in
encouraging them to give productive outcomes in accomplishing business
goals?
Frequency
a) Yes 25
b) No 3
c) Can't Say 2
a) Yes b) No c) Can't Say
0
5
10
15
20
25
25
3 2
Interpretation:
It is being determined from that total number of chosen participants that, the majority of
25 thinks that appreciating and valuing staff helps in encouraging them to give productive
outcomes in accomplishing business goals. Though appreciating staff, company can encourage
them to contribute their creative ideas and give their efforts in making business profitable.
Another 3 said that appreciating and valuing staff doesn't helps in encouraging them to give
productive outcomes in accomplishing business goals. Remaining 2 stated that they can't say
30

appreciating and valuing staff helps in encouraging them to give productive outcomes in
accomplishing business goals.
Table 8: Effective leadership style which is suitable for Marks and Spencer for improving
business performance
Q8) As per your opinion, what is the effective leadership style which is
suitable for Marks and Spencer for improving business performance?
Frequency
a) Autocratic leadership style 5
b) Transactional leadership style 4
c) Transformational leadership style 6
d) Consultative leadership style 8
e) Democratic leadership style 7
a) Autocratic leadership style
c) Transformational leadership style
e) Democratic leadership style
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
5
4
6
8
7
Interpretation:
From the above graphical representation, it is being determined that out of 30
respondents, The majority of 8 voted that consultative leadership style is the suitable style which
can be adopted by Marks and Spencer as it requires active participation of employees in decision
making process. Leaders generally consult with their employees before taking decision due to
which they feel valuable and happy while working in an organisation.
31

Table 9: Implementation of leadership style helps in improving the performance and efficiency of
Marks and Spencer
Q9) As per your perspective, does the implementation of leadership style helps
in improving the performance and efficiency of Marks and Spencer?
Frequency
a) Yes 21
b) No 4
c) May be 5
a) Yes b) No c) May be
0
5
10
15
20
25
21
4 5
Interpretation:
The above graph depicts that out of 30 chosen respondents, 21 thinks that the
implementation of leadership style helps in improving the performance and efficiency of Marks
and Spencer. Through the implementation of leadership style company can solve complex
problems and also enhance the relevant knowledge of team. Thus, leadership style is important
within an organisation as it focuses on establishing strategic planning and also clearly
communicate the mission and vision of business. Beside this 4 said that the implementation of
leadership style doesn't helps in improving the performance and efficiency of Marks and
Spencer. The remaining 5 depicts that may be the implementation of leadership style helps in
improving the performance and efficiency of Marks and Spencer.
32

Table 10: Benefit of effective leadership on the enhancement of organisation productivity and
performance
Q10) What is the benefit of effective leadership on the enhancement of
organisation productivity and performance?
Frequency
a) Effective resource management 5
b) Increase revenue 6
c) Develop good business culture 8
d) Provide training opportunities 7
e) Ability to thrive with changes 4
a) Effective resource management
c) Develop good business culture
e) Ability to thrive with changes
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
5
6
8
7
4
Interpretation:
It is being depicted from the above graphical representation that out of 30 chosen
respondents, 5 said that effective resource management is the benefit of effective leadership on
the enhancement of organisation productivity and performance. Another 6 stated that increase
revenue is the benefit of effective leadership on the enhancement of organisation productivity
and performance. The majority of 8 thinks that develop good business culture is the benefit of
effective leadership on the enhancement of organisation productivity and performance. Through
effective leadership, organisation can develop strong company culture due to which customers
and employees can be attracted in easy manner. The good working culture helps in enhancing the
33

brand image of company and also increases the morale level of staff due to which they work with
happiness and joyness. Beside this, 7 have perception that providing training opportunities is the
benefit of effective leadership on the enhancement of organisation productivity and performance.
At last, 4 said that ability to thrive with changes is the benefit of effective leadership on the
enhancement of organisation productivity and performance.
Table 11: Challenge faced by leaders of Marks and Spencer while enhancing business
performance
Q11) According to your view, what is the challenge faced by leaders of Marks
and Spencer while enhancing business performance?
Frequency
a) Providing inspiration 7
b) Handling different perspective 8
c) Managing team 6
d) Provide growth opportunities 4
e) Lack of Communication 5
a) Providing inspiration
c) Managing team
e) Lack of Communication
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 7
8
6
4
5
Interpretation:
The above graph states that from the total number of chosen members, the majority of 8
stated that handling different perspective is the challenge faced by leaders of Marks and Spencer
while enhancing business performance. Organisation generally faces issues related to handling
34

perspective of different members at same time which creates conflicts and also influence the
working environment of an organisation. The different perspective brings clashes between the
employees due to which it becomes difficult to attain the target.
Table 12: Way for overcoming the challenge faced by leaders of Marks and Spencer while
enhancing business performance
Q12) What is the way for overcoming the challenge faced by leaders of Marks
and Spencer while enhancing business performance?
Frequency
a) Communicating effectively with the team 5
b) Providing stability 7
c) Developing and mentoring employees 8
d) Boost employee motivation and morale 6
e) Guiding change 4
a) Communicating effectively with the team
c) Developing and mentoring employees
e) Guiding change
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
5
7
8
6
4
Interpretation:
The above bar chart shows that out of 30 participants, 5 thinks that communicating
effectively with the team is the way for overcoming the challenge faced by leaders of Marks and
Spencer while enhancing business performance. Another 7 said that providing stability is the
way for overcoming the challenge faced by leaders of Marks and Spencer while enhancing
business performance. The majority of 8 said that developing and mentoring employees is the
35

way for overcoming the challenge faced by leaders of Marks and Spencer while enhancing
business performance. Organisation focuses on developing and mentoring the employees so that
they can contribute their productive outcomes in making things achievable. Through mentoring
employees, company can grow future leaders and also enhances professional development within
workplace. Beside this 6 have opinion that boost employee motivation and morale is the way for
overcoming the challenge faced by leaders of Marks and Spencer while enhancing business
performance. At last, 4 have stated that guiding change is the strategy for overcoming the
challenge faced by leaders of Marks and Spencer while enhancing business performance.
36

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion
From the above research, it has been concluded that for the development of the
organization leadership is most important term because it is helps to motivate the employees
which helps in development of the organization. Leadership plays a vital role in every
organization which helps to influence the employee and motivates them to work with
effectiveness. A leader within an organization helps to guide and support the whole group or
team of employees with the abilities, skills and knowledge which helps in achieving the goals for
the organization with success. It has been analysis that there is many importance of leadership
within the organization to develop the overall business operation of the organization which
includes effective work, motivated team, achievement, facing the challenges and many more. For
the leadership there are some skills that should have in a leader including leadership quality,
motivation, knowledge, skills, communication skills, creativity, management skills and many
more. Leadership helps to develop the overall process and activity of the organization and it is
also helps to deals with problems and issues within the organization. It has been analysis that
there are some strategies which helps to improve the skills and performance of the leadership
that helps in development of the organization. A good leadership should have good
communication skills, management skills, knowledge about the organization, quality etc. which
helps to develop the team productivity towards the organization. Some strategies which can use
by organization to develop the leadership skills of employees including education, training,
strength, weakness, past performance etc. it has been analysis that there are many benefits of
effective leadership which helps to improve the performance and productivity of the
organization. An effective leader helps to motivated the employees and team and encourage them
to work with effectiveness and efficiency. It is helps to transform the organization and also
increase the growth of the organization which helps in profitability and creditability. The benefits
of effective leadership help to taking risk within the organization and solve it with effective
planning and strategies. It has been concluded that leaders should have knowledge to willing to
take risk and skills to develop the strategies for the organization to change the environment of the
organization. For effective working within the organization is important to having the effective
leader which helps to increase the organization productivity and performance with effectiveness.
37

The overall research has been concluded that leader within the organization is most important
and effective part which helps to motivated the employees and group to work with effectiveness
and achieve the goals for the organization with success. A good leadership helps to increase the
performance and productivity of the employee as well as organization. For every sector or
organization leadership skills is necessary because it is helps to develop the strategies for the
organization success and also increase the profitability. An effective leader helps to take the risk
with in the organization and also provide strategic solution to faced the risk. Leadership quality
helps to achieve the goals for the organization.
Recommendation
There are some recommendations to improve the leadership skills which helps to increase
the productivity and performance of the organization. A Leadership required some skills
including management skills, communication skills, decision making skills, development skills
etc. this recommendation will help the leader in motivation which is very helpful for the
organization because it is necessary to having the good leader within the organization who can
manage and control the overall productivity and activity of the organization. A leader playing an
important role within an organization they should have some skills which are defined below-
 Motivation: For improve the leadership skills, a leader should have motivated by itself
which is helps in encourage the team towards the work. Organization should motivate
their staff by offering them some profits which helps in motivation of the employees. A
leader should increase their motivation towards the organization which helps in
motivation of team that help in effective working. Motivation is an important part which
is helps to complete the task and work with effectiveness.
 Self-Confident: A leader should be self-confident because it is help to improve the skills
and productivity. Self-confident is a term which is helps to support the team and also
helps to motivated them. It is necessary for a leader to having the self-confident because
it is help in believe and trust with the organization and also help in working.
 Performance: they should increase their performance for an organization because a good
leader should have all the skills which help to manage and control the overall team so,
they should increase their performance. By having good performance, it is help to
increase the organization’s performance also which is also help to improve the
productivity and also improve the leadership quality.
38

 Educated: a leader should be educated for the development of the organization because
organizational work can be done by abilities, knowledge, skills. Educated leader helps to
support the overall team and also in motivation. Education is most important part for
every sector or individual which helps in making strategies, plans etc.
 Communication skills: a leader should have communication skills which helps to
communicate with group of people, team within the organization. Communication skills
is required because it is the skills which helps to improve the relation and connection
between leader and employees. A good communication skill helps to make the good
leadership quality. So, it is necessary to having the good communication skills for the
organization development.
 Management skills: they should have management skills which helps to manage and
control the overall team. Management skills help to develop the team and support the
team by encourage them to work with effectiveness and efficiency. A good leadership
should have management skills to control the team and manage the overall activity of the
organization. By having management skills, a leader should increase their performance
and skills which helps to develop the organization. Management skills help the
organization to manage the overall process and activity of the organization.
39

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41

APPENDIX
Questionnaire
Q1) Do you have basic knowledge regarding the concept of leadership within an organisation?
a) Yes
b) No
Q2) According to your opinion, does leadership plays an important role in improving the
success rate of company?
a) Yes
b) No
c) Can't Say
Q3) What is the role of leadership in enhancing the performance and productivity of Marks and
Spencer?
a) Formulating and communicating new strategic directions
b) Motivating employees
c) Communicating mission and vision
d) Resolve conflicts
Q4) According to your perspective, what is the importance of leadership on the overall
development of the organisation?
a) Create and fulfill vision
b) Provide guidance to subordinates
c) Develop positive workplace environment
d) Create innovative and competent workforce
e) Ensures effective communication
Q5) Do you think that leadership affects the productivity and performance of employees within
Marks and Spencer?
a) Yes
b) No
c) May be
Q6) What is the specific strategy for improving the leadership skills, performance, and
efficiency of the staff members within Marks and Spencer?
42

a) Develop communication network
b) Appreciate and value employees
c) Offer training and development opportunities
d) Implement new technologies
e) Focus on continuous performance management
Q7) According to your view, does appreciating and valuing staff helps in encouraging them to
give productive outcomes in accomplishing business goals?
a) Yes
b) No
c) Can't Say
Q8) As per your opinion, what is the effective leadership style which is suitable for Marks and
Spencer for improving business performance?
a) Autocratic leadership style
b) Transactional leadership style
c) Transformational leadership style
d) Consultative leadership style
e) Democratic leadership style
Q9) As per your perspective, does the implementation of leadership style helps in improving the
performance and efficiency of Marks and Spencer?
a) Yes
b) No
c) May be
Q10) What is the benefit of effective leadership on the enhancement of organisation
productivity and performance?
a) Effective resource management
b) Increase revenue
c) Develop good business culture
d) Provide training opportunities
e) Ability to thrive with changes
Q11) According to your view, what is the challenge faced by leaders of Marks and Spencer
while enhancing the performance and efficiency of employees?
43

a) Providing inspiration
b) Handling different perspective
c) Managing team
d) Provide growth opportunities
e) Lack of Communication
Q12) What is the way for overcoming the challenge faced by leaders of Marks and Spencer
while enhancing the performance and efficiency of employees?
a) Communicating effectively with the team
b) Providing stability
c) Developing and mentoring employees
d) Boost employee motivation and morale
e) Guiding change
44