Leadership and Management: Concepts, Theories, and Roles in Enhancing Organisational Competency

This report discusses the concepts, theories, and roles of leadership and management in enhancing organisational competency. It evaluates the different theories of leadership and management, and their respective roles in creating a positive work environment. The report also analyses the skills required for leadership and management in the retail sector, and provides a self-evaluation template for personal development. The subject is Leadership and Management, and the course code and college/university are not mentioned.

Leadership and
Management

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................1
Part A: Comprehensive report on Leadership and Concepts of Management.................................1
1 . Evaluation of Management and Leadership concepts.......................................................1
2 . Evaluation of the Roles of Leadership and Management in Enhancing Organisational
Competency............................................................................................................................4
Part B: Evaluation/Analysis of Management and Leadership Skills...............................................7
1 . Introduction of Chosen Profession/Industry/Sector..........................................................7
2 . Identification and Critical Evaluation of Leadership and Management Skill Required in
Retail Sector...........................................................................................................................8
3 . self-evaluation on your own leadership behaviour (style) and skills based on the outcomes
of self-assessment instruments provided during your weekly lecturers...............................10
4 strengths and weaknesses across a range of interpersonal and intra-personal skills relevant to
your target profession/industry/sector..................................................................................11
Part – C – Areas of Improvement..................................................................................................12
1 . Using the template titled “Self- Analysis”......................................................................12
2 . Personal Development Plan” areas for leadership development ....................................13
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................17
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................18
Appendix:.......................................................................................................................................20

INTRODUCTION
Leadership and management both are connected with each other and both of them plays
very important roles in an organization. It means when people or employees have any good
leader then they get proper guidance and right direction. This creates easy understanding for
them what is right and what is wrong. Leadership also helps to understand what is management
and how to manage the work and other activities according to time. That is why management is
important for leader because without proper management ideas leader are not able to do work as
a team. But the main difference between leadership and management are – In leadership leader
manage the particular department or team. But management refers to maintaining whole
organization activities. The other important quality of leader and management is to listen the
problems of their employees carefully. Then provide proper solutions for their problems because
when they provide solution timely, then only they accepted individual as leader. Proper
understanding of employees problems created positive impact for increasing their productivity
and work efficiency. With the help of effective leadership and management activities are
organized in a proper structure. Organising activities in a proper structure always give positive
output in any type of work. Positive output is essential for any organization because without
good result their reputation, position and profit are not easily maintained. Leadership is essential
for creating passion and interest in the minds of people regarding their work. Because without
passion they did not do the work effectively and in proper way.
Part A: Comprehensive report on Leadership and Concepts of Management
1. Evaluation of Management and Leadership concepts
Leadership
It refers to ability of one individual or group of individuals which helped to influence and
guide their followers and other members of an organization. Activities which are included in
leadership are teamwork, volunteering, organizing, maintaining good behaviour with others and
so on (Chandler, 2018). Those individuals who presented these leadership qualities in business
they gain the senior executive management positions. Positions such as chief executive officer,
chief information officer and so on. Good leader always tried to motivate their team members for
increase their productivity and work efficiency in work. The main focus in leadership is to
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analysing the behaviour and attitude of leader by other employees in organization. Because for
leader good behaviour and attitude towards others are necessary for maintaining good
relationship.
Theories of leadership
For fulfilling the promises and completing activities as a leader proper understanding of
leadership theory is important for him. Because without proper leadership individual are not able
to manage their team members and work easily (Leadership in Action Peter Hartung, 2020). The
elements which are includes in this theory are as follows: Behavioural theory: This theory is focuses on in which manner leaders behave with other
people. The other name of this theory is style theory and it is also based on linear
behaviour of leader. In this theory good behaviour help leader to maintain the unity,
coordination and communications effectively with others. In this theory various styles of
leadership are included such as task oriented, people oriented , country club, dictatorial
leaders and so on. Contingency theory: This theory is also known as situational theory. It is mostly focused
on situations which was handled which was handled by leader. It is necessary for leader
that they are ready to handle any type of situation. Because situation is a type of case
study and challenging part for leader (Almohtaseb and et. al., 2021). According to
situation leader are responsible for prepare a proper solution. Participative theory: This theory is also called democratic leadership theory. It is mostly
focused on high participation of employees in various activities of organization. For
engaging employees leader are responsible for motivating them. And if leader take any
type of decisions which is directly support employees, this leads to productivity of
employees. In this theory leader also gives simple conversion to their employees for their
motivation. Which leads to receive feedback from employees in form of new ideas. Management Theory: This theory is also called transactional leadership theory. It is
mainly focused on supervising, organization and group performance. It also referred to
the system of giving rewards and punishment to employees regularly in business.
Rewards are given by managers to employee when he done job successfully (Oh and
Chua, 2018). And punishment is given to employees by manager when he do any wrong
and illegal activities.
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 Relationship theory: This theory is mainly concerned with interaction or relation
between leader and employees. Because in this theory leaders are like a mentors for them,
as a mentor leaders are responsible for scheduling time foe talking with employees. As a
leader he must provide proper guidance and knowledge about their work. These type of
leaders are highly focused on making their work enjoyable and also maintain the positive
work environment and good effective behaviour are also important for maintaining good
relation effectively (Nieuwboer And et. al., 2019). Relationship-oriented managers also
received better output from employees.
Management
Management refers to directing and controlling group of people or an organization. It is a
very important part for organization which helped to achieve organizations goals, vision and
mission. It also refers to collection of ideas that are used by the management authority for
managing an business. In management theory various rules and regulations are established by
authority. And these rules and regulations are helpful for maintaining discipline, work,
operational activities and departmental functions in organizations (Hartinah and et. al., 2020). It
is also important for maintaining proper time management for completing all activities in time in
organization. In management proper coordination and communication is most important between
people. Because without proper communication information are not shared in time and due to
improper communication task not completed.
Theories of management
In management activities of whole organization are considered. For monitoring,
implementing and organising proper and effective management system are important. Without
proper management departmental functions are not maintained properly and outputs are
produced in negative way. The elements which are essential for management theory are - Scientific management theory: In this theory management mostly focused on scientific
methods which is used to perform task properly in work place. It includes standardisation
of work, simplification, scientific study of work and so on. Employee hard work is the
other important in this theory. And without applying hard work and scientific method
work efficiency are not increased and received negative output.
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 Principles of administrative management theory: In this theory are mainly focused on
quality of leader and six main functions such as initiative, equity, remuneration of
personnel, unity of direction, discipline and division of work(Rowley and Oh, 2020). In
administrative management combination of these elements are important to run
organization smoothly. Leader have more responsibility to maintain all these elements
properly for managing the functionalities of team. Bureaucratic management theory: This theory is mainly concerned on structuring
organization in a hierarchy manner. It includes chain of command, clear division of
labour, strict rules and regulations, separation of personnel and company's assets and so
on (Bennis and Thomas, 2020). This theory play a key role for implementing proper
standards and procedures in organization.
 System management theory: This theory is mostly focus on maintaining multiple
functions consistently or smoothly of the various departments. Because when leaders
maintain the work of various department systematically, then only task are completed in a
proper way. It is also important for manage the employees with correct coordination and
communication.
2. Evaluation of the Roles of Leadership and Management in Enhancing Organisational
Competency
Management and leadership plays very important roles in developing and shaping an
organisation through their effective and efficient working in formation of plans, policies,
missions and visions. Leaders and management are somehow similar but they perform various
roles in achieving overall optimisation of work and accomplish goals of organisation. Various
roles of leaders and management are given below which helps in garnering organisational
competency.
Roles of Leadership Creation of Mission, Vision and Leading role: The foremost and vital role of a leader is
to crate a vision and mission that should inspire working of individuals. Good leaders
generate and establish great values among themselves as well as among the others
(Sahibzada and et. al., 2021). Through this way a leader is able to lead everyone in their
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reach. It is important in order to, give direction to the people, collaborate their efforts and
give a clear insight of their tasks and what they need to do to achieve best results. Empower, Inspire and Motivates People: A leader should be very enthusiastic who
should inspire, energize and motivate people to do their work effectively and efficiently
for developing positive work environment. A leader needs to empower people's actions
by delegating authority, opening ideology and prise the creativity of others.
Communication is very important for leaders that should be honest and explained with
clear guidance. A team leader should emphasise on listening as well, to solve problems
and understand carefully the needs of individual to support and help them. Team Building and Leading: There are certain things that a leader should do, like
making a team approach which will help in facilitating unified efforts, involve everyone
and trust and rely on the judgements of others after careful evaluation. A leader should
bring out good in people's work and their efforts by having common touch with them,
coaching them and providing proper cordial relations and feedbacks for their works.
Group leader should help in making best decisions, lead their teams, make partial
supervisions, be like a member not a dictator and lead self assessment efforts. Enhances Trust to Encourages Positive Risk Taking: By working together or in a group
trust is crated by the leaders among the employees and the organisation. It favours by
attaining management efficiency, realising deadlines on time, retain employees, and make
them committed towards their jobs(John Fardell, See and Slonim, 2020). A team member
would like to initiate risk taking abilities if the leaders have the ability to manage risks
and support the work of employees. It also builds the faith of individual towards their
leaders and leaders becomes the key to enhance employees performance. Coordinating efforts of individuals for Early achievement of Goals: Working in a team
within the supervision of a good leader is the best way to achieve organisational goals on
time. Employees working in groups could improve effectiveness, communication and
coordination of work without any delays. Teams working in groups could have
competitive advantage and build ability to develop high skills to attain desired targets.
The employees build ability to develop swiftness in their work and avoid conflicts in
departmental works and achieve goals before deadlines.
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 Coordination or Liaison Work: The work of a leader is to eliminate personal objectives
with the organisational objectives and aims. It is a principle that aligns activity of
individuals from same group or the other groups and helps to avoid overlapping and
double works (Anandagoda, Tringham and Alonge, 2021). Coordination can be said as
management of interrelation and interdependence of various groups on achievement of
particular targets. Leaders role is to create homogeneity and synchronisation among
works of different groups to achieve organisational objectives.
Roles of Management Planning Role: It is the first and foremost role of any manager that is pervasive through
every organisation. Planning includes a series of activities that are framed on the picture
of 'deciding in advance what to do' for instance, setting up of objectives, deciding the
course of action and implementing that plan. Planning functions also involves deciding
and assigning tasks that are to be achieved in upcoming future duration. Planning
activities are important for an organisation as it encourages creativity, innovation,
motivation, decision making and provide basis of control for optimum utilisation of
resources. Organising: It is the process of identification and grouping of activities under well
defined and delegated authority and responsibility, enabling relation of people with a
purpose in accomplishment of business objectives (Umaji and Paireekreng, 2021). It can
be said to be the backbone of management as this process helps to distribute and arrange
work of group of people, facilitates management, growth and diversification, assigning
duties of individual and optimum use of resources. Staffing: After planning and organising the next management role is 'staffing'. Staffing
refers to assigning the suitable job position to the most suitable candidate that deserves
the position. The staffing function deals with the human elements in an organisation,
there are various factors that makes staffing function complex like, technological
advancements, scale of organisation that creates complex behaviour of human beings. It
is helpful in finding best candidate, increases productivity, training and development and
maintains harmony.
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 Directing: Directing is concerned with initialising organised actions of individuals
toward a common objective. It is helpful for issuing orders, instructions, action plans,
leading and motivating employees to do their works (Byrne and et. al., 2021). Direction is
the intra-personal aspect of managing that is formed by a hierarchy where superiors
controls the actions of subordinates. Directing is important to unison the efforts and
works of individuals towards attaining entrepreneurial objectives. Controlling: It refers to constant act of guiding actual performance towards the expected
performance. Controlling helps in coordination and helps proper execution of plans of the
business. It keeps an check on whether or not persistent progression towards the
achievement of organisational aims is made or not. Controlling ensures discipline,
coordination, motivation, efficiency in plan execution, etc.
 Budgeting, Financing, Evaluation and Reporting: Management evaluates performance
and makes reports whether the acts of people are towards garnering the main aim of the
organisation or not. They evaluate the financial requirements and allocation of funds and
resources over and across the business activities. Management takes care that budget and
finance shouldn't go underutilised and wastage of resources is minimal. This helps to
increase profits and capital gains through effectiveness in management of these resources.
Part B: Evaluation/Analysis of Management and Leadership Skills
1. Introduction of Chosen Profession/Industry/Sector
I will be choosing a profession as General Manager in a Retail industry most
preferentially in United Kingdom. Retail management can be said as a process of inducing
customers into a retail store and manage the items they wish to utilise or buy. Retail management
works by focusing on customer relationship management, brand management and sales
management (Tadjer, and et. al., 2020). I has a keen interest in being a General Manager in retail
sector because this sector isn't going anywhere as companies would always need someone, to
help them sell their goods and services. This supports the proposal for having a bright in-demand
scope for retail management. Another thing about retail management is, it also gives a chance to
be in charge of operations in our own store, maybe in future. This will help to develop various
abilities such as buying, merchandising and franchising interactions in new shops with customers
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and employees. It is a rewarding and beneficial career for me as I like interacting and
communicating with people and community around me. I prefer staying up-to-date with new
products and market trends that will help me to do this job more effectively and efficiently. I
posses concise ability to perceive a strong consumer focus and ability to manage or influence
people around me, this will help me to be a successful retail manager.
2. Identification and Critical Evaluation of Leadership and Management Skill Required in Retail
Sector
All leaders and mangers need to garner a set of exemplary qualities that assists them to
perform their controlling and coordinative activities to lead subordinates towards the right
direction. There are many skills and qualities of leadership and management which are required
in retail businesses.
Critical Evaluation of Leaders Interpersonal Skills: This is required to be patient, cheerful and motivate, train and
develop others Leaders qualities include ensuring training, monitoring, networking and
group working of people within a friendly environment where leader is patient, cheerful
and motivating. Communication Skills and Listening Skills: Communication refers to the ability of
speaking, listening, evaluating and responding effectively and give best results.
Communication skills are important for every leader to motivate their employees and
listen to their feedbacks to create unity in efforts. Honesty and Integrity: Honesty and integrity are two moral aspects of human beings that
ensure truth, trust and loyalty are embedded in them. One leader should be honest
towards their employees, co-workers and should try to integrate work of others and
efforts of everyone together for smooth flow of activities in a retail business. Problem Solving Skills: This skill is related to the ability of individual to work
effectively during the messed up or huffed-up situations. Situations like consumer
employee contractions may be hectic for business therefore leaders should solve these
problems.
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 Analytical Skills to Negotiate pricing and Consumer induction: The skills and ability of
individuals to negotiate pricing and calculate instantly about the profits that can be
obtained by a particular sale(Vita, Rees and Jacklin-Jarvis, 2020). Professionalism, Strategic and Operational Skills: A leader should show
professionalism in their strategies and operational activities to effectively lead their
teams. The leaders should be highly conscious in critical thinking and behaviour.
 Time Management and Self-Management Skills: By the self management and learning
skills, an individual is enabled to attain task effectively and evaluate self results which
benefits in improving them accordingly.
Critical Evaluation of Management Manage employee Schedules: It is the role of management to make schedules of the
employees and make help to maintain work life balance which is crucial for employees
efficiency and performance in business. Hire, Train and Motivate Staff Members: Managerial skills make it possible to recruit,
train, compensate and manage people and workforce of an organisation that helps to
coordinate efforts(Dichter and et. al., 2020).
 Handling Multi-dimensional activities:
◦ Work management: It will involve various tasks like preparing sales and inventory
reports and other works that are persistent in a business.
◦ Management of people: Another key skill of management is concerned with getting
the work accomplished by people and assign work to capable people who can give
optimum workings.
◦ Management of operations: It includes management of market trends and research
competitive powers to ensure completion of their works and operations of the
business. Framing business plans, policies and strategies: Formation of short term and long term
business plans policies and strategies for achieving organisational objectives is a key skill
that managers develops in a long run. Skill to mange Dynamic functions: Dynamic functions like Maintaining products from
suppliers and negotiate terms, act according to changing market environment.
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 Utilise Budget and maximize revenue and profits: Optimum utilisation of budget
without wastage of finance and other resources is the ability that is embedded among
various managers that helps to maximize revenue and profit.
 Coordination and Goal-oriented working: Managers unifies the efforts of omni-beings
to uni-results towards the achievement and realisation of goals and objectives
3. self-evaluation on your own leadership behaviour (style) and skills based on the outcomes of
self-assessment instruments provided during your weekly lecturers
Self assessment provides employees with insights into the personality traits that affects their
level of Working.
Openness (high): It is a trait that is related with insights and imagination. This trait is high as it
is associated with being more creative. High score that is open trying to do new things and focus
on dealing with challenges (Vonkova, Bendl,. and Papajoanu, 2017).
Conscientiousness (high): It is a spending of time in preparing and paying attention to detail by
having a set schedule. This is high score as lot helps in gaining of important task in timely
manner.
Extraversion (high): It is high score that is outgoing and tend to have more energy in social
situations. There is higher score as wide social circle of friends and acquaintances.
Agreeableness (high): It is the personality dimension that is based on affection and kindness. It
is low as there is little interest.
Neuroticism (high): it is the traits that includes emotional instability or moodiness. This is high
trait that is experiencing lot of stress, worries, getting upset easily and there dramatic shifts in
mood (Ratminingsih, Marhaeni and Vigayanti, 2018).
As per the analysis made from the above big five personality traits it can be said that there is high
score on different dimensions that lead to presence of high amount of creativity, time
management and innovation skill sets that can assist in the process of maximisation of the skill
sets.
From the self-assessment instrument provided in weekly lecture it can be interpreted that
I have relative knowledge about other culture and focuses on ensuring I am bale to do both
receive and provide information while taking the culture of the other individuals into account.
Although I can skill expand my knowledge on different cultural beliefs and religions. In addition
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to this, my cultural intelligence is also effective and allows me to understand various dynamic of
other cultures and how they function. Moreover, through the self-assessment it can be interpreted
that I have the necessary skills to identify cultural aspects which allow me to ensure I am able to
communicate with other through structured verbal and non-verbal means. Through the self-
assessment it can be determined that I have an affiliative leadership style which allows me to put
people firsts and provide essential support to the team members in an effective manner. This
ensure improvement in both productivity as well as performance of the team.
4strengths and weaknesses across a range of interpersonal and intra-personal skills relevant to
your target profession/industry/sector
In the present career role of working as manager in retail sector, thee are some of the skill sets
that are specifically required in order to manage the various aspects of the roles and
responsibility that are assigned in the context of professional industry:
Inter-personal skill sets: Strong communication skill sets: There is need of communication skill
sets that can lead towards performing the role of manager in retails sector. There are different
types of functionalities and skills that includes problem solving skills. Listening skills,
organisational skills , being Patient and interpersonal skill sets.
Intra-personal skills; It includes the required level of self discipline, self confidence,
persuasiveness and openness to new ideas that can assist the leaders in process of managing their
overall functionalities ion long run (Abun, Tabur and Agoot, 2021). The strength is related with
development of goals, managing of schedules so that there can be proper effectiveness of leaders
in the organisation.
Present leadership role: Presently as per the above made analysis there is presence of
organisation skill sets that helps in managing the overall process of performing leaders role.
Future leadership roles: In context of future leadership roles there will be use of communication
skill sets that will help in having the required amount of clarity in the process of communication
(Jamrus, and Razali, , 2019).
In present scenario leaders are required to be prop[et flexible so that they are able to deal with
ambiguity, deal with failures of team member and then motivate them accordingly. So, that there
is no negative impact on the performance of their team members in long run.
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Part – C – Areas of Improvement
1. Using the template titled “Self- Analysis”
Self analysis table:
Toolkit/Psychometric
Tests
Strengths Weaknesses Areas of
Development
Learning Styles
Having higher self
confidence to learn
about various
learning styles.
Communication skills There will be
development of
areas to enhance
the present
communication
skill sets that will
lead to better
quality of and
clarity in
communication
channels.
Teams Skills
Understanding of the
unique skill setts of
various team
members and
personalities that are
required for creation
of powerful picture
and improvement of
team working skills.
There is no proper
and timely resolution
of skills
There is
requirement to earn
about the way
conflicts are to be
resolved. For this
purpose
collaborative
working practises
and team working
skills will be learnt.
As per the skill sets mentioned in the self analysis table it can be said that the major
strengths are related with high amount of self confidence that is the keen to develop and some
new learnings. The main objective in this is to enhance the present skill sets and competence in
the working as a leader. Weakness is no proper presence of effective communication skill sets.
For this purpose there is need to develop some measures which can help in enhancing the quality
of the overall communication that is required to be done. It is also important that there will be
adequate clarity in the way communication is done in the team.
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Another skill sets that that is connected with enhancing the present learning styles. It will
help in the process of managing the team (Pidgeon, 2017). Team skills are having weakness
associated with difficulty in dealing with the issues that are faced in the process of managing of
team working. Conflict resolution skills are very important to deal with the conflict which arise
because of differences in opinions of the team members. There may also be issues faced because
of the difficulty in managing the situation of conflicts arising in the course of team working. So,
it becomes important for the team leaders to develop adequate learning of skill sets so that there
can be enhancement in their level of performance in long run and there can be proper
achievement of laid vision and mission statements of team.
2. Personal Development Plan” areas for leadership development
In the present scenario there is preparation of personal development plan that is required
for development of some of the areas where there will be focus on understanding there can be
self development process.
PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN
Aspiring Job Title(s): General Manager
Profession/Career:
Industry/Sector: Retail Sector
Area of
Leadership Skill
Development
What will I do
to achieve
this?
What resources or
support will I
need?
What will my
success
criteria be?
Target
dates for
review and
completion
There will be There will be Leaders will 1 December,
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STARTEGIC
thinking skills
continuous
interaction
with the team
members to
understand the
way there can
be creation of
positive
analysis.
requirement of a
team.
be able to
understand the
way others are
behaving and
creation of
positive
interactions,. It
will lead
towards
understanding
of emotional
intelligence.
2021
People management
skills
I will be
working my
team member
to develop
understand of
the differences
in their overall
personality. It
will also assist
in the process
of people
management
skills.
There will be
requirement of
regular
considerations of
the working of team
members.
The success
criteria will be
when leaders
will be
working with
others on one
to one and
group basis.
There will be
range of tools
that will help
in dealing with
range of
situations.
Many of skills
are vital
managers that
can help on
management
15/12/21
14

skills.
Innovation skills
There will be
development
of innovation
skill sets by
enhancing the
present level of
creativity and
different
thinking
approach.
There will be
understanding of
various creativity
aspect and
innovation models.
There will be
creation of
compelling
vision for the
team. There
will be a
forwarded
drive that will
help in having
a forward
notion.
20/12/21
Communication
skills
Effective
verbal and non
verbal
communicatio
n skills will be
required to be
develop in this
process.
Different online
courses will be used
for the purpose of
learning the verbal
and written
communication
skills.
Different
associated
skills with
communicatio
n include
interpersonal
skills. It will
help in leader
to be good
listeners, have
building of
quick rapport
with team
members and
there will be
string
relationship
with other
team members.
25/12/21
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Topic Current status Action points
Long
term
aspirati
ons and
goals
(5-10
years)
Innovation skills: There is
timely development of new
ideas and new vision and
mission statements have
been created for team
members to be followed.
There will be focus on further creativity
thinking and innovation in the present
scenario of organization.
Mediu
m-term
aspirati
ons and
goals
(2-3
Years)
team management skills:
There is effective team
management but still there
are some amount of
internal conflicts that are
arsing between the team
members in regular course
of functioning.
The main sources of conflicts will be
identified to understanding it long term
impact on the working of team members.
Short-
term
aspirati
ons and
goals
Communication skills:
there is improvement in the
process of writing skills but
there is requirement to
focus on the verbal
Verbal communication skills are associated
with the way of effective speaking and it is
used by the leaders in the organization.
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(1
Year)
communication skills
CONCLUSION
From the above report it had been concluded that there are various types of leadership
skills and management theories that an organisation utilises to carry out its activities effectively
and efficiently. It had also been determined that why an organisation needs management and
leadership to carry its business operations. Leadership is a vital management force that improves
use of organisational resources for improving efficiency in achievement of objectives. Optimised
leadership provide clarity of actions, purpose, motive, guidance and realisation of long term
goals. It had been understood that, effective and efficient management practices are crucial to an
organisation's boon in its activities, whereas improper management leads to complete failure.
There are many ways by which leadership affects organisation's management, with qualities of a
good leader, management is able to perform its activities in optimum ways. There had been an
assessment of the impacts of leadership on performance of retail organisation in order to
determine various theories of management and leadership on professional environment. In
addition to this, comparison of leadership and management practices had been outlined along-
with, key performance of organisation in influencing social, political and cultural environment.
At the end there had been a evaluation and examination of how leadership affects overall
activities of organisation. Leadership is a part of management and every managers needs to
posses these skills and values which helps to optimise their relation to the employees working in
an organisation.
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Action: Sharing Leadership in an Engineering Research Center. Journal of Professional
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Aravena, F., 2019. Destructive leadership behavior: An exploratory study in Chile. Leadership
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Appendix:
Section A
Name:
Section B: Self-Assessment of Cultural Intelligence
Think about your cultural intelligence in each of the following categories,
Mindfulness (awareness); Knowledge (understanding); Behaviour (skills)
Cultural Intelligence Mindfulness (Awareness)
For each statement tick the box that best describes whether you do the
following:
1 = Strongly disagree
2 = Disagree
3 = Neither agree nor disagree
4 = Agree
5 = Strongly agree
1 2 3 4 5
B1 I think about how my own culture influences the way I think
and act
☑
B2 I look for opportunities to interact with people from
different cultural backgrounds.
☑
B3 I plan carefully before I meet with someone who is from a
different cultural background.
☑
B4 After one of these experiences (meeting) I reflect carefully
and try to make sense of the interaction.
☑
Cultural Intelligence Knowledge (Understanding)
For each statement tick the box that best describes your current level of knowledge
in relation to the following aspects of culture. (please tick one only per statement)
1 = Strongly disagree
2 = Disagree
3 = Neither agree nor disagree
4 = Agree
5 = Strongly agree
1 2 3 4 5
B5 I know that language is constructed and used differently
in other cultures.
☑
B6 I know that it might be appropriate to change my non-
verbal behaviour when working in diverse groups.
☑
B7 I know the cultural values and religious beliefs of other
cultures.
☑
B8 I know that gender roles may be perceived differently in
other cultures.
☑
B9 I know that power and privilege can be viewed ☑
20

differently in other cultures.
B10 I know the marriage systems of other cultures. ☑
Cultural Intelligence Behaviour (Skills)
For each statement tick the box that best describes your adoption of the
following behaviours:
1 = Strongly disagree
2 = Disagree
3 = Neither agree nor disagree
4 = Agree
5 = Strongly agree
1 2 3 4 5
B11 When working with multi-cultural groups or teams I
have used the opportunity to check the accuracy of my
knowledge about other cultures.
☑
B12 When working with multi-cultural groups or teams I
have used the opportunity to develop my knowledge
about other cultures
☑
B13 When interacting with people from other cultures I
suggest the use of an acceptable ‘common’ language.
☑
B14 When interacting with people from diverse cultural
backgrounds I check out their understanding of what is
being said/has been agreed
☑
B15 When interacting with people from diverse cultural
backgrounds I ask questions to make sure I understand
what is being said.
☑
B16 I avoid the use of jargon or colloquialisms when
interacting with individuals/groups from diverse cultural
backgrounds
☑
B17 I adjust the speed and tone of my verbal
communication when interacting with
individuals/groups from diverse cultural backgrounds
☑
B18 I adjust my non-verbal behaviour, when necessary,
when working with people from diverse cultural
backgrounds
☑
B19 I do not impose my views, but listen to alternative
opinions when working with people from diverse
cultural backgrounds
☑
B20 I intervene if I observe cultural insensitivity or bias
being shown when working with diverse groups/teams
☑
B21 I seek feedback from others regarding my behaviour
when working in diverse groups/teams
☑
21