Leadership, Management Theories & Culture in Organizations

This report provides an overview of leadership and management theories, examining their application in organizations such as Unilever, Marks and Spencer, and Tesco. It discusses theories like the Great Man theory, situational leadership, transformational leadership, scientific management, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Various leadership styles, including autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire, are compared in terms of their impact on decision-making. The report also examines the factors influencing the development of organizational culture, emphasizing the role of top leadership principles in fostering employee motivation and retention. The analysis highlights the importance of adapting leadership and management approaches to specific organizational contexts and situations to enhance effectiveness and achieve organizational goals.

Leadership and
management

Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK...............................................................................................................................................3
P1 Different theories of leadership in relation to the activities of different organisation...........3
P2 Different theories of management in relation to the activities of different organisation.......4
M1 Impact of the leadership and management theories on the effectiveness of the organisation
.....................................................................................................................................................5
P3 Discuss various style of leadership and management in relation to different organisations..5
M3 Compare the impact of leadership and management style on decision making of the
organisation..................................................................................................................................6
P4 Examine the factors which influence the development of culture in the organisation...........6
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
Leadership is related to those skills and abilities of the person which are helpful to them
while controlling and influencing the will and the attitude of the employees in the organisation.
leadership has played great role in the motivation and management of the employees as it
provides specific understanding about the needs of the employees to the leaders which helps
them to achieve goals and objectives of the organisation. management is related to the process of
planning controlling and evaluating the functions of the employees for the achievement of
organisational goals and objectives ion the organisation. management is the basic pillar of the
organisation which has biggest role in the development and success of the organisation in the
market (Bush, 2018). There are large number of skills and abilities are present which should be
possess by the leaders and the managers to make the organisation more competitive and
productive in the market. This report is based on the case study of leadership and management
which helps to understand the concept in more effective manner. This report provides brief
discussion related to the theories of management and leadership for the organisation of Unilever,
Marks and Spencer and TESCO.

MAIN BODY
Different theories of leadership in relation to the activities of different organisation
Theories of leadership related to those frameworks which helps the management of the
organisation to understand the concept of the same in effective manner. These theories of the
management have enable the management both practical and theoretical knowledge about the
leadership. The another organisation which is taken here to do the criteria is Sainsbury Plc.
Along with Marks and Spencers and TESCO.
Great man theory
It is one of those theories of the leadership which is famous in the ancient days but the
applicability of these theories are not possible in modern day business. As per this theory of the
leadership the leadership qualities are developed in the personality of the person due to their
birth. One of the negative part of this theory is that it does not considers the development of
leadership theories with the help of efforts and training . There are many leaders are present in
the world which has developed the traits and qualities of leadership without any background.
This theory of the leadership are not valuable for the Unilever and for the Sainsbury as well. This
theory of the leadership has to faced extensive criticism in the modern day business. The Great
man theory is also used by leaders of Marks and Spencer to develop focused practices.
Situational leadership
It is one of the important theory of the leadership which is used by the managers of the Unilever
in their function of managing employees in then organisation. This theory is not emphasizing on
any particular style or the quality. This theory of the leadership states that there is not particular
style of the theory of leadership are present which is applicable in all the situations of the
organisation so it becomes essential for the leaders to become dynamic to solve the problems of
the organisation. It is very important for the management of the organisation that they develop
the knowledge of different theories of leadership (Gürlek, and Çemberci, 2020). At Marks and
Spencer, the leaders practice this theory in order to lead the competition. It is also one of the
major roles of a leader to implement best practices related to situational leadership for taking
crucial steps related to growth of business. At TESCO company, situational leadership is
practised with major focus on behaviour and decision making in employees.
Transformational leadership

It is one of the well-known theory of the leadership which is used by the management of
Sainsbury when they have to take big decision related to the change in the organisation. This
theory of the leadership is also called relationship theory because the main focus of this theory is
based on the relation between the leaders and their employees. The leaders of the Sainsbury have
developed effective relations with the employees and motivate them to reflect higher
performance in the organisation. The leaders of the organisation focuses on the motivation and
inspiration of them employees. At Marks and Spencer it is main role of leaders to focus on
transformational leadership in order to facilitate change management.
Different theories of management in relation to the activities of different organisation
Management is related to managing and controlling the activities of the employees in the
origination. It is one of the important and valuable aspect of the organisation which has provided
many returns. Management act as dominant pillar of the organisation (Hallinger, 2019). The
importance of the management of the management are increase by the huge number because of
the competition in the market. there are many theories are present in relation to the management
and other aspect of the Unilever as well as Sainsbury and Marks and Spencer and the brief
discussion related to the same are given below:
Scientific management theory
It is related to those theory of the management which is developed by Fredrick Tylor with an aim
to understand the concept of management in effective manner. the management of Unilever has
used this theory in their workplace for the management of the workforce. This theory of the
management makes efforts to use scientific methods in the management of organisational
functions and activities. This theory helps the managers of the Unilever to target the productivity
of the employees and also enables them to complete the work in effective manner. The
application of scientific management theory, also effects functioning of Marks and Spencer and
helps in desired success.
Maslow Hierarchy of need
All the employees of the organisation have some need in their personality which derives them to
complete the work with accuracy. The Maslow need hierarchy theory of the management has
sum up all the needs of the employees and puts them in hierarchy according to their needs and
desires (Hassi, 2019)(Karami-Akkary, and Hammad, 2019). It is very important for the managers
of the organisation that they analyse all the needs of the employees which has provides them to

achieve the growth in the market (Hallinger, 2019). the managers of the Unilever always work for
the betterment of their employees which helps them to make efforts in organisation. In both
companies, Marks and Spencer and TESCO the Maslow hierarchy of needs theory plays an
important role in increasing the motivation in employees.
Autocratic management
There are many managers and higher executives are present in the staff of the Sainsbury which
has provide experience and quality to the management. There are large number of management
framework are used by these managers to take the decision for the organisation. in this particular
type of management, all the decision of the company is taken by the managers of the
organisation and the role of small employees are not present in decision making of the
organisation. it is one of the reason for the negative motivation of the employees in the
organisation.
Impact of the leadership and management theories on the effectiveness of the organisation
Both leadership and management is the important part of the organisation which helps them to
manage the workforce which is the most important resource of the company. In context of the
large organisations such as Unilever and Sainsbury, there are large number of employees are
working under the company because of their business operations in multiple nations (King,
2018). It is very important for the managers and leaders of these companies to perform their
function effectively so that effective communication can be developed which leads to growth for
the company.
Discuss various style of leadership and management in relation to different organisations
The various leadership approaches used at three companies, Marks and Spencer, TESCO and
Sainsbury's are given below:
Autocratic leadership style
it is related to those style of the leadership under which all the decision of the
organisation is taken by the leaders. The role of the employees is very less in this style of
leadership. The top level leaders have provided the orders of work to employees and all the
employees has to follow their command (Megheirkouni, 2018). Not the single employee of the
organisation is allowed to provide their suggestions and ideas in this style of leadership which
leads to demotivation of the employees.
Democratic management style

it is one of those style of leadership which is used by the managers of both the organisation
because of their applicability in the market. it is one of the most important and valuable style of
leadership which is based on the collective decision for the organisation in this style of
leadership, the managers of Unilever and Sainsbury has provided considerable opportunities to
all the employee for the reflection of their ideas and suggestion in the organisation. it is very
important for the management that they develop effective strategies for the organisation.
Laissez Faire
It is one of rarest style of management which is used by only few organisations of the world
because of their complexity and risk involvement in the process. It is one of those style under
which the managers of the organisation have provided the maximum authority to their employees
for act in the organisation. this style of leadership helps to increase the efficiency and
productivity of the organisation. it is very important for the management of the organisation that
they develop effective control in this style of management so that the risk involvement can be
minimised in the organisation.
Compare the impact of leadership and management style on decision making of the organisation.
All the styles of leadership and management are equally important because all have
separate importance and applicability on the management of the organisation on the basis of the
situation. The process of decision making is one of the important and valuable process under
which the management of the organisation has provided effective and valuable returns to the
company because it helps to deliver the productivity to the organisation. in democratic style of
management all the employees of the organisation are allowed to provide their suggestions in the
management which helps to develop innovation and creativity in the decision making of the
organisation. The Marks and Spencer company, TESCO and Sainsbury's also take key and major
decisions on the basis of major approach at the marketplace. It is also one of the major role of a
business to focus on take decisions on the basis of a major approach.
Examine the factors which influence the development of culture in the organisation
Culture is related to the social belief or the tradition followed in the organisation. it is one of the
most important and valuable aspect of the organisation. the culture of the organisation has played
important role in the motivation and retention of employees in the organisation. if the culture of
the organisation promotes employee rights and benefits then it becomes positive for the
management of the organisation and helps to increase the motivation of the employees. There are

many factors present in the organisation which leads to development of the culture. The brief
discussion related to the same are given below in context of Marks and Spencer, TESCO and
Sainsbury's:
Top leadership principles
The role of leadership is very important in the development of the culture of the organisation.
leadership has provided the opportunities for the motivation of employees in the organisation. if
the principles of the leadership promote equality and free from bias then it positively impacts the
culture of the organisation (Rehman, and Iqbal, 2020). there are large number of employees are
present in the organisation which has some needs so it becomes positive for the managers to act
smartly in this condition.
Recruitment and selection
It is one of the important factor of the organisation which is related to select the talented
employees for the organisation. It is one of the important and valuable concept which helps to
make the culture of the organisation free from the negative aspects (King, 2018). If the culture of
the organisation has provided equal opportunities to all the employees, then it became positive
for the image of the company in the market (Swanwick, T., 2019). it is the duty of the human
resource managers that they develop effective and valuable time to the employees and
understand their needs and desires in the organisation so that It become positive for the
organisation to make effective culture.

CONCLUSION
It is concluded from this report that the development and understanding of leadership and
management theories are very important for the development of effective organisation. it helps to
develop accuracy and effectiveness in the organisation. there are large number of leadership and
management theories are present which helps to make the managers more effective. There are
different types of management and leadership style are concluded in this report.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
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Gürlek, M. and Çemberci, M., 2020. Understanding the relationships among knowledge-oriented
leadership, knowledge management capacity, innovation performance and organizational
performance: A serial mediation analysis. Kybernetes.
Hallinger, P., 2019. A systematic review of research on educational leadership and management in South
Africa: Mapping knowledge production in a developing society. International Journal of
leadership in education, 22(3), pp.316-334.
Hassi, A., 2019. Empowering leadership and management innovation in the hospitality industry context:
The mediating role of climate for creativity. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality
Management.
Karami-Akkary, R. and Hammad, W., 2019. The knowledge base on educational leadership and
management in Arab countries: Its current state and its implications for leadership development.
In Teaching educational leadership in Muslim countries (pp. 77-92). Springer, Singapore.
King, M., 2018. The impact of LTA volunteerism on leadership and management development: An
autoethnographic reflection. In The role of language teacher associations in professional
development (pp. 283-294). Springer, Cham.
Megheirkouni, M., 2018. Leadership and management development post-war: exploring future
trends. International Journal of Organizational Analysis.
Rehman, U.U. and Iqbal, A., 2020. Nexus of knowledge-oriented leadership, knowledge management,
innovation and organizational performance in higher education. Business Process Management
Journal.
Swanwick, T., 2019. Leadership and management: what’s the difference?. BMJ Leader, pp.leader-2019.