Leadership and Management in Workplace (Part 1)

This article discusses the importance of leadership and management in the workplace, different theories and styles of leadership and management, and their impact on organizational culture and performance. The chosen organization for this project is Marks and Spencer.

Leadership and Management in
Workplace (Part 1)

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
Definitions of leader and manager..............................................................................................3
Hard vs soft skills........................................................................................................................4
Application of leadership and management theories in the workplace in order to analyse the
effectiveness of leadership and management in the chosen organisations..................................4
Comparing at least two other organisational examples to compare the different styles of
leadership and management approaches taken for a range of business situations and how they
impact decisions taken................................................................................................................5
An examination of different leadership and management approaches taken to evaluate their
effectiveness and the impact that the role of leadership and management has on organisational
culture and performance..............................................................................................................8
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
Leadership is an art of managing, guiding and providing vision to followers in order to
achieve common goals. It is an ability to inspire the employees to achieve certain goals.
Leadership is important for company as it helps to communicate clear vision and also unite the
team around that vision (Clark, 2017). Management is a concept of controlling and directing the
employees in order to reach the goals and objective of business. The main purpose of
management is to guide the development maintain and allocate the resources for attaining the
business goals. The project is based on leadership and management in which different theories of
leadership and management in relation to the management activities in different organisation is
determined It also covers different leadership and management styles and their application in
range of business situation and factors that influence the development of culture in organisation.
The chosen organisation for accomplishing this project is Marks and Spencer, it is a retail
company which deals in wide range of products and services such as home product, food
products and clothing.
TASK 1
Definitions of leader and manager
Leader is a person who leads the group of people in order to achieve business goals and
objective. They generally focus on developing others and also practice effective cross cultural
communication within Marks and Spencer.
Manager is a person who plan, organise, lead and control the functioning of
organisation. They also focus on increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of employees in
Marks and Spencer so that they can compete in competitive environment (Groves, 2020).
Manager Leader
Manager focuses on developing employees in
organisation so that they can grab better career
opportunities.
Leaders develop overall company.
Mangers motivate and encourage the staff in
order to improve their efficiency.
Leaders focuses on inspiring and empowering
the group of people.
Manager recruit staff for vacant job position. Leaders creates new job position.

Hard vs soft skills
Hard skills generally include the skills which are related to technical knowledge and
training whereas soft skills includes personality traits such as communication, time management
and leadership. The few examples of hard skills are computer skills, foreign language skills,
typing speed, etc. Soft skills mainly includes leadership skills, communication skills, problem
solving skills, interpersonal skills, critical thinking skills, etc.
Application of leadership and management theories in the workplace in order to analyse the
effectiveness of leadership and management in the chosen organisations
The leadership and management theories in the workplace in order to analyse the
effectiveness of leadership and management in Marks and Spencer are:
Leadership Theories
Contingency theory:
The manager of Marks and Spencer implements contingency theory in order to improve
the productivity and efficiency of employees in organisation. The theory mainly determine that
the effectiveness of leaders is contingent whether or not their style of leadership suits a particular
situation. By implementing this theory, company can provide realistic view of management and
organisation (Uhl-Bien and Arena, 2018). For example, Zara doesn't focus on implementing
contingency theory in its workplace in order to increase the morale and motivational level of
employees. Organisation must focus on implementing contingency theory as it helps in making
manager situation oriented an not stereotypes.
Situational Leadership theory:
Situational leadership theory mainly focus on situational variables. The leaders of Marks
and Spencer have to change their styles according to the different situation. They decide whether
to change their style according to the situation. For example, The manager of Zara also focus on
implementing situational leadership style. Leaders mainly delegate the task to employees who
are capable and have interest in accomplishing the target in effective and efficient manner.
Transactional theory:
Marks and Spencer follows transactional leadership theory in its workplace in order to
control the activities of organisation. They give reward and punishment in order to motivate the
employees.

Management Theories
Management theories includes the ideas that recommend general rules and regulation
related to managing the activities of business (Obholzer and Miller, 2018). The theories of
management in relation to the management and leadership activities in different organisation are
as follows:
Bureaucratic management:
Marks and Spencer mainly uses bureaucratic management theory so that they can manage
the business activity in effective and efficient manner. By implementing bureaucratic
management theory, company discourages favouritism and also encourage specialisation.
Employees of Marks and Spencer have to follow the rules and regulation which is set by
manager in order to stay away from any conflicts.
Scientific management theory:
Marks and Spencer follows the scientific management theory which is developed by F.W.
Taylor and also organise training program for their employees in order to enhance their
knowledge and skills (Men and Jiang, 2016). Through implementing this theory company
provide better quality of products to its customer and also avoid the dispute between labour and
management.
Comparing at least two other organisational examples to compare the different styles of
leadership and management approaches taken for a range of business situations and how
they impact decisions taken
There are different leadership and management style which helps in improving the
productivity and efficiency of company in market.
Transformational leadership Transactional leadership Participative leadership
Zara is a Spanish retailer
company which implements
transformational leadership
style in order to manage the
efficiency and effectiveness of
employees within workplace.
By implementing
Marks and Spencer is one of
the renowned company, they
focus on implementing
transactional leadership style
in which they give reward and
punishment to their employees
according to their performance
H&M is a retail company
which deals in clothing and
accessories. The brand follows
participative leadership style in
which they encourage and
motivate employees to engage
in business activities and

transformational leadership
style, the manager and leader
creates valuable and positive
change within employees so
that they can give better results
in accomplishing the goals and
objective of business (Yuan
and et. al., 2019). This
leadership style helps in
engaging and motivating staff
in order to make them
dedicated towards the work.
Transforming leaders
generally create and manage
change for improving the
performance and productivity
of business. It also helps in
improving the effectiveness of
employees by engaging them
in work.
and efficiency. The leader of
Marks and Spencer motivate
their employees by promoting
reward so that they can
achieve their target in effective
manner. They generally focus
on short term goals and also
thrive on following the rules
and doing things correctly
(Berson, 2016). Leaders
generally motivate their staff
to maximize productivity and
creates achievable goals for
individuals at all levels. There
are various business situation
occurs in organisation which
are managed by leaders and
managers in order to run the
business in smooth and
effective way.
contribute in decision making
process of company.
Participative leadership style
helps in encouraging
collaboration and also
facilitate the free flow of ideas
due to which H&M gets
creative and innovative ideas
to organise the business
activities.
Business
situation
Marks and Spencer Zara H&M
Conflict
management
Conflict management is one
of the situation which occurs
in business, when there is a
disagreement,
miscommunication and
misunderstanding between
the employees conflicts may
In Zara many conflicts
arises due to
misunderstanding
between employees
which influence their
performance and work.
Due to COVID 19,
H&M also face
conflicts within
organisation. In order
to overcome the
conflict company
focuses on developing
the plan in order to

arise between them. In order
to resolve the conflicts there
area various strategies must
be implemented by
managers and leaders such
as avoiding, compromising,
competing and
accommodating. The main
role of leader is to listen
their problem and solve the
conflicts in order to
maintain positive working
environment (Park and et.
al., 2017). Leaders also
plays an important role in
managing the conflicts, they
focus on maintaining proper
communication within
workplace so that conflicts
may not arise.
employees are working
remotely due to which
conflict may arise
between manager and
employees. In order to
overcome the conflict it
is important to talk with
each other and identify
points of agreement and
disagreement.
work on each conflict.
The manager of H&M
ensure that the
operational activity of
business must be run
smoothly (Roberts,
2015). Leaders also
provide guidance and
direction towards
conflict resolution.
High turnover
situation
It is another business
situation which is faced by
manager and leaders of
Marks and Spencer. High
turnover reduces the
productivity and
effectiveness of employees
within workplace. It occurs
when employees feel bored
while working in
organisation. In order to
Zara also faces problem
of high turnover issues
in organisation which
influences the reputation
and image of company.
The role of manager in
H&M is to reward and
appreciate the
performance of
employees in order to
reduce high turnover
In H&M, employees
are leaving job due to
poor morale and
workload. For
overcoming this issue
of high turnover
company is
compensating
employees according
to their performance
and efficiency. They

reduce the high turnover
situation it is important for
Marks and Spencer to focus
on implementing situational
leadership style. The leaders
must change their style
according to the situation in
order to increase their
performance and efficiency
while working in company
(Pentareddy and Suganthi,
2015). The main role of
manager is to hire right
candidate for the right job
position whereas leader
encourage employees to
contribute their productive
outcomes in achieving the
goals and objective of
business.
situation. For
overcoming the problem
of high turnover leaders
also increase the morale
and motivational level
of employees.
also focuses on
prioritising employee
happiness.
An examination of different leadership and management approaches taken to evaluate their
effectiveness and the impact that the role of leadership and management has on
organisational culture and performance
In order to evaluate the effectiveness of organisation there are different leadership and
management approaches are taken into account such as participative and transformational
leadership and management approaches (Imam and et. al., 2020). By implementing participating
leadership approach, Marks and Spencer can encourage their employees to contribute their
productive outcomes in achieving the goals and objective of business. It helps in increasing the
morale and motivation level of staff so that they can work with dedication and achieve the task in
effective and smooth manner. Participative leaders generally make their employees feel valued

and in control. They also perform better in organisation as they are committed towards achieving
the goals and objective of business (Saide and et. al., 2019). It helps in improving employee
retention and also team performs well when there leader is absent. When employee give their
best output it helps in improving the performance and growth of business.
Marks and Spencer must also focus on implementing transformational leadership style as
it helps in encouraging, motivating and inspiring the employees in order to make change and
innovate new products and services (Zhang and Xie, 2017). The leader with transformational
qualities generally creates an ability to inspire participation and also accept the responsibility
willingly. They encourage motivation and positive development of employees.
Leadership and management creates an effective impact on organisational culture and
performance as they focus on improving the culture of organisation by communicating
effectively with employees and ensuring that they must understand the task. In order to improve
the organisational culture, manager and leader focuses on improving orientation and on-boarding
program. The management of Marks and Spencer provide training opportunity to employees in
order to improve their skills, knowledge and efficiency.
CONCLUSION
From the above information it is being concluded that management and leadership is
important for organisation as it helps in making business successful in market and also increase
the profitability of business. Leadership helps in improving the morale of employees and also
provide appropriate resources. They also provide clear vision and also inspires subordinates
towards the fulfilment of organisational goals. Management also plays an important role in
company as they direct and control the overall activities of business. Through implementing
leadership and management theories, company can boost the motivation and morale of
employees so that they can accomplish their target in smooth and effective way.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Berson, Y., 2016. Leadership lessons from compelling contexts. Emerald Group Publishing.
Clark, L., 2017. Implementing an institution-wide community-engaged learning program: The
leadership and management challenge. In Learning Through Community
Engagement (pp. 133-151). Springer, Singapore.
Groves, K. S., 2020. Testing a moderated mediation model of transformational leadership,
values, and organization change. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 27(1),
pp.35-48.
Imam, H and et. al., 2020. Authentic leadership: unleashing employee creativity through
empowerment and commitment to the supervisor. Leadership & Organization
Development Journal.
Men, L .R. and Jiang, H., 2016. Cultivating quality employee-organization relationships: The
interplay among organizational leadership, culture, and communication. International
Journal of Strategic Communication. 10(5). pp.462-479.
Obholzer, A. and Miller, S., 2018. Leadership, followership, and facilitating the creative
workplace. In Working below the surface (pp. 33-48). Routledge.
Park, J. G and et. al., 2017. The effects of empowering leadership on psychological well-being
and job engagement: The mediating role of psychological capital. Leadership &
Organization Development Journal.
Pentareddy, S. and Suganthi, L., 2015. Building affective commitment through job
characteristics, leadership and empowerment. Journal of Management &
Organization. 21(3). pp.307-320.
Roberts, C., 2015. Leadership Development: Education, Emancipation, Expectations, and
Ethics. Organization Development Journal. 33(1).
Saide, S and et. al., 2019. A theoretical and empirical validation of information technology and
path-goal leadership on knowledge creation in university: Leaders support and social
media trend. Journal of science and technology policy management.
Uhl-Bien, M. and Arena, M., 2018. Leadership for organizational adaptability: A theoretical
synthesis and integrative framework. The Leadership Quarterly. 29(1). pp.89-104.
Yuan, C and et. al., 2019. Can coaching leadership encourage subordinates to speak up? Dual
perspective of cognition-affection. Leadership & Organization Development Journal.
Zhang, Y. and Xie, Y .H., 2017. Authoritarian leadership and extra-role behaviors: a role-
perception perspective. Management and Organization Review. 13(1). pp.147-166.