Ship Design and System Integration

Learning at Work Programme – Work-based Learning
Project Submission Form
WBL2: U22952 WBL521 PRINCIPLES OF NAVAL ARCHITECTURE AND MARINE
ENGINEERING FOR SEAFARERS.
Elthon Rey R. Lagat
BSc. (Hons) Engineering Studies
University of Portsmouth

SHIP DESIGN AND SYSTEM INTEGRATION
Abstract
Ship design is a complex, iterative and various procedure, influenced by some factors.
Based on the vision of a customer, the ship designer must develop the most cost-efficient
ship for a designated task, in a period of boundaries of international and national rules and
regulations. Studying the best compromise within the given boundaries is the challenge for
the ship architect and system integrator. In the offshore sector, merchant vessel design is
getting more and more diverse, with more stringent rules and regulations ensuring safe and
secure operation, as well as more advanced operational requirements.
Furthermore, the physical and functional integration of systems and equipment on board is
getting more complex. 2D and 3D design, modelling, simulation, and calculation software are
playing an important part in making the design process more efficient and successful. A
successfully designed ship is the result of close and good cooperation between the designer,
the customer, the yard and the equipment suppliers. None of these players can be left out in
the process of designing the ships of the future.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract.......................................................................................................................................
Research background..................................................................................................................
Literature review..........................................................................................................................
Engineering Drawing and Ship Design.........................................................................................
Ship Structure and Construction..................................................................................................
Hydrostatics.................................................................................................................................
Ship Stability................................................................................................................................
Ship resistance............................................................................................................................
Ship Propulsion............................................................................................................................
See keeping and Maneuvering....................................................................................................
Marine Machinery & System Design............................................................................................
Marine Engines & Air Conditioning..............................................................................................
Ship Design-Design factors and requirements...........................................................................
Commercial Aspects..................................................................................................................
Operational Requirements.........................................................................................................
External requirements................................................................................................................
Ship Design – The Design Process............................................................................................
System Integration.....................................................................................................................
The propeller and engine selecting system................................................................................
Fuel consumption estimation.....................................................................................................
Specific fuel oil consumption......................................................................................................
Main propulsion shaft torque and speed measurement..............................................................
Engine effective power...............................................................................................................
Mechanical and thermodynamics relating to the main and auxiliary engineering
systems..........................................................................................................................
Thermal efficiency......................................................................................................................
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................
References................................................................................................................................

Research background
In the Historical perspective, the design of ships has been based on the nature of the
existing vessel designs and on the minor breakthrough innovations, which have helped the
industry to make some of the positive steps. Currently, the design of ships has been
developed whereby the ships are customized to meet the expectations of the clients, needs
of the market and new regulations regarding ship design and construction (Zubaly, 2018).
The modern design and construction can be categorized into two categories, i.e., the design
of ships which evolve from the research and development project of the ship designers or
the design of ships from a sustained development together with the client. The research and
development projects in most cases are independent of the contract projects and are usually
based on the long-term strategies (Lewis, 2016).
The ship designers start an innovative process, based on market studies and new ideas and
concepts. After a successful design process, the new ship design will be introduced to the
market. This report will focus on developing a broad understanding of Naval Architecture and
Marine Engineering fields such as ship design, construction, hydrostatics, ship stability,
resistance, propulsion, structural design, sea keeping, manoeuvring.

Literature review
Engineering Drawing and Ship Design
Engineering drawing refers to technical drawings which are used to clearly and fully define
the requirements for an engineering item. The engineering activities are used to produce
engineering drawings. The drawings are more than the mere drawing of the pictures; it is
also the language which is used. The language used in the engineering drawing is a
graphical language which is used to communicate ideas and information from one part to
another (Tuppe, 2014). The professional who is involved in the design of ships are referred
to as naval architects, and the architecture of designing ship is referred to as naval
architecture. The naval architects are responsible for the design, survey, classification,
construction, and maintenance of boats, ships and other naval vessels and other offshore
structures.
Ship Structure and Construction
Ship structure refers to a box girder which is composed of stiffened plates such as deck
plating, side shells platting and the bottom plating, while ship construction refers to the
building of ships and other floating vessels which includes ships and boats. The construction
of these vessels takes place in a specialized facility referred to as a shipyard. The personnel
involved in the construction of ships are referred to as shipbuilders are known as
shipwrights, the science of ship construction and maintenance, both for military and
commercial purposes is referred to as naval engineering (Collins, 2011).
Hydrostatics
Hydrostatics in naval engineering refers to the branch of physics which deals with the
characteristics of fluids which are at rest and in most cases in with the pressure in
water or any other fluid or the pressure exerted by a fluid on the immersed body (Lewis,
Principles of Naval Architecture: Motions in waves and controllability, 2018).
Ship Stability
To understand the idea behind the stability of a floating ship one needs to understand the
concept of equilibrium. Regarding ship stability, there are three types of equilibrium
conditions which can occur to a floating ship, depending on the relation between the
positions of the centre of gravity and the centre of buoyancy.
i. Stable equilibrium
As shown in the figure below, stable equilibrium is achieved when the vertical position of
gravity is lower than the position of the transverse metacentre (M).so the movement the ship
heels to an angle, the centre of buoyancy now will shit to B1. The lateral distance or the level
between the weight and the buoyancy in this scenario will result now that brings the vessel
back to its original upright position (Paulling, 2012).

The moment causing in up righting of the ship to its initial positioning is called Righting
Moment. The lever that causes the righting of a ship is the separation between the vertical
lines passing through G and B1. This is called the Righting Lever and abbreviated as GZ.
ii. Neutral equilibrium
For any ship stability this is the most threatening scenario potential, for any given surface
vessel or ship, and due to that, there is a need for precautions to be taken to avert it from
taking place. It usually develop when the vertical position of the centre of gravity
corresponds to the transverse metacentre, as illustrated below figure, in such a situation,
there is no appropriate moment, and the vessel is likely to stay in the heeded position as
soon as the neural stability succeeds, One of greatest risks regarding to this is that, in a
bigger angle of the heel in the neutrally stable shift. An undesired weight shift which may be
because of the load shifting could give boost to an unstable equilibrium.
iii. Unstable equilibrium