Theories, Principles and Models of Learning and Teaching in Education

This report explores the principles, models and theories of learning and teaching in education. It analyzes communication models and theories of curriculum development and explains how to implement these principles in learning, assessment and teaching. The report also covers the principles, models and theories of assessment and reflection and evaluation to review personal practices.

Theories, principles and
models of learning and
teaching in education

Contents
Contents.............................................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................3
TASK 1..............................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Analyse theories, models and principles of learning...............................................................3
Vygotsky 's social development theory..............................................................................................4
1.2 Ways in which principles, models and theories of learning can be implemented to learning,
assessment and teaching................................................................................................................4
1.3 Analyse modules of the learning orientation...........................................................................5
1.4 Explicate how distinguishing and fetching into account of the learners’ individual learning
preferences enablesWays in which principles, models a an inclusive teaching, learning and
assessment......................................................................................................................................6
TASK 2..............................................................................................................................................7
2.1 Analyse theories, models and principles of communication..............................................7
4.1 analyse models and theories of the curriculum development............................................8
2.2 Justification of the structure in which principles, concept, and framework of
the communicating can be adopted to learning, educating, and appraisal............................9
4.2 justification of structure in which models, theories of the program improvement can
be practically be developed in the curricula in personal domain of the specialty.................9
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................10
3.1 Analyse principles, models and theories of assessment....................................................10
3.2 describe ways in which principles, theories, and models of an assessment can be
applied in assessing the learning...............................................................................................11
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................11
5.1 Analyse models and theories of the reflection and evaluation.........................................11
5.2 Explain ways in which models and theories of the reflection and evaluation can be
applied to reviewing personal practice....................................................................................12
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................15

INTRODUCTION
Training and learning is a process in which an individual acquire knowledge by study and
something from their experience. Professional and teachers involved in a profession where they
shape the minds of young people are expected to look after the students applied knowledge as
well. Training along with education is an effective technique to bring an addition to the current
knowledge to the students, this also helps to analyse benefits or limitation of the subject matter
(Barhoumi, Alsaysi and Essid, 2022). In education, students who gets their education from a
supportive environment enables formative education; and focuses on the leaner's capability.
Building passion in learners is a part of the didactic approaches of coaches. An encouraging
environment for education helps an individual to eliminate all the obstruction in terms of growing
personality as well as attitude. This report will include an understanding of the principles, model,
and approaches while studying for in education and training, principles and models of assessment
in training and education, theories understanding of the models, theories of evaluation and
reflection to reviewing personal practices.
TASK 1
1.1 Analyse theories, models and principles of learning
Being a lecturer, I have used theories, principles and models which are discussed below:
MacWhinney's Emergentist model
It portrayed the skill which are implemented and are not theoretical in the field of the
implied experience. The procedure of gaining knowledge shows path for applying knowledge that
already exists to the creative way during idea generation and decision making. The education
system that is procedural is applied so that learners past experience can help get a better
understanding with visionary framework (Bulakh and Shandruk, 2022).
Inductive vs. deductive approaches
Being an educator in universities, the teaching approach followed by me is deductive and
inductive. This hypothesis have is contradictory for a developed curriculum learning model and
pedagogy. In learning, deductive hypothesis are formed to make learners act and think practically.
Firstly, the topic was introduced by me. This hypothesis completely 'instructor centred” when I
was a lecturer I would explain and then let all the learners practically imply the knowledge

attained by them. I taught them about concept to the rights types of verbs to my students and also
clarifying them alongside. Inductive approaches is total opposite way for teaching the learners. I
will show an example of the implicated rules of the “right forms of verbs” to my students.
Inductive approach is total opposite way for teaching the learners. I will explain this with an
illustration of implied rules for the “right form of verbs” to my pupil
Vygotsky 's social development theory
It is a breakthrough for development of communal theory, “more knowledgeable other” it
enable students to perform on one's own with the earned knowledge. Being an educator, I would
guide the average students to learn from the relatively smarter and efficient classmates, which is
known as “Zone of the proximal development”. The special knowledge occur as 'theory of
cognitive development” is implemented for an assessment. Teacher benefits students from these
learning techniques (Cho and Gay, 2022).
1.2 Ways in which principles, models and theories of learning can be implemented to learning,
assessment and teaching
Theory of personality
It was introduced by the John Dewey and Carl Roger. In this theory the discussion is
regarding the impact in the way of learning. Being an instructor, a determination over getting
knowledge on their own after the lecture, these students get collects diversity in skills and
personality. For instance, there are two types of the learners, with learning disability and with no
such disability, both have different ability in the term of learning and understanding, so their
teachers must set up the learning consisting audio format for the dyslexic students in order to be
able able to write.
Developing competency based programs
Colleges should arrange the competency development program to students or learners.
This program must consist of the of relevant knowledge and it can be practically implied so that a
learner implement it for something creative. The proficiency program would make sure the
problem solving, examining problems along with graphics solution students.
Respective learning program

In colleges, students trend to watch movies, practice in front of mirror and take projects to
develop personal skills grasping. The individual skills enhances, learner's knowledge grasping
power efficiently (Feng and Dong, 2022).
Smart target
both the student and teacher are to to examine the SMART target including, specific,
measurable, attainable, reliable and timely. It is an ultimate learning assessment in which
relationship of practical approaches with theoretical approaches gets exposed.
1.3 Analyse modules of the learning orientation
Mumford and Honey module
Peter Honey and Alan Mumford has invented a learning module in which 4 learning styles
(Pragmatist, Activistic, Reflector and Theorist) are discussed.
 Activistic- As per the activity learning style, learners or scholars gets a completely brand-
new surrounding as well as experience. Because being an experienced leader, the activist
gets precedency in this method.
 Reflector- Learners in a class with the effective observing ability is consider as reflector
who figuratively looks, at first and then evaluates any topic with an analytical aptitude.
 Theorist- It is like to grasp knowledge comes with as logical decision(Garling, 2022).
 Pragmatist- These scholar who are very practical and finds out the reason behind why
tthey are learning something new.
Learning preferences dependent on the context (Enthwistle)
In this learning, there are two type so of the scholar. In which first are those who thinks to
“get context into the head and carrying the marks to exam”. The other kind of learners include
those who think “realisation of environment and being directed to result of theory.

1.4 Explicate how distinguishing and fetching into account of the learners’ individual learning
preferences enablesWays in which principles, models a an inclusive teaching, learning and
assessment.
Hardness or gentleness of the grasping style mainly depends on how scholar grasps, that
means efforts along with attitude to understand will become easier (Hasanoglu and Zeynalli,
2022). College provide a flexible environment to identify and considering learner's own style.
To challenges their dominant preferences for maximizing learning
Nowadays, conventional teaching system is avoided by the modern learning method in
which all kind of the learners gets same treatment as others. Mean while, “my size fits all and has
been emerged where educators get advised to bring diversity through assessing their carrying out
separately. Roger Carl mainly focused on the “student centred learning” in which scholar or
students feels as a member the educating material which are appropriate for all the learners. In
institution, “individual learning preferences managers an assessment that notifies learners of their
weakness or limitation and knowledge's levels.

TASK 2
There are a number of effective ways like principles , models and theories of
communication that can be added to teaching , learning , and assessment, in training and education
. Managing the communication between instructor and learners matters on how the learners are
concentrated to learning. For efficient development ensuring the need for student's betterment, a
very extraordinary syllabus is prepared . This report will be based on the Theories, models and
principles of the communication in training and education, and principles of curriculum
development in personal area of specialism.
2.1 Analyse theories, models and principles of communication
Mentioned below are the principles , models , and theories, that are being used in collages
Language linked to the phase of the development (Piaget)
The cognitive development theory has been developed introduced by Jean Piaget in
1936. Puget believed that, the students have to develop their own intelligence involving with a
compatible surroundings rather than, the opinion which says that intelligence is fixed. Mentioned
below are the stages that explains communication development
 Sensor motor stages- In this, learners or students are inventing an exist object but it is
hidden and college’s learners could not show their thinking in the synchronized way
(Kourgiantakis and et. al., 2022).
 Pre-operational phase- The students in college are noticed that they don't see beyond the
vision they have been showed . There is incompetency to study the unnoticed fact present
there.
 Concrete operational stage- College’s learners began to understand and think
logically the about the information or data that is not supported by logic
 Formal operational phase- According to this, learners in collages tend to maturity,
analytical hypothesis and draw a conclusion of it eventually. In this phase, learners feel it
is essential to communication in effective manner.
Elaborate and restricted language code
This theory has been developed by the Basil Bernsteinn in 1971. This elaborated code does not
refer to tremendous wordbook and the off-limit codes do not tend to be the limits of the
vocabulary. Bernstein learned very interesting to curtail the spoken language for expressing

several words. So, college learners will be advantageous when mentors say few words but
students gets a lot. Mentors will never be prolix, rather than that pupils get some more interest in
listening.
4.1 analyse models and theories of the curriculum development
Syllabus is a road map of the training as well as education. College prepare a syllabus
ensuring consistency with a theoretical or practical model. The models and theories of syllabus of
the specialization are discussed below:
Learning related theories
Humanist- In such an encyclopedism surroundings, this theorem works on the fact that
students can take control on their personal learning and tutor can become more
facilitator. Humanist who are College learners are encouraged as well as motivated by the self
perception. They exploit their thought and creativity to improve themselves. Learner’s curriculum
covers the self assessment in the maximum cases (Lee and Song, 2022).
Behaviourist- This theory was originated by the Waston, JB in 2013, who claimed
that scientific discipline was not concerned with the human conscious but it was conscious with
behaviour acquisition that targets on sensual actions of learners, depending on
environment. College learners who are behaviourists robustly believe that merely rewards and
punishment can conduct one self. This theory is completely opposite to the humanist.
Cognitive- This theory has been developed the Piaget, J. In 1932. This theory believed that
the learning is considered as an acquiring process, the knowledge via thoughts, experience as well
as thoughts. It is believed by most educationalist that the useful learning as well as remembering
techniques or facts are not the same, but making the personal meanings. These developers are self
centred. As their views are regarded as their inspection, and occurs in college curriculum.
Models of the curriculum development
 Apprenticeship- When the theoretical part completed, college instructors sent to scholars
of many types of organisations and they work there as a beginners that enriches their
own learnings and also develop the skills of their own

 Economic ideological- Sole motive of the college ofeducation is not to make profit. Their
primary aim is to make most of “human resources” from merely human. Besides, a
precise sorting of the learner’s performance, a promising is a part of its curriculum.
 Blended learning- It mentions to both the formal and informal class in which college
instructors provide the education by using digital media. Both the learners and instructors
are trained on social media by college.
2.2 Justification of the structure in which principles, concept, and framework of
the communicating can be adopted to learning, educating, and appraisal
Communicating verbally- It is one of the most effective and foremost way of
communicating methods to teachers as well as students of college.
 Utilization of video to monitor session - In college lecturers make use video session for
students so they understand well and it’s more effective than notebooks.
 Utilization of voice- Teaching is done through voice which is most used as similar way to
teaching and learning. Proper communication and languages are used while this policy are
follows.
 Physical space- While communicating verbally the teacher’s instruction and give lecture
accordingly so that student should learn easily and understand well (Liu and Zhao, 2022).
1. Non verbal Method - This method refers the expression, gestures and attitude of lecturer
to students. The non verbal method is follow by the instructor of the college or university.
 Answer of body language - The body language is very most important for the teachers
while the instructor is in front. By this the teacher can give extra attention to the students.
 Emotioanl impact- The emotion sometimes are not experssible. The teacher can use tear
in this case of emotion that can be presented by attitude to the students.
4.2 justification of structure in which models, theories of the program improvement can be
practically be developed in the curricula in personal domain of the specialty
Specialist curricula
 the curricula models to program design - The colleges exercise theory of program to
plan the ability improvement program for students or scholar. These plan are held on
personification, ability development.

 Assembling requirements of the granting organisation- In order to meet the
requirement, scholar have to go to the process and create their abilities. It is an outstanding
chance for them to compete with most well-qualified personnel.
Developing curricula
 Supporting learning study- The colleges support their students for survey or enquiry. It
supplies an online installation including e-portal of the speech paper, 24 hours online query
and online assessment. So, scholar get encouraged to work.
 Use of technology- Utilization of application has an comfort to create the curricula. In era
of technical promotion, a educational institution is attached with various outstanding
learning organisations. Here, it is selecting globally demand able education (Mkomwa,
Mloza-Banda, and Mutai, 2022).
TASK 3
3.1 Analyse principles, models and theories of assessment
The models, theories and principles in assignment is followed by colleges are mentioned below:
Learning needs analysis
This development tool used by learners in finding out the learning's requirement by congregated
knowledge, behaviour or skills. The gap between teaching and learning is bridged through the
LNA. In order to fill up this knowledge gap, teacher will make or prepare an action plan for his
learners. In this theory, college's instructor assess a gap between the concept and learner's task and
then assess individual's performance, skill and attitude through the learning needs analysis in order
to discuss the gap informally with learners of colleges.
Medal and mission
College’s instructor uses the Medal and Mission model of the assessment. Medal means review of
precisely the learners or students have done well. In this, the flawless sentences are written on the
right side of margin by the lecturer of colleges.(Mohammad, Hussin and Husin, 2022).
Mission is a suggestion about by scholar what to do in their future for rectifying their mistake. In
this, college's teacher writes “show the logic more exactly in the favour of their topic choice.”

Integrated or holistic approaches
In integrated approaches in assessments, instructor assesses the learner’s
performances and expected to awake about an individual's learning, experience & attitude.
Whereas, in a Holistic approaches, college’s instructor are also learners. The perception work that
even the learners could posses a concrete knowledge regarding any subject matter.
3.2 describe ways in which principles, theories, and models of an assessment can be applied
in assessing the learning
Qualification and curriculum authority
This is an educational body of UK and it is a framework of modular learning, in this way they
fixed a criteria of an assessment for the Primary, Supplementary, university & college level
students. Teacher's have a specific planning of an assessment on the basis of which assignments of
learners will bee ranked. Being an instructor, a generalised standards of the knowledge will thrust
a person to the creative act plans.
Link between the initial and a diagnostic assessment
Being an educator in educational institution, firstly i will set up myself in order to be able to
taught the scholar. It's a first project that is performs by the all teacher. The designation
sorting defined as analyses of strength weakness attitude and skills of the learners. Those are
strongly related with the each other. If I am not trained or well prepared that how to evaluate the
students, then it is impossible for me to do this, therefore I have to learn this.
Impact on the planning and planning assessment schedule
The assessments models instantly affects an education system and training of the educational
institution. An instance, college could assess the learner’s defects and in that way provide
a individual progression reports. By this, every student is alert about there Strength, skills &
weakness. Thus , colleges has distinct to release the secondary assessments models nd value of an
assessments scheduled reduce as the results(Pawar, 2022).
TASK 4
5.1 Analyse models and theories of the reflection and evaluation

Kolb's learning cycle
I want to touch finally on Kolb's learning cycle and his model . It is a learning theory that contain
four phases being cycled every time which are:- experience, reflective observation, the abstract
conceptualization and an active experimentation. Firstly, having an experience on which the
colleges emphasizes. Secondly, college instructor review their own experience. In 3rd phase,
instructor conclude the learning and in final phase, In order to reverse the planning. Kolb's
learning style is followed by the college to measure performance of the pupils and then give
feedbacks regarding what to be corrected.
This model is great to make understand my students about the reflection and significant it has in
teaching but as per my experience people always examining and evaluating everything whether
that by their teaching delivery, learner's feed bask to outcome. According to me Usage of peers as
well as support staff it is a great tool to help in evaluating my own performance as well as the
abilities and must also be embraced to develop as a teacher..
Theory of Murphy
It argued about situation as according to this, things this would not work if we get only one
chance. More hindrances are created by this new state and thereby being a tackling component of
such problems issues are ultimate a success as per the college. Murphy recommended to
be conscious while taking any decision in a new position as this will lead to the next step of
an occurrence. Therefore, college learners need to identify, Firstly, wherefore knowledge is
significant for the new situation. Eventually, students will manage to determine the lacking and
analyse the view of a new experience (Ung, Labadin and Mohamad, 2022).
As per my evaluation, this model help my students in self awareness of the uncomfortable
thoughts and feeling. It make me and my student able to describe ourselves. By this model, I
become able to evaluate the learning, experience and events. Now my student become
capable to take appropriate decision that will help them in their future career.
5.2 Explain ways in which models and theories of the reflection and evaluation can be
applied to reviewing personal practice.
Mentioned below are the types of figures in theories if reflection and evaluation can be applied so
that personal practices of learners in college can be reviewed.
Reflection of the own practices

 Analysing the personal experience- According to me, Students of the colleges paying
attention on analysis of their personal experience. It is a consider as a self generated ability
and weakness report in which my learners or students to invent a way to get progress their
own capabilities.
 Identifying ways to adopt- In institution, I have suggested to my learners to examine the
new surroundings in which they have select adapting ways as the colleges are the only
that can lead a path but can not force them to do in their favour (Xun, Wang and Yu,
2022).
 Formal course evaluation- In this, learners in colleges create formal book to evaluate
their performance or action in every training or course. An accurate evaluation mainly
depend on the capturing power and work efficiency of learners.
Alternative approaches to the reflection
 Professional learning network- In college, learners have an opportunity to develop their
professional skill. In internet there are various website that provide free courses. I will also
help them to understand actual concept of their subject and lesson. Gathering experience
and acquiring essential knowledge for a professional purpose is very beneficiary for the
learners in term to know details regarding nay subject.
 Blogs- Practice of the blog writing increase the writing accuracy with a meaningful
sentence making. I have encouraged by all the student to practice for blogs as it will
increase their efficiency and also enhance their creativity skill. Writing is a formal part of
the job, so blogs writing will be helpful to the learners in rectifying their grammatical
mistakes. After this, college's instructor will review these mistakes (Zhang and Perkins,
2022).
CONCLUSION
From the above report, it is concluded that for learning adopting diversified trend will outcome in
improved articulation with efficiency and knowledge. Trainers are responsible for creating a
comfortable environment to acquire knowledge. The practical learning impact self motivation and
performance. Instructors should not about expensed to education is expense only it is an
investment learning is considered as a continuous process and due to this, to budget time and form

mentality is essential. The educational institutions must furnish an academic curriculum which
carries out practical learning like part time job, internship and further research in efficient manner.

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