Analysis of Learning and Teaching Theories, Principles, and Models

This essay provides a comprehensive analysis of various theories, principles, and models related to learning and teaching in education. It covers cognitive and Maslow's theories of learning, VARK model, communication models, curriculum development theories (including John Dewey's), assessment models (survey, performance, portfolio, observation), and reflection and evaluation models like Gibbs' model. The essay also discusses the application of these theories and models in teaching practices, emphasizing the importance of understanding learner preferences, promoting inclusive teaching, and utilizing effective communication and assessment techniques to enhance student learning and development. Furthermore, it highlights the role of art education in fostering creativity and environmental awareness.

Theories Principles and
Models of Learning and
Teaching in Education

Table of Contents
Task 1 a) Theories, principles and models of learning................................................................4
b) Application of learning theories in teaching............................................................................4
c) Analysis of models of learning preferences ............................................................................5
d) Identifying the learner's individual learning preferences enables inclusive teaching, learning
and assessment.............................................................................................................................5
Task 2 a) Analysis of theories, principles and models of communication and curriculum
development.................................................................................................................................5
b) Application of theories, principles and models of communication in teaching......................6
c) Application of models and theories of curriculum development ...........................................6
Task 3 a) Analysis of theories, principles and models of assessment.........................................7
b) Application of assessment models in assessing learning.........................................................7
Task 4 a) Analysis of the theories and models of reflection and evaluation...............................8
b) Explaining the ways of application of the model of reflection and evaluation.......................8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8

Task 1 a) Theories, principles and models of learning
There are various theories, principles and models of learning and teaching in the field of
education. Learning theories refers to the set of properly organized principles that explains the
behaviour of an individual in order to recall, acquire and retain knowledge or learning. Following
are the main theories of learning -
Cognitive Theory: This theory is given by Piaget that give emphasis on the change of mental
behaviour and also give suggestions of learning by using mental processing of knowledge. In this
theory teachers are encouraged to make the plans or the strategies in order to increase the
attention and focus of the students so that they can be able to understand the things properly
(Kuziboyevna, 2020). For this purpose teachers use various tools like teaching aids, visual aids,
presentations, mind mapping, etc.
Maslow's Theory: This theory refers to the motivation theory which means the students must
be motivated to learn effectively. Maslow gave emphasis on the layers of hierarchy along with
the proper support. It includes physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love, esteem
needs and self- actualization. These needs must be followed in hierarchy in order to motivate the
learners by fulfilling the basic needs of them.
b) Application of learning theories in teaching
Cognitive theory of learning can easily be applied by the teachers in the classroom so that
the trainers can encourage the students to use their state of mind in the class. This model includes
the past or the previous experiences of the teachers in the process of learning so it creates the
familiar environment for the students. This theory help the students to learn and develop the
skills such as problem solving skills, study skills, etc. effectively.
Maslow's theory can be applied in order to teach and motivates the students so that they
can fulfil their needs as without fulfilling the basic needs the students can not be able to reach at
the high level of needs (Al-Rahmi and et.al., 2019). Each level of this model shows that there is
the ability in the students if they get proper support from the teachers in the classroom. The
teacher must apply the knowledge of hierarchy needs to design the lesson plan and also the
environment of classroom. There must be the freedom of sharing the ideas and for asking the
questions in the class.

c) Analysis of models of learning preferences
The learning models are helpful for the students as well as for the teachers in the process
of teaching and learning. One of the main and the important model of learning preferences is the
VARK model which includes four types of learners such as visual, auditory, reading or writing
and kinaesthetic (Shepard, 2019). There are four main styles of learning like reflectors, theorists,
actives and pragmatics. The learning preferences of the students can be categories in a wide
range of varieties and these models help them to understand the lesson well. So, it is very
necessary for the teacher to examine and analyse the preferences of the majority of the students
and can make strategies of teaching according to these learning preferences. Teacher can divided
the class into small groups on the basis of their preferences or must combine the different types
of styles in a group. So, in this way the models of learning help the learners to improve their
understanding as well as enhance the skills of study.
d) Identifying the learner's individual learning preferences enables inclusive teaching, learning
and assessment
Students learning preferences must be priority of the teachers as it is very important for
their motivation which will help them in future. These preferences require the combination of
various types of techniques in order to gain the maximum knowledge. These practices are helpful
for engaging more and more students actively and grab the interest as well as attention of them
and also creates a multi- sensory environment in the classroom. In this context, the best way or
the style of teaching is multisensory as it refers to the way in which more than one sense is
working or engaged at a time (Lo and Hew, 2020). It includes hearing, visual, touch and the
movement that gives the students more options or the opportunities to connect with the learning
process. Some of the other ways of multisensory teaching are the educational trips, visiting at
museum or the historical places, etc. The teacher must give the environment of inclusive
teaching to the students which means to give the fair chance to the students of asking the
question in the class and also the freedom of sharing their thoughts. This will encourage them to
take active participation in the activities of the class and also boost their confidence.
Task 2 a) Analysis of theories, principles and models of communication and curriculum
development
Communication plays an important role in teaching and learning process. Mainly the
models of communication can be classified in three different categories such as passive ,

aggressive and the assertive behaviours (Cruess, Cruess and Steinert, 2019). Some of the
important ways of communication are sense of humour, positive attitude or motivation ,
understanding and technical skills, proper and effective body language, etc. The passive
behaviour source the lack of authority and on the other hand aggressive behaviour leads to the
reduction in the motivation of the individual. The teachers must motivates the learners to take
participation in the various activities in the class as well as in the debate completion so that the
level of the confidence is boosted in the students.
There are various theories, principles and models of curriculum development that help
the educational institution to improve the quality of learning and teaching process. The main
purpose of these models or theories is the development and growth of the curriculum by properly
organizing the educational experiences and also the aims and objectives of better curriculum
(Pastore and Andrade, 2019). Basically there are three main types of curriculum design like
learner- centred, subject- centred and problem- centred design. John Dewey's curriculum theory
involves four instincts such as artistic, constructive, social and expressive. This theory focuses to
made the connection between the life of the student and the subject.
b) Application of theories, principles and models of communication in teaching
Models of communication can be applied in such a way in the classroom so that it can
can give benefit to each and every student and improve their communication. Every student have
their own style of learning and this must be considered by the teacher at the time of
communicating with them (Huang and et.al., 2019). These models or theories recognize or
identified that the communication is very important for the learning as well as for the motivation
of the students. The behaviour of the teacher plays a vital role for the communication with the
students so the teacher must have a good and proper body language in order to have effective
communication with the learners. Teacher should encourage them to speak freely in the
classroom. It can be applied through engaging the students in the activities such as interaction,
debate, demonstration etc. This will enhance the communication skills of the students.
c) Application of models and theories of curriculum development
Now a days the Art education is very necessary for the curriculum in order to improve the
creativity as well as the potential of the students or individual. Art facilitates the learners about
the social and community relations, to choose and express thoughts and the truth, to enhance the
productivity. The basic purpose or the main objective of this education is to support the learners

in terms of their development such as social, intellectual, emotional ,etc. It also includes the
artistic activities which will develop the creative power of the students and that can assist them in
the future (Ivanovich, 2019). There are various or a wide range of scope in the field of art
education like commercial, industry, computing, social welfare, etc. Students must be motivated
and aware about the environment and this can be possible through the learning of art as art
education is directly connected to the environment or with the nature. So, the students can be
able to learn the importance of nature and more curious about the environment.
Task 3 a) Analysis of theories, principles and models of assessment
As learning has its own importance in the same way assessment is also very necessary in
order to check the occurrence of learning which is incomplete without assessment as it is the full
evaluation of the students understanding level of learning. Assessment in the field of education is
a process of questioning the students so that a quick evaluation can be done (Suárez-Eiroa and
et.al., 2019). The main factors that should be considered at the time of assessment are
authenticity, practicality, validity, fairness, equity, reliability and transparency. There are many
models and theories of assessment that plays an important role in the process of teaching and
learning . Some common models of assessment are Survey model, performance model, portfolio
model and observation model. These models are helpful for the quick and easy evaluation of the
students in a proper and effective way or manner.
b) Application of assessment models in assessing learning
For the application of the assessment theories and models it is necessary to use the
assessment tools or the techniques that are helpful in measuring the capabilities and the abilities
of the students in academics and also the skills developed in them in a particular subject. In other
words, it measures the growth and the progress of the student's academic knowledge in a specific
area. One of the best tool in the art education is traffic light tool as it is helpful for the qualitative
and proper assessment of the learners knowledge (Schunk and DiBenedetto, 2020). In this type
of assessment the students feedback is taken by the teachers to understand the tough or the
struggling part in the process of learning. This tool facilitates the analysis and the evaluation of
the every students where they are lacking in grasping the knowledge. In this context teacher is
the main support system for the students as well as act as the communicators that help them to
understand the difficulties regarding the assessment.

Task 4 a) Analysis of the theories and models of reflection and evaluation
Reflection refers to the practise that can be used to develop the self- awareness that are
based on the performance of the individual and also the changes in the behaviour that empower
the development and the growth of a person or an individual. Some of the models or the theories
of reflection and evaluation are Gibbs model, experimental learning, Johns model, Kirkpatrick's
evaluation model, etc (Holland, 2019). The Gibbs model includes six steps such as the situation
must be descriptive, examining the emotions or the feelings, evaluation, analyse the situation to
make sense of it, conclusion of the situation and lastly making of the action plans and also the
steps to improve it. This model is helpful for the self- analysis of the students as well as the
teachers.
b) Explaining the ways of application of the model of reflection and evaluation
By using the Gibbs model of reflection an individual can be able to improve its own
practice. A teacher can apply this model by using or analysing all the steps involved in this
model. Firstly there is a need of situation description which can help in understanding the exact
situation. The second step is to analyse the emotions or the feelings regarding the situation and
after examining the situation it is necessary to go through the evaluation part (Mulryan-Kyne,
2020). Self- evaluation help the teacher to understand the improvement is needed at which skill
and also help them to analysis the tools or the techniques that can be used to enhance the lacking
skills. After the evaluation and the analysis of the situation it is important to make a conclusion
and also the action plan in order to overcome the situation.

REFERENCES
Books and journals
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Al-Rahmi, W.M. and et.al., 2019. Integrating technology acceptance model with innovation
diffusion theory: An empirical investigation on students’ intention to use E-learning
systems. IEEE Access. 7. pp.26797-26809.
Shepard, L.A., 2019. Classroom assessment to support teaching and learning. The ANNALS of
the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 683(1). pp.183-200.
Lo, C.K. and Hew, K.F., 2020. A comparison of flipped learning with gamification, traditional
learning, and online independent study: the effects on students’ mathematics
achievement and cognitive engagement. Interactive Learning Environments. 28(4).
pp.464-481.
Cruess, S.R., Cruess, R.L. and Steinert, Y., 2019. Supporting the development of a professional
identity: general principles. Medical teacher. 41(6). pp.641-649.
Huang, Y.C. and et.al., 2019. An investigation of motivation and experience in virtual learning
environments: a self-determination theory. Education and Information
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Pastore, S. and Andrade, H.L., 2019. Teacher assessment literacy: A three-dimensional
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Schunk, D.H. and DiBenedetto, M.K., 2020. Motivation and social cognitive
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Holland, A.A., 2019. Effective principles of informal online learning design: A theory-building
metasynthesis of qualitative research. Computers & Education. 128. pp.214-226.
Mulryan-Kyne, C., 2020. Supporting reflection and reflective practice in an initial teacher
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