Legal Aid, Sentencing, and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012: Impact on Justice

This essay analyzes the impact of Legal Aid, Sentencing, and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 on justice. It critically examines the legality of justice and the availability of justice for all. The essay discusses the research aim and objective, research question, methodology, and literature review. It also examines the impact of the act on personal damage claims, civil legal assistance, and self-represented accused people. The essay concludes with the impact of the act on the personal injury and law industry.

legal writing and research communication law
STUDENT DETAILS:

ESSAY 1
Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................2
Research aim and objective........................................................................................................2
Research question.......................................................................................................................3
Methodology..............................................................................................................................3
Literature Review.......................................................................................................................3
The impact................................................................................................................................12
Conclusion................................................................................................................................13
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................14
Primary Sources.......................................................................................................................14
Statutes and statutory instruments....................................................................................14
Secondary sources....................................................................................................................14
BOOKS/Journal articles...................................................................................................14

ESSAY 2
Introduction
The Legal Aid, Sentencing, and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (LASPO) is the law of
the legislature of United Kingdom, making modifications in the legal system1. It was
provided Royal Assent in year 2012. Later, The Legal Aid, Sentencing, and Punishment of
Offenders Act 2012 (LASPO) became effective from 1st April 2013, though this act was to
be no April fools. The part II of Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act
2012, states new rules on referral fee that are paid through advocates who take on new
matters, by eliminating the referral fees legal firms are going to struggle to keep course of
matters and finish access to justice which individuals justify if they have included in
accidents.
In the following parts, the objective of the Legal Aid, Sentencing, and Punishment of
Offenders Act 2012 (LASPO) and legality of justice is discussed and critically examined.
Research aim and objective
It is essential for a researcher to assess the actual objectives of the research because it helps to
successfully meet the research. The main aim of this research is to analyze that is justice
available to all as per Legal Aid, Sentencing, and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012. The
main objective of the Legal Aid, Sentencing, and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 is to cut
expanse of legal assistance that is on proposal to individuals in England and Wales and create
justice effort. However, this act is far from faultless and has barely greeted by legal firms.
1 The Legal Aid, Sentencing, and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012

ESSAY 3
The way personal damage claims are dealt with are basically modifying and The Legal Aid,
Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 is negating individual admittance to
justice.
Research question
Following research question is discussed to attain the research objectives-
Is justice available to all as per The Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act
2012?
Methodology
This chapter facilitates depth knowledge in respect of the techniques, approaches, and tools to
perform research in the methodological way. The introductory chapter of the research
methodology helps to get the knowledge in deep regarding the methods, approaches, and
procedures to make the research study in the procedural way. This is also advantageous for
the researcher to render the support with respect to pooling material and data from the huge
number of participants and sources to fulfill the research project. Under this chapter, different
techniques and approaches are discussed to meet the research study in an ethical and
methodological way. Along with this, different approaches, strategies, philosophies, data
collection method, data analysis methods, sampling techniques and research design is
described and justified to make sure the reliability and validity of research result. Along with
this, research techniques are justified as per the research objectives and topic as it is
significant to attain the valid results and outcomes.
Literature Review

ESSAY 4
Many cases, where civil legal assistance was settled under access to justice act were subject
to what was generally regarded as the legal charge liabilities that secures public money. It
makes sure that dues, which were utilised on personal matter, were paid again by that person
at the decision of matter, or further where properties or other assets were improved or
preserved. Additionally, in various matters the claimant will be needed to pay the monthly
contribution per month to the cost. The Legal Aid, Sentencing, and Punishment of Offenders
Act , 2012 was implemented that saw important cut to extent of works which may be carried
out under civil legal assistance2. The civil legal assistance is now regulated by schedule I of
Legal Aid, Sentencing, and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012. The cuts removed majority of
private family law, which is basically divorces, economic problems on departure and
arguments between parents regarding arrangement for child from remit of legal assistance
and left various individuals, many vulnerable and many who simply may not afford to take
cases to court, not able to access the legal suggestion they will have been capable to formerly.
The reduction in civil legal assistance are expected to damagingly influence the level of
variety and the level of proficiency in the legal occupation. The advocates from Black and
cultural Minority contexts are excessively showed among those who practice in the fields of
law, which have before funded by legal assistance. The females are also more likely to
practice in fields of law financed by legal assistance before to The Legal Aid, Sentencing,
and Punishment of Offenders Act 20123. Furthermore, with the indecisive period, firms are
less capable to plan for upcoming period and execute to teaching. It will limit the growth of
expertise in areas of civil law previously financed by legal assistance. The absence of training
opportunities can discourage graduate from incoming the professions. The deficiency of
2 Misas, G, ‘lapso 1990-2010: una nueva coalisión en el campo de poder’ [2016] A. Zerda, & JA Rodríguez,
Macroeconomía y bienestar: política económica y distribución funcional del ingreso en Colombia 13.
3 Ribeiro, G, da Silva, R, ‘de Assunção Ferreira, M, and da Silva, ‘Deslizes, lapsos e enganos no uso de
equipamentos por enfermeiros na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva’ [2016] Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da
USP 419

ESSAY 5
opportunities of training compounds various elements, which may discourage people from
practising in fields of law previously financed by legal assistance like deficiency of economic
incentive and insecurity accessible by the career in these sectors. Additionally, the proof has
stated that the reduction in legal assistance financing excessively four influence the most
knowledgeable consultants in the sectors4. As the outcome, the retention of present expertise
in civil law will be influenced. Although yet to be completely realized, there are the various
broader common costs likely to appear. For an instance, enlarged self-presentation in family
law has resulted in less involvement in arbitration. Since the cuts were addressed, twenty
thousand more guardians came to court unrepresented. For the first time ever, more than half
of parents who joined court in year 2014 in private law children measures did so without the
advocate to stand for them.
The new provisions requiring candidates for legal assistance in scheduled of family violence
to give written evidence in respect of the appeal have been found to have the harmful effects
on sufferers. According to the survey in 2013 by Rights of Females, support of females and
support of Welsh women stated that half of all females reviewed who were knowledgeable or
who were practicing domestic violence did not have prearranged structures of proof to
admittance the family law legal assistance5. The capable, knowledgeable, and talented
consultants leave the migration suggestion sectors; there are enhanced risks of customers
being taken benefits of by fake migration advices advisors. In the addition of this, the
evidence given to the legislative chosen committees has focused over the connection between
infectious disease and poor accommodation. The elimination of legal assistance for issues to
4 López, P, and M'Rabet, R, ‘Reflexiones jurídicas entorno al posible papel mediador de la Unión Europea en el
contencioso de Gibraltar’ [2017] Anuario Español de Derecho Internacional 337.
5 Padilla, J, Lizarazo, F, Murillo, O, Mendigaña, F, Pachón, E, and Vera, M, ‘Epidemiología de las principales
enfermedades transmitidas por vectores en Colombia, 1990-2016.’ [2017] Biomédica 27

ESSAY 6
property owners who permit the tenanted property to fall in poor shape can pressurize the
health of people who are already at great risk of astringent infectious disease6.
A lack of funding for representation at first instance results in many clients being left
ignorant of the rights to make application. The deficiency of financing for, and improved
difficulty around the processes included in searching for leave to the appeal, provides the
appeal procedure complex even for those who are capable to recognise that they can have
grounds to make application. Extensively, resistance to cut to civil legal assistance was
hampered by the incapability of the legal occupation to take communal actions. The criminal
bar and criminal solicitors have used combined hit actions successfully to compel the
governments to remove certain most contentious planned reforms to the criminal legal
assistance like the reasonable prices tendering. This alternative was not available to civil
lawyers. The deficiency of public awareness of value of suggestion and demonstration in the
matters related to civil law is also the causative factors. This experience has focused on the
requirement for civil advocates to work together to increase the healthy proof base in respect
of the value of civil legal advices in order to oppose the claim of government and to give
information to the public of value of the work7.
Increasing numbers of self-represented accused people are appearing in courts, being left to
navigate the more and more difficult legal system8. There are also improvements in traffic
cases where mental sickness is recognised as the apprehension. Increased pressures to solve
cases by culpable plea in conditions that cannot permit it, attached with the deficiency of
demonstration, may have important effects on the blamed people and the honesty of the legal
6 Pantiu, A, Capellari, A, and Giménez, L, ‘Relación entre pastura (Axonopus catarinensi)’, [2015] lapso de
suplementación y crecimiento de vaquillonas en sistema silvopastoril. Revista veterinaria 22.
7 Merkel, F, Johansen, K, and Kristensen, A, ‘Use of time‐lapse photography and digital image analysis to
estimate breeding success of a cliff‐nesting seabird’ [2018] Journal of Field Ornithology 84
8 Lessa, F, and Ferraz, M, [2017] ‘Health technology assessment: the process in Brazil/Evaluacion de las
tecnologias sanitarias’ el proceso vigente en el Brasil/Avaliacao de Tecnologias em Saude: o processo no
Brasil. Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica 41.

ESSAY 7
systems. It is therefore very important that any modifications to the provisions of legal
assistance take into consideration how the present system supports culpable plea, and what it
means when there are no advocates to act as the final resource of the security against the
states9.
The Lord Chancellor, Chris Grayling gave the speech that the governments are rotating the
flow on the reimbursement philosophy. It is pushing up the insurance cost, and creating it
more costly to operate the car or arrange the events. It is period the entire systems were
balanced again.”At the time when The Legal Aid, Sentencing, and Punishment of Offenders
Act 2012 Bill came in Parliament, it is commented by David Bott, President of Association
of Personal Injury Advocators that, “the cutting legal assistance for medical hurts or harms at
similar period as limiting ‘no success, no fees’ is the vicious misfortune for patient whose
lives can have crushed by the damages. The drive to cut costs by forcing incapacitated
individuals to give up role of the reimbursement to make payment permissible fee is biased,
unfair, and unjustified. The individuals do not selected to be damaged, however when
carelessness occurs, the embarrassed people and faulty defendant should certainly be held
responsible completely”
The justice ministry of Justice face whole cuts of twenty five percent and the regulation that
has been approved in the law will have the important influence that has led to graying
specifying that he “would not be frightened to consider again” facets of “if it proves that what
the governments have done has made the major problem.”
The legal assistance bill stances at 2.2 £ billion, however it is planned by the government to
cut 350 £ million and The Legal Aid, Sentencing, and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012will
support the capacity of government to do that. In year 2013, Moj announced that more saving
9 Santos, M, de Brito Curto, L, and Oliveira, M, ‘experiência de uso de ferramentas virtuais frente ao lapso
tempo versus espaço na fronteira brasil-bolívia’ [2017] Revista GeoPantanal 55.

ESSAY 8
of up to 220£ million can be made each year by 2018, and these savings would come from
efficiently means-testing legal assistance and creating criminals pay for the personal trial.
The clear thing is that this act is going to hit the personal injury and law industry hard as
Legal Aid, Sentencing, and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012would ban recommendation
fee from being remunerated and expected by the law firms. Up until Legal Aid, Sentencing,
and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012, anyone was authorized to certain legal assistance
whether it be for the lawyer when somebody has been taken in prison or legal assistance to
get the divorce. It was not as refers verified as it is going to nowadays be10.
It is the lowliest in societies that are going to fight to get legal assistance, as people would not
be capable to have enough money for the legal representation. The restriction on referral fee
and improving the limit of claims from 1000£ to 5000 £ would hit most legal firms hard as
the majority of personal damage matters are valued at less than cost 5000£. It means that if
person has the accident and are permitted to compensation and it is valued not more than
5000, then person would not be capable to have the legal firms represent person, the person
will have to put the value on injury and signify himself or herself.
The cutting legal assistance will end access to justice and challenge the law rules. It is also
said by government that legal assistance will only be presented where legal actions are
essential. Inscription in the foreword for the new business plans for the new legal assistance
agencies, which has substituted the legal service commission. It is stated by Lord Chancellor
with the help of the Legal Aid, Sentencing, and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 that, ‘it
would make sure that legal assistance is highlighted on the important matters for individuals
in the groups. For an instance, when severe criminal charges are taken or kids are possibly
10 Lapso, J, Peterson, G, and Okolica, J, ‘Whitelisting system state in windows forensic memory
visualizations’ [2017] Digital Investigation 20

ESSAY 9
being taken in care. However, legal assistance will no more be available wherever the
permissible assistance is not completely essential11.
The legal advice before time is very significant. It refers that the individuals may deal with
the issue before it becomes the disaster. The suggestion before time can well save the time of
court if individuals with unmeritorious matters are told that. One of the functions of family
legal assistance advocates before the cut was to refer individuals to the arbitration. The
arbitration appointments dropped once legal services advocates were taken out of procedure.
The perspective refers to the cuts in ministry of Justice budget and various litigants in
individuals. The individual scale of the cut created as per the Legal Aid, Sentencing and
Punishment of Offenders Act (LASPO) is very important12. In year before the cuts, various
individuals gave advice under legal advice schemes before time was about 573,737. It
covered all areas of civil law involving families, welfare advantages migration and refugee
and housing. In the year 2017, this number is 140,091. The question is that what is occurring
to a person who is not able to access suggestions? When the cut to legal assistance were
projected, it is suggested by government that recommendation agencies will be capable to fill
up the gaps. The actuality is that along with high lane legal assistance firms, law midpoints,
residents suggest bureaux and the counsel agencies have also confounded by the cuts. Many
have suffered huge reduction in the local authorities award fund and charitable entities are not
able to help all the person who apply for funds. The actuality is that the individuals with legal
issues who used to be capable to access opinions are forced to do great effort on alone
without assist or purely give up13.
11 Jamison, D, Summers, L, Alleyne, G, Arrow, K, Berkley, S, Binagwaho, A, Bustreo, F, Salud global 2035: un
mundo convergiendo en el lapso de una generación. [2015] salud pública de méxico 444.
12 Waret-Szkuta, A, Alarcon, P, Hasler, B, Rushton, J, Corbière, F, and Raboisson, D, ‘Economic assessment of
an emerging disease: the case of Schmallenberg virus in France’ [2017] Revue scientifique et technique
(International Office of Epizootics) 265
13 Kubicek, M, Minisci, E, and Cisternino, M, ‘High dimensional sensitivity analysis using surrogate modeling
and High Dimensional Model Representation’ [2017] International Journal for Uncertainty Quantification 5

ESSAY 10
There used to be the consent around legal assistance and the role it made in assisting to make
sure that each resident had right of access to justice. Access to justice is certainly the basic
self-governing rights. This is very important constitutionally. This is significant that the
review of being carried out by the ministry of Justice, which will be submitted to the lord
chancellor, is taken immediately and proposal should be taken in the restructure the self-
governing deficit that has raised, not just regarding advice before time however also other
fields where modifications to justice system are so immediately necessary.
The decision of the government to cut legal assistance by 350 £ million every year has taken
extensive disapproval from advocates and protection communities like the activities to justice
basis who advise that the “overwhelming” legal assistance scratches will have the main
influence on people and relatives fronting legal issues. The act has also been assessed by the
Supreme Court president in the United Kingdom; Lord Neuberger gave speech to BBC. In his
speech, it is warned by him that the cutting legal assistance will stop admittance to justice and
challenge laws rule14. Lord Neuberger came to criticise ministers who attack judges by
specifying that these ministers challenge common faith as the judges cannot and must not
respond to the discontentment. The government is warned by the Bar Council, Solicitors’
Regulation Authority and the Law Society in respect of influence is going to have on the
legal industries in England and Wales15.
The Governments initiated the various modifications to enable the 350 £ million cut. The
details of what remains in the scope may be searched in Schedule 1 of the legal assistance,
penalizing, and punishment of Offenders Act 2012. The part I of act describes what is in the
limit. Part II of the legal assistance, penalizing, and punishment of Offenders Act 2012 states
14 Sampaio, J, ‘esverdeamento” da convenção europeia de direitos humanos: vícios e virtudes/the “greening” of
the european convention on human rights: vices and virtues. [2017] Revista Direitos Fundamentais &
Democracia 169
15 Buitrón-García-Figueroa, R, Malanco-Hernández, L, Lara-Ricalde, R, and García-Hernández, A,
‘Contraception and breast feeding. Spacing of pregnancies. Present concepts’ [2016] Ginecologia y obstetricia
de Mexico 389.

ESSAY 11
that what is not in the limit. Further, Part III of the Legal Assistance, Penalizing, and
Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 deals with support outstanding in extent16. The
governments have disinterested subsidy from various field of the civil law, involving private
family law like divorces and the fight of custody, own damage and certain medical
carelessness matters, certain hiring cases, and learning cases, settlement where individuals is
not detained, certain debt, accommodation and benefits issues. The matters related to family
law including the domestic violence, compulsory marriage, or children kidnap, matters of
psychological health, matters related to refugee and accommodation cases where home of
someone is at direct risks would still take subsidy. It is required to be noted that though that
funded matters are subject to the restrictions. The modifications have intended that the
sufferers of domestic viciousness should now have evidence, for an instance evidence of a
past opinions, before they succeed for legal assistance. The trigger proof maybe found in
regulation 33 of the Civil Legal Aid (Procedure) Regulations 2012. There are 3 main
modifications in respect of capability. These are-
 Capital resources valuation – the customers regardless of whether they take
advantages related to income, will require to have the capital resources valuation17.
 Concern in debateable asset- In the case, where customers have assets interest that are
in disagreement in the legal matter, the value of the asset of customer surpassing one
lakh £ must be involved in the economic entitlement valuation18.
 Income contribution – Some clients can require to pay the contribution of income
which is now up to thirty per cent of the disposable income19.
16 Vasquez, M, ‘La Banca Privada en el Crecimiento Económico de un país’ [2016] INNOVA Research
Journal10
17 Cardoso, H, ‘The creole of Diu in Hugo Schuchardt’s archive’ [2018] South Asian Studies 17
18 Gutiérrez, M, Milán, P, and Góngora, C, ‘Factores determinantes de las emisiones de CO2 asociadas al uso
de combustibles en el sector industrial de San Luis Potosí.’ [2016] Investigación y Ciencia: de la Universidad
Autónoma de Aguascalientes 68.
19 Aguiar Junior, V, and Vasconcellos, L, ‘A importância histórica e social da infância para a construção do
direito à saúde no trabalho’ [2017] Saúde e Sociedade 271

ESSAY 12
The Criminal Legal Aid (General) (Amendment) Regulations 201320 alter the Criminal
Legal Aid (General) Regulations 201321. Further, it make provisions for decide relation to
whether the person succeeds for criminal legal assistance as per schedule I of the Legal
Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 201222. The Lord Chancellor, Chris
Grayling has confirmed that accompanied by 230 million £230 per annum cut, the
number of duty lawyers’ contracts would be decreased by third, with fee of legal
consultation coming on average six per cent for lawyers and about seventeen per cent for
attorneys. Legal assistance is still available for the matters including the prisoner’s right
but in other trial at liberation board and protests about the circumstances in prisons,
jailbirds would no longer be given with legal demonstration. There are two tests, which
are required to be passed to take legal assistance. These are as follows-
 Interest of Justice Examination – It contains the facts of the matters, preceding
conviction, and scope of the crime or the risks of protection.
 Means test – It contains the economic condition of individuals23.
In the case, where the customers are denied legal assistance then they would be
anticipated to make payment confidentially for the charge of the protection. In case where
they are not guilty, they are capable to claim again certain or all of the defence cost.24
The impact
20 The Criminal Legal Aid (General) (Amendment) Regulations 2013
21 The Criminal Legal Aid (General) Regulations 2013
22 Cedillo-Peláez, C, and Constantino-Casas, F, ‘Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Second part,
bovine spongiform encephalopathy’ [2017] Revista de Sanidad Militar 270
23 Aguilera, C, ‘La defensa nuclear del Reino Unido: desde el comité MAUD hasta el programa Successor’
[2016] bie3: Boletín ieee 860
24 Hes, T, Manzano, M, Saldaña, T, and Montiel, M, ‘ Poverty alleviation potential of speculation crops and
remittance flows in mexico’ [2016] Rect 191.

ESSAY 13
The Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 raises reflective concern
in respect of access to justice, mainly eliminating legal assistance from the various fields of
law where it has formerly been available. The legal issue are defined in clear way by the
Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012. The needless adversarial
litigation at public expenses are discouraged. It also target legal assistance to those who
require it most.
Conclusion
As per the above analysis, it can be said that it is very important that the new description
around the law be made. It is required to challenge the claims that legal opinion is not
necessary, and that legal assistance cuts are not avoidable, and reinvigorate common
perceptive and debate concerning the basic significance of procedural safeguards and due
process. How individuals requires, use and recognize the law is essential to making sure that
any change to funding priority, services and programs avoid fundamentally recreating legal
morals.

ESSAY 14
Bibliography
Primary Sources
Statutes and statutory instruments
The Criminal Legal Aid (General) (Amendment) Regulations 2013
The Criminal Legal Aid (General) Regulations 2013
The Legal Aid, Sentencing, and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012
Secondary sources
BOOKS/Journal articles
Aguiar Junior, V, and Vasconcellos, L, ‘A importância histórica e social da infância para a
construção do direito à saúde no trabalho’ [2017] Saúde e Sociedade 271
Aguilera, C, ‘La defensa nuclear del Reino Unido: desde el comité MAUD hasta el programa
Successor’ [2016] bie3: Boletín ieee 860
Buitrón-García-Figueroa, R, Malanco-Hernández, L, Lara-Ricalde, R, and García-
Hernández, A, ‘Contraception and breast feeding. Spacing of pregnancies. Present concepts’
[2016] Ginecologia y obstetricia de Mexico 389.
Cardoso, H, ‘The creole of Diu in Hugo Schuchardt’s archive’ [2018] South Asian Studies 17

ESSAY 15
Cedillo-Peláez, C, and Constantino-Casas, F, ‘Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.
Second part, bovine spongiform encephalopathy’ [2017] Revista de Sanidad Militar 270
Gutiérrez, M, Milán, P, and Góngora, C, ‘Factores determinantes de las emisiones de CO2
asociadas al uso de combustibles en el sector industrial de San Luis Potosí.’ [2016]
Investigación y Ciencia: de la Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes 68.
Hes, T, Manzano, M, Saldaña, T, and Montiel, M, ‘ Poverty alleviation potential of
speculation crops and remittance flows in mexico’ [2016] Rect 191.
Jamison, D, Summers, L, Alleyne, G, Arrow, K, Berkley, S, Binagwaho, A, Bustreo, F, Salud
global 2035: un mundo convergiendo en el lapso de una generación. [2015] salud pública de
méxico 444.
Kubicek, M, Minisci, E, and Cisternino, M, ‘High dimensional sensitivity analysis using
surrogate modeling and High Dimensional Model Representation’ [2017] International
Journal for Uncertainty Quantification 5
Lapso, J, Peterson, G, and Okolica, J, ‘Whitelisting system state in windows forensic memory
visualizations’ [2017] Digital Investigation 20
Lessa, F, and Ferraz, M, [2017] ‘Health technology assessment: the process in
Brazil/Evaluacion de las tecnologias sanitarias’ el proceso vigente en el Brasil/Avaliacao de
Tecnologias em Saude: o processo no Brasil. Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica 41.
López, P, and M'Rabet, R, ‘Reflexiones jurídicas entorno al posible papel mediador de la
Unión Europea en el contencioso de Gibraltar’ [2017] Anuario Español de Derecho
Internacional 337.
Marini, P, and Galassi, I, ‘Relación entre celo–inseminación con semen sexado y porcentaje
de preñez en vaquillonas Holstein’ [2015] Revista veterinaria 52

ESSAY 16
Merkel, F, Johansen, K, and Kristensen, A, ‘Use of time‐lapse photography and digital image
analysis to estimate breeding success of a cliff‐nesting seabird’ [2018] Journal of Field
Ornithology 84
Misas, G, ‘lapso 1990-2010: una nueva coalisión en el campo de poder’ [2016] A. Zerda, &
JA Rodríguez, Macroeconomía y bienestar: política económica y distribución funcional del
ingreso en Colombia 13.
Padilla, J, Lizarazo, F, Murillo, O, Mendigaña, F, Pachón, E, and Vera, M, ‘Epidemiología
de las principales enfermedades transmitidas por vectores en Colombia, 1990-2016.’ [2017]
Biomédica 27
Pantiu, A, Capellari, A, and Giménez, L, ‘Relación entre pastura (Axonopus catarinensi)’,
[2015] lapso de suplementación y crecimiento de vaquillonas en sistema
silvopastoril. Revista veterinaria 22.
Ribeiro, G, da Silva, R, ‘de Assunção Ferreira, M, and da Silva, ‘Deslizes, lapsos e enganos
no uso de equipamentos por enfermeiros na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva’ [2016] Revista da
Escola de Enfermagem da USP 419
Sampaio, J, ‘esverdeamento” da convenção europeia de direitos humanos: vícios e
virtudes/the “greening” of the european convention on human rights: vices and
virtues. [2017] Revista Direitos Fundamentais & Democracia 169
Santos, M, de Brito Curto, L, and Oliveira, M, ‘experiência de uso de ferramentas virtuais
frente ao lapso tempo versus espaço na fronteira brasil-bolívia’ [2017] Revista GeoPantanal
55.
Vasquez, M, ‘La Banca Privada en el Crecimiento Económico de un país’ [2016] INNOVA
Research Journal 10

ESSAY 17
Waret-Szkuta, A, Alarcon, P, Hasler, B, Rushton, J, Corbière, F, and Raboisson, D,
‘Economic assessment of an emerging disease: the case of Schmallenberg virus in France’
[2017] Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics) 265