Ethical Considerations in Nursing

This assignment delves into the crucial topic of ethics in nursing. It examines various ethical dilemmas nurses encounter, drawing upon provided resources to analyze relevant issues. Students are expected to demonstrate a comprehension of fundamental ethical principles within healthcare and apply them to real-world nursing scenarios.

LEGAL AND ETHICAL
PARAMETER TO
NURSING PRACTICE

Table of Contents
1. Legal and ethical considerations of nursing profession which are implemented in nursing
practice of Australia....................................................................................................................3
2. The following pieces of legislation and regulation impact nursing practice........................12
3. Legislation impact on nursing practice: ...............................................................................13
4. Two professional aspects breached by Nurse in given scenario...........................................14
5. Scenario.................................................................................................................................14
6.Scenario..................................................................................................................................14
7. 2 legal requirements which are applied when writing nursing reports. ...............................14
8. Abusing Patient.....................................................................................................................14
9. Involvement of health care staff............................................................................................15
10. Ethics...................................................................................................................................15
11. Law......................................................................................................................................15
12. Application of National Safety and Quality Health Service (NSQHS) Standards..............17
13. The role of Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. ...................................................17
14. Theoretical concepts...........................................................................................................17
15. Various clinical situations will leave you in an ethical dilemma........................................17
17. 2 sources to accessing information of Australian legislation..............................................18
18. 2 requirements of obtaining a valid consent. .....................................................................18
19. Difference between implied consent and expressed consent..............................................19
20. Functions of the coroner in relation to a healthcare event..................................................19
21. Evidence required for corner...............................................................................................19
22. Civil penalty under Privacy act...........................................................................................19
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................20

1. Legal and ethical considerations of nursing profession which are implemented in nursing
practice of Australia.
a) Children in the workplace
In Australian the Legal framework of regarding Nurses at eat care centre is focused on
behaviour of nurses with children at workplace. The ethics states that no nurse is allowed to
behave impulsively with children in case of vulnerability (Stuart 2014). Nurses are liable to treat
children with patience. The ethics and legal practices of Nurses in Australia are developed to
serve quality nursing experience to children at health care centre.
b) Code of Ethics for Nurses in Australia (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia
Code of Ethics for Nurses in Australia are enabled by the government to set ethical and
legal standard for nurses to deal patients at health care centre. Further, the code of ethics for
midwives are set by midwifery board of Australia to deliver relevant maternity services in which
the nurses are trained to understand the diversity of people (James, Nelson and Ashwill 2014).
Moreover, that Midwives should serve quality services and care to woman and her new born
child. Thus, it also emphasizes on behaviours in which nurses are liable to behave and treat self
and other individual with respect and kindness.
c)Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia
Professional code of Conduct set by Australian Nursing Board are as follows:
 Nurses should be working under healthy and safe working condition.
 Nurses should practice all standards of
Profession formulated and implemented by Australian health system.
 Nurses should practice their work under legal framework set by Australian government.
 Nurses should understand the responsibility of professional standards which aims at
enhancing safety of patients at health care centre (Johnstone 2015.).
d) Codes of practice

Australian board of Health system has developed code of practice which are necessary
for nurses to implement in their professional life at health care centre which states Nurses need to
practice basic health care codes such as:
 Delivering quality services to individual at health care centre.
 To treat individual with respect and kindness.
 Instant decision making (Furrow and et.al., 2014).
 Ethical management of confidential information.
 Nurses are liable to promote and maintain sustainability of health care centre.
e) Continuing professional education opportunities and mandatory CPD requirements for nurses
The Australian board has clearly determined and defined continuing professional
development plan in which it has some set of rules and regulation which are mandatory for
nurses to follow like,
 20 hours of working for registered nurses.
 20 hours of working for enrolled nurses which is divided into 2 shifts.
 20 hours of working for registered midwives.
 20 hours for practising nurses excluding 10 hours of endorsement.
Besides, in this health care centre provides education information and training to Nurses
in order to enhance their level of understanding (O'byrne, Holmes and Roy 2015).
f) Direct and indirect discrimination and its implications.
Discrimination has become the part of system which is increasing biasness and
inequalities in the country. Further there are two types of discrimination faced by Nurses at
Australian Health care centres which are as follows:
Direct discrimination in Healthcare centre can be when the nurses are being treated
unequally by management in terms of time work or anything.
Indirect discrimination is when the nurses are asked to work overtime without any pay or
work. It can be done in many ways like, by scolding and insulting in front of colleagues or
patients (Norman and Ryrie, 2013).

Therefore, to avoid such practices the Australian board has defined set of rules, ethics and
practices which decrease the chances of discrimination. The board has policies and procedures in
which there is clear set of procedure of work and time for every type of Nurse which reduces the
chance of developing inequalities.
g) Duty of care of an enrolled nurse
It is the duty of Nurses to follow duty of care which are formulated to protect the right of
individual at heath care centre. The Australian Board has clearly defined duties for enrolled
nurses which are described under:
 Nurses are trained to quickly respond to the situation.
 Nurses are liable to respond to colleagues in case of any emergency.
 Nurses should always be present wit the patient (Fortinash and Worret 2014).
 Most importantly the nurses are liable to improve their quality of delivering service until
death.
 Respond with kindness and respect.
 Nurses should maintain calm and harmony within the health care centre.
 Nurses should understand the criteria of reducing isolation, fear and anxiety from
individuals mind.
H) Equal employment opportunity (EEO)
Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) are established by Australian board at health care
centre to make environment free from discrimination, harassment and inconsideration of
providing job opportunities which are available for every skilled and capable nurses regardless of
sexual preference, disability, gender, age, race, marital or parental status and religion. Beside, the
organisations are also liable to comply with the regulations enforced by government of U.S.
Which is Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).
I) Human rights including access to healthcare

Human rights are related to each other in context to freedom and rights and are equal for
all the citizens of the country. The humans which are implemented at Australian health care
centre to support and protect the rights of individuals which are described under:
 Nurses are provided safe and environment to work in which the individuals are liable to
speak for their rights and allowed to enjoy liberty and life keeping the environment of
health care (Weiss and Tappen 2014.).
 Provided access to quality food and water and shelter.
j) Informed consent
It plays a vital role as it is the core duty of nurses to maintain the procedure of informed
consent which is maintaining appropriate record and documents of patient under defined
procedure of health care centre. Further, informed consent assist Nurses in keeping a record of
all health care facilities and amenities (Hood 2013.). Thus, most important it is the core duty of
nurses to keep patients and its family informed about all the procedure and medication regarding
the health of individual in which the Nurses are liable to take sign of people handling patient but
the individual should be of at least 18 years.
k) Professional indemnity insurance arrangements for enrolled nurses
The Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA) enacts the rules set by the
Health Practitioner Regulation National Law. Further, NMBA regulates the practice and ethics
of midwives and nurses in health care centre. Te ultimate motive of enacting this is to protect the
rights of individual at hospitals. The NMBA keeps developing standards, guidelines and code of
ethics which are mandatory to be followed by Midwives and nurses. Moreover, section 129 of
the National Law, in which nurses must not practise the profession in which the individuals are
not registered unless appropriate professional indemnity insurance (PII) arrangements are in
force in relation to ethics and services. This section is enforced to reduce the risk of decline in
quality of services in health care centres.
l) Public liability insurance arrangements for enrolled nurses.
Australian board has set some rule to protect the right of individual to whom nurses andle
outside hospital which are as follows:

 In these hospitals monitor over all the activities of nurses regarding patient like its,
continuous observing, maintaining records about patients health and administering
medication prescribed to individuals.
 Moreover, the enrolled nurses work under registered nurse in which the nurses are liable
to report about patients detail to registered nurse of health care centre (Basevi, Reid and
Godbold 2014).
 The rules of nurses in rural areas a little different because areas are distant and isolated
and therefore the nurses are allowed to take decision in case of emergency.
m) Life and death issues:
• Power of attorney
In this the Nurses are trained to get the documents signed in which the health care centre
clearly states about patients health conditions. The documents include all the specific details
about patient and its family. Moreover, the nurses at Australian health care centre are liable to
mention detail about every diagnosed report of patient which helps the individual in making
mind for signing Attorney because the system of signing power of Attorney emphasize on
making family of patient clear that in case anything happens to patient in between or after
operations the doctors and hospitals are not liable for the same. For this process, Nurse has to
make sure that the person who is signing the papers is responsible and is in close relation to
patient like, its mother, father, wife, husband, brother and sister above 18 years of age.
• Living wills and advanced directives (advanced care plan)
After diagnosis of Patients situation and health, the nurses share appropriate information
regarding Advanced treatment which is required to be given to individual. In this the Nurses are
trained to choose some responsible member of family because while treatment sometimes patient
looses its will of recovering and living (Sanko, Mckay and Rogers 2016. ). It is important for
nurses to determine every possible strategies which can help the individual in recovering.
• Guardianship
It is important for the Nurses to report to guardians about patients health and records as it
assist them in determining the recovery of individuals. Moreover, the Australian board has

determined that Nurses act as a guardian of patient in case there is no family member to look
after (Alspach 2013).
n) Mandatory reporting
Mandatory reporting is the factor which ensures that the health practitioners need to make
disclosure of every information about patients health to its immediate guardians and family
members. The process assists the nurses and health care centre to prevent risk to the health of
patient and harm to organisations reputation. Te report guidelines includes:
 Voluntary notification: In this the health practitioners have to disclose every detail
about behaviours of individual and risk involved in conduction health operations.
 Notifiable Conduct: This conduct is enacted under National law of section 140 which
states that no practitioner of health care employee can intake Alcohol and drug during
practice (Baldwin and Barker 2013).
o) Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia nursing practice guidelines, standards and fact
sheets: Enrolled nurse competency standards for practice.
It mandatory for Australian heal care centre to comply with the given guidelines,
standards and statement of fact sheet in order to ensure stability of working environment
(Position statement on the role of nurses and midwives in a national emergency 2017). Some
basic standards, policies and guidelines which are followed by Health practitioners are described
under:
Standards
 In this the nurses have to think critically about every situation at health care centre
 Health practitioners should only engage in professional relation with employees and
patients at health care centre.
 Nurses should have capability and skills of practising (Veatch and Ross 2014).
 Professional boundaries 90 words
Professional practice guidelines

 Under National law Australia, the health care centre should provide regular training and
development session to Nurses and midwives.
 Moreover, under this law the Hospital are liable to make sure that Nurses are
performing their duties and functions with complete effectiveness and efficiency.
Decision-making framework (DMF) including the nursing flowchart
The decision making flow chart followed by Australian Nurses comprises, Scope of
practice, Capacity of heath care organisation, Training and development, Accountability,
confidence, experience, support, risk management, Integration, supervision and legal authority
and regulations. The factors ensure that the decision taken by Nurses in case of emergency are
beneficial and appropriate according to the situation of individuals (Koutoukidis, Stainton and
Hughson 2016.).
Re-entry to practice
The re entry policy applies to people who once are registered under practising health care
services in Australia and are searching for general registration because of lapse in practice for
five or more tan 5 years. Further, it also allows people seeking for registration who have not
practised but have registered. Thus, it also assists individual who holds core knowledge and
qualification regarding mental and physical health.
Registration guidelines
For registering under practising at health care centres, an individual should follow basic
guideline's which are as follows:
 Person should not hold any record under criminal activities.
 Individual should understand English language and should be eligible to properly
communicate in English (Fortinash and Worret 2014).
 Person should be qualified as per the practice requirement.
 Individual should agree to all the policies mentioned under Continuous professional
development.
 Health practitioner should follow the rules of Endorsed practising nurse which ensures
that person should deliver satisfactory professional performance.

Recency of practice fact sheet
This states that nurse should maintain adequate connection with recent practices of profession
from day of qualifying and registered. In this the Practitioner is liable to perform its function
effectively without expecting any kind of remuneration and appreciation.
p) Privacy and confidentiality
It is the duty of Nurse to keep the information and diagnosis of patients confidential and
is liable to share them wit one or two close family members. Misleading and misinterpretation of
Patients information is a punishable offense under the justice system of Australia.
q) Disclosure of health information
Further, it is important for Health practitioners to disclose every basic detail about
patients health to its family members. Informing about all the process and medication assist the
nurses in maintaining the among between heat care centre and reduces the chance of risk.
r) Australian Safety and Quality Framework for Health Care.
Australian health care organisations aims at providing safe and high quality of services to
individuals in which it sets about various action to attain the determined objectives. The system
is consumers based in which the ultimate aim of the firms are to deliver healthy and safe
environment to patients.
s) Policy frameworks for nursing practice, e.g. Social media policy
Social media provides plat form to the individual to share opinions, views, knowledge,
experience which can be beneficial for the organisation. Social media creates a reminder to
Health practitioners about various changes which are necessary to be implemented in practice.
Moreover, the national law also complies with the guidelines provided by social media which
establishes restriction about advertising done by Health practitioners. Further, it sets relevant
codes of conduct for connection wit people trough social media. These social media policies are
beneficial in developing understanding about individual roles and responsibilities regarding
practising at health care centre. Apart from this, This policy was developed jointly by the
National Boards of Australia assist practitioners to understand their restrictions, duty and
responsibility towards the firm for which the individual is working.

t) Ethical decision making models
The Australian heath care practitioners uses 2 ethical decision making model which are:
 Participative decision making process: In this the Nurses gave clearly defined steps to
identify and evaluate the problems and loopholes in order to improve efficiency and
effectiveness in their work. This involves 2 steps of decision making in which the
individual first focus on defining problems after which the practitioner implements
various kinds of strategy like, forecasting, market analysis, targeting, advising, seeking
expertise solution, evaluating data. At last the individual develops the best solution to
problems (O'byrne, Holmes and Roy 2015).
 Venn Diagram Model: The Australian Heath care centre uses this model to analyse
various ethical solution of practitioner problem. This model provides 3 mixed step
solution in which it includes Ethical responsibility, Economic responsibility and legal
responsibility. Making use of this model to determine solution helps the organisation in
discovering appropriate solution which includes all the responsibility which a practitioner
and health care centre should follow.
u) Contemporary ethical concepts and principles in nursing.
Implementing the use of ethical principles assist the health care organisation inn
establishing equal and stable working environment for all Nurses. Some ethical principles which
are implemented in Australian health care centre are as follows:
Autonomy: In this the health practitioners have right to make own decision in case of
emergency.
Beneficence: In this Nurses ensure that their work and practices are for good purpose and
not harming the rights or health of any individual.
Veracity: Under this principle, the nurses are liable to disclose every basic detail about
the health of patient to its immediate guardian that is telling truth without playing tactics (Basevi,
Reid and Godbold 2014).
Non-maleficence: This ensures that no harm or interruption is created in lives of patients
at health care centre due to functioning of nurses.

Justice: This principles ensures tat Nurses should maintain appropriate relation and
behaviour with the individuals at heath care centres.
2. The following pieces of legislation and regulation impact nursing practice.
a.a) Privacy Act 1988 (Commonwealth)
This act in Australia aims promoting the protection of the privacy of individuals at health
care centre. Further it is implemented in Australian heath cares to provide base for nationally
consistent legislation of privacy and handling of confidential and personal information of
individual. Moreover, it is beneficial in establishing responsible and transparent process of
handling personal information by health practitioners.
a.b) My Health Records Act 2012 (Commonwealth)
This act in Australian health care centre assist Nurses in overcoming the fragmentation of
patients health information. Further, it is implemented to improve the availability appropriate
information regarding patients health conditions. Besides, it is beneficial in reducing occurrence
of adverse and duplicacy in medication situations. Thus, it is used by Australian heath care
system to improve the coordination and quality of healthcare services provided to health
practitioners to patients.
a.c) Aged Care Act 1997 (Commonwealth)
This act is implemented in Australian Hospitals to maintain adequate supply for fund for
aged care and to deliver high quality of care and accommodation facilities by Nurses of Aged
people in the centre. Further, it helps the organisation in protecting the health and well- being of
aged people and it also ensures that services delivered old people are diverse, quality, flexible
and responsive.
a.d)Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (Commonwealth)
This act in Australia Health care system aims at protecting the rights of individual against
discrimination on the basis of disability like, work, education, Knowledge, access to premises,
accommodation, goods, services and land. Further, it ensures that persons with disabilities share
equal rights of equality at all levels of society.
a.e) Criminal Code Act 1995 (Commonwealth)

This act is implemented in Australian health care centre to secure the rights of individual
from criminal activities. Moreover, its aims is to establish safe and healthy environment for
patients. According to it is the organisation has very strict polices and procedure in which the
nurses can not intake drugs and Alcohol at the time of practice. Further, to protect crime the
Australian boards as made a compulsion of health care centre in which the organisation need to
establish camera at every possible corner in order to protect rights of individual in hospital.
a.f) Work Health and Safety Regulations 2011 (Commonwealth)
Work and safety regulations act in Australian health care centre are implemented in the
organisation to provide healthy and safety work environment to employees and to customers. It
is important for firm to comply with the act in order to maintain stability of environment.
3. Legislation impact on nursing practice:
Health Practitioner Regulation National Law Act: the health practitioner are the person
who provide health treatment to various person. They should perform their role in specific
manner.
Health (drugs and poisons) legislation: This law is regulated by national boards. The
main aim behind making this is to define prone and cons of using this drugs. They take steps in
order to mitigate drugs addicts.
Mental health legislation: The main aim behind making of this legislation is to provide
compulsory detention and treatment to people who are suffering from mental disease.
Anti-discrimination legislation: The discrimination can be based on following activities
are like age, sex. Caste, and group. The main aim of this act is to promote equality by protecting
from unfair discrimination in certain areas like sexual harassment etc.
Children and young people legislation: in this legislation it has been cleared that any
child below 14 years cannot be get hired. This act come into action in 2008.
Working with children legislation: The women can work with their children if
organisation is taking various effective steps in manner to provide some facilities like crèches,
and rest room.

Workplace health and safety (WHS) legislation: The main aim of this legislation is to
provide safety measures to all workers so that they can work in more safe manner. The various
facilities is to given are as-
b) Shit working
c) Rest room facility
d) Water drinking facility
e) Canteen etc.
4. Two professional aspects breached by Nurse in given scenario.
There are several ethical standards which nurses should keep in mind but in these
scenarios, the practitioner breached two standards which are,
 Delivering quality services to individual at health care centre.
 To treat individual with respect and kindness.
5. Scenario
According to the scenario the registered nurse is in fault as she can not allow a student
nurse to direct assist the patient without having appropriate knowledge and information of work.
6.Scenario
The best time to serve oral care to client is in Morning when the patient is not sleeping.
Therefore, the student nurse will choose the morning to seek consent from client for providing
dental care (James, Nelson and Ashwill 2014.).
7. 2 legal requirements which are applied when writing nursing reports.
Privacy Act 1988, Disability Discrimination Act 1992 are two regulation which are
necessary to be implemented in nursing report as both the regulations act as tonic for Australian
health care organisation in developing and maintaining stability of work environment and for
protecting the rights of individuals at hospitals.
8. Abusing Patient
Abusing Patient at health care organisation is strictly prohibited and the stand of Australian
boards states that no individual can talk to patient loudly and impulsively. Moreover, According

to the code of conduct and ethical standards Health practitioners are liable to treat individuals
like god. Therefore, in this situation the Nurse will direct report to the incident to management.
9. Involvement of health care staff
Registered health practitioners and doctor who is involved with the complete diagnosis of
patients health.
10. Ethics
Ethics: It is the situation in which the person is confused to make judgement between the
values of personal and professional life.
Bio Ethics: It is the situation in which the Nurse gets confused between biological terms
of medication where it has make decision in case of emergency.
Nursing Ethics: The ethics aims making situation simpler where the heath practitioners
have clearly defined standard in which Nurses have to work, The nursing ethics are generally
based on delivering quality services, and treating patient with respect.
11. Law
a)Civil law: According to this law Nurses can not involve in malpractices, employment conflicts,
wrongful discharge and any kind of inappropriate behaviours with individuals at health care
centre.
b)Common law: In accordance to this the Australian health care centre and its health practitioner
are bound under rules and regulations which aims at serving justice and common sense over
nursing practices.
c)Statute law: Under this, the rules and regulations are not set according to the legal framework
of the country instead the policies are formulated by management to protect the rights of
individual at health care centre.
d) Precedent: It is the decision made by management to regulate the functions and to regulate
healthy practices of nurses within the organisation. These changes are made to make base for
future decisions.
e) Law of torts: This act is implemented in the Australian health care to prevent the organisation
from wrongful activities of Health practitioners.

f) Negligence: It is the situation when the Nurses are capable of making decisions and also have
full authority but still tries to avoid the situation and because of this patients have to suffer.
g) Trespass: Trespass is a punishable offence and in this the individuals physical integrity is
being hurt. It is direct or indirect interference in persons personal life.
h) Assault: Threatening to patients verbally or by pretending is Assault in cases of health care
services. This generally happens when the services are being served at home by Nurses.
I) Battery: It is the situation when Nurses tries to harm patient which can be by both physically
and verbally. This generally happens when the services are being served at home by Nurses.
j) Legal capacity: It is the capacity or the age of individual at which it can pass the consent of
medical treatment. This is generally given to age of people 18 or above.
k) Intellectual capacity: It defines the framework for Nurses under which the Health practitioners
serves their services.
l) Clinical incapacity: It is the ability to make decision by analysing the risk and benefits of
implementing them at heath care services given to patient.
m) False imprisonment: It is the situation when the patient is helped in the hospital without his or
her will which is forceful imprisonment (Norman and Ryrie, 2013).
n) Defamation: It is the situation in which person develops feeling of hatred, fear or dislike due
to which either patient or nurse do not will to serve or take services from particular individual.
o) Vicarious liability: In this employees are responsible for any kind of wrongful action therefore
according to this employers like Nurses should be careful about the employment status.
p) Defendant: It is the situation when the person is punished for the abiding the criminal and civil
regulations.
q) Plaintiff: It is the situation in which an injury is caused to patient due to fault of Nurses.
r) Harassment: It is the situation when the patient is being tortured by Nurses either mentally,
physically, or verbally.
s) Expert witness: It is the situation when some unlawful activity is being witnessed by some
high level authority or registered nurse.

t) Coronial inquests: It was the situation of reporting in case of suspicious, sudden and violent
death at heath care centres.
12. Application of National Safety and Quality Health Service (NSQHS) Standards
 It aims at Protecting the patients from harm at healthcare centres.
 It focuses on improving the quality of health services by Health care practitioners.
 It assists is providing a quality assurance mechanism in health care practices.
 It aims at establishing minimum standards of quality and safety at hospitals.
13. The role of Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia.
The Nurses and midwives are positioned to help health care centres at the time of
national emergency and natural calamity or disaster. The ultimate role of Nurses and midwives
is to serve health care services to people by their knowledge, skills and professional
understanding and ability to make decision.
14. Theoretical concepts
a) Consequentialism: It is the situation when nurses have to make decisions when juggling with
the consequences of decision which turn the situation in ethical confusion where it has to decide
between the best way which can assist in overcoming the situation.
b) Deontological (duty-based) ethics: It is the situation when Nurses gets confused in the within
its personal and professional ethics.
15. Various clinical situations will leave you in an ethical dilemma.
a)Abortion: It is the situation when the individual gets confused with the health care practices as
it is illegal but can even help and save some ones life.
b)Tissue transplantation: It is the situation which is had lot of risk where and the patient can lose
its life therefore sometimes the heath practitioners get confused between delivering services
which is the situation of ethical dilemma.
c)organ donation: It is the situation when Nurses is the situation of judging between right and
wrong as donating organ will help the individual but on the other hand it will destroy the life of
other individual.

d)Reproductive technology: It is the use of technology which helps the individual in getting and
living their lives back by giving birth to new human but on the other hand user of these
technologies harm the health of patient which is risky for life (Basevi, Reid and Godbold 2014. ).
e)Euthanasia and assisted suicide: It is the situation when person attempts to suicide and the
nurses live the situation of ethical dilemma where they can not even treat patient emergency or to
wait for legal procedure.
f)Restraint: It is the situation when nurses want to help patients in case of emergency but are
bound under rules and regulation of heat care sector.
g)Open disclosure: In this sometimes it hurts the sentiments of patients and its immediate
guardians but still the nurses are liable to disclose every information regarding heath of patient to
its family.
h)Mandatory reporting: It is the situation when the nurses are liable to report about every basic
detail about patient no matter what the situation is.
i)Quality of life: In this Nurses gets confused between the delivering quality services to patients.
k)Conscientious objection: in this situation patient objects the wrong doing but nurses are liable
to follow decision made by doctors or high authorities.
j) Abuse, e.g. elder abuse: It is the situation where Nurses faces the abusive language from
patient or family but it is the duty of nurse that he or she has to perform its functions.
16. The court system in Australia (Australian court hierarchy)
 Federal and state and territory levels
 High Court the Australian judicial system.
17. 2 sources to accessing information of Australian legislation
Primary: legal advisors, attorneys and advocates
Secondary: Books and journals, Articles and website.
18. 2 requirements of obtaining a valid consent.
Valid consent can be analysed through, identity card or by patient's approval over its
immediate guardians.

19. Difference between implied consent and expressed consent.
Expressed consent is analysed through given contact details which connects the individual
through electronic devices whereas Implied consent is determined by persons consent or
circumstances.
20. Functions of the coroner in relation to a healthcare event
 To make finding about individuals death.
 To make comment on individual's death.
 To make recommendation to attorney.
21. Evidence required for corner
Report and diagnosed reports
Detail about complete medical treatment (Fortinash and Worret 2014).
22. Civil penalty under Privacy act.
In accordance to Privacy act 1988 to organisation will have to pay approximately 1 million dollar
to family.

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