Legal and Ethical Obligations in Community Services for People with Alcohol and Other Drug Issues

This article discusses the legal and ethical obligations that community services and workers must consider when working with people with alcohol and other drug issues. It includes a table that identifies how each item can be used and applied by an organization and a community worker. The article also covers topics such as agency roles, funding allocation, assessment tools, and co-existing issues.

Question 1 When working with people with alcohol and other drug issues
within community services, there are several legal and ethical
obligations that an organisation and a community worker must
consider and apply in the workplace.
On the table below, identify how each Item on Column A can be
used and applied by an organisation (Column B) and by a
community worker (Column C) in the workplace.
Answer
A
Item
B
Organisation
C
Community Worker
Children in the
workplace
The organization must not
recruit the children below age
group of 18 years.
The community care worker
are responsible for the
condition, if any of the children
in their community is using any
drug or substance. If found,
then, specific actions must be
taken.
Code of Conduct A code of conduct can explain
the mission of an organization,
its values and principles
towards any illegal steps. If
someone found to violate the
rules, specific actions will be
taken.
The code of conduct can
provide a framework to the
community healthcare workers
to discuss the ethical problems
arises within community.
Code of Practice It is a document which
complements the occupational
well-being and the safety rules
and regulations to give a
practical guidance on how to
comply with the legal
obligations.
It is generally a list of
statement which can illustrate
the standards of the
professional conduct and
practice needs of the
community care worker as they
go about their regular work.
Discrimination The organization must not
apply or implement any
discrimination policy so that
people can be equal and
perform their work actions
accordingly.
The community care worker
must not discriminate the
people or children. For
community worker, all the
people and children must be at
same scale.

Dignity of risk It is a concept of affording the
rights of a person in order to
take a specific risk and that the
impeding of this right can
suffocate the self-esteem,
personal growth as well as an
overall quality of life.
The duty of risk generally need
to be balanced with having the
rights of an individual to make
appropriate decisions about
their life which can expose
them towards the potential
harm.
Duty of care It is the managers
responsibility to ensure that all
the reasonably predictable
measures that have been taken
in order to control the risks
against all the harms or injuries
that are arising within
organization.
While exercising the duty of
care, it is about acting in a
responsible pathway to the
others to keep them safe from a
particular danger.
Human rights In this, having human rights
can help an organization to
manage the risks by simply
safeguarding reputation or the
organization.
It can essentially support the
people as well as convey them
that they generally deserve
dignity from the society.
Informed
consent
The informed consent can be
effectively applied within
organization by simply
involving the patients or people
in their care plan as well as
discussing the health condition
with them.
The informed consent can
make the community care
worker to involve the people
and discuss the health
condition of themselves.
Mandatory
reporting
By using the mandatory
reporting, it can allow the early
detection of the cases or
particular harm to the children
that may otherwise leave the
notice of relevant authorities or
can aiding the agencies.
Through applying the
mandatory reporting, it can
give the strong confidentiality
protection for the reporters by
restricting the circumstances in
which the identity of the
reporter can be disclosed.
Practice
standards
The organization which can
provide oversight can often
improve the standards of
practice to define the type of
quality which must be
provided.
It can specifically outline the
practice expectations of all the
social care workers.

Privacy,
confidentiality
and disclosure,
including
limitations
Through having
confidentiality, the
organization should not release
any of the personal information
of the people for any of the
purpose.
Giving people with access to
their information generally held
by the services, disclosing the
personal information towards
the third party only with the
written consent of people.
Policy
frameworks
It is a document which
generally set out the goals that
may be used in making
decisions to guide the set of
policies.
It can outline the domains,
principles, the roles and
responsibilities of quality
governance.
Records
Management
Maintaining record Help the
organization to protect
institutional memory and
maintain the transactions and
decisions and well.
The record keepings can give
the basis for informed decision
making for actions as well as
decisions.
Work health and
safety
Having work health and safety
can help to minimize the
overcoming risks within
organization.
It can help to protect the people
from risk or hazards. It can also
reduces the injury costs.
Marking Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
Question 2 Under the WH&S Act 2011 and ethical principle of duty of care,
identify the rights and responsibilities of the employer, the worker and
the client when dealing with AOD issues in the workplace.
Answer
Right Responsibility
Employer Safe work environment. Providing essential well-being and
safety instructions, trainings and
supervision.
Worker Right to refuse harmful work
and can know that you are
protected from reprisal.
Ensure that all the working
equipments are under control and
supervision and without risk to
health and safety.

Client They involve right to speak
about work conditions.
Take reasonable care for the
health and safety for themselves.
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Question 3 Provide an example of a specific legislation in an Australian state or
territory regarding alcohol and other drugs. Briefly describe the
purpose of the legislation and how this may affect organisation or
individual practice.
Answer Drugs, Poisons and Controlled Substances Act 1981.
the legislation is generally defined under the Act as being scheduled 11
towards the act, the poison standard or the poison code. The act can
include prescribed medications, drugs of dependence and many more.
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Question 4 Provide an example of an organisational policy, procedure or document
that will help guide community workers on their work role boundaries
when dealing with people with AOD issues?
What can a community worker do when in doubt of the applicable
work boundaries in an AOD situation?

Answer The Code of Practice
the community worker must maintain an effective working relationship
with people that generally relay on safe as well as professional
boundaries being maintained.
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Question 5 List typical information that an organisation would collect during
registration or intake of a person with AOD issues.
Answer An intake and a assessment conduct a explained assessment of the
treatment needs and then improves an initial treatment care plan for a
person with AOD.
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Question 6 Explain how funding allocation can affect a person’s assessment
process.
Answer The funding can significantly supports the person to be curious as well
as to receive the best possible care treatment interventions which the
care workers can employ in order to reduce the risk as well as increase
the quality of life of the patients.
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Question 7 Briefly explain what is involved in a typical referral process.
Answer It generally involve the six stages within the referral process and are as
mentioned below:
 Initial concern associating with patient progress.
 Collection of information.
 Sharing of information and team discussion.
 Discussion of possible strategies.
 Execution and observation of strategies.
 Decision making and assessment.
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Question 8 What is meant by ‘agency role’ and ‘agency target group’ for an AOD
organisation?
Answer Agency role: These are the governmental organizations which are
primarily founded to tackle the drugs associated crimes.
Agency target group: The agency target group are generally the drug
users.
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Question 9 How could the role and target group of an agency working with people
with AOD issues impact the local community it is operating in? Give
an example.
Answer Drug abuse is often linked with devastating the social influence over
the community life. It can make adverse effects on the education,
family trainings. It can also contribute towards the violence, crimes as
well as the financial issues and many more.
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Question 10 Cite at least two risk assessment processes that may be used to identify
the proper intervention for people with both AOD and co-existing
issues.
Answer  Early aggressive behaviours: The people who are addict of
alcohol abuse generally shows their aggressive behaviours more
often.
 Lack of parental supervision: Some of the children or young
adults may abuse alcohol or substance just because their parents
does not pay attention over their unusual behaviours.
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Conduct research on the two Assessment Tools provided below.
Provide the purpose of use, the components and information included
for each type of assessment tool.
Support your answers with references as required.
Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Tool (AUDIT)
It can furnish a framework for interventions to aid the risky drinkers
reduce or can cease the consumption of alcohol.
Alcohol screening tests
d It is effective in detecting the harmful drinking.
Substances and Choices Scale (SACS)
It is a brief screening as well as outcome measurement instrument for
assessing as well as monitoring the use and its impact over the alcohol

and drugs among young people.
Brief screening and measurement equipment.
d It is generally designed to used by the healthcare professionals working
with young people which are engaged in the treatment or the support
agency.
Drug Usese Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT)
It can provide information on the level of drug intake as well as
selected criteria for substance harmful use as well as dependence
according to the ICD-10 and DSM-4 diagnosis system.
11 item self-administered screening instrument.
d The DUDIT screens can effectively used for the drugs associated issues
within the chosen group.
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Question 12 Describe the availability of standardised AOD assessment tools and the
benefits of using these tools in assessment of AOD issues and needs of
a person.
Answer It is a standardized test that need all the test takers to answer the same
items in the same pathway and that is scored in a standard or a
consistent pathway. It is commonly used to assess the clients who may
be at developing risk of alcohol or the other drug use. They can
determine motivation, dependence, the mental well-being status and
many more.
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Question 13 Cite at least three things to consider when choosing an AOD
assessment tool to use for varying client situations and presentations?
Answer  It can help to determine AOD use: It can help an individual to
know about its possible benefits of it.
 Degree of risk: When selecting an assessment tool, an
individual must measure the degree of risk linked with tool and
what are the possible harms that may caused when using
alcohol or other drug assessment tool.
 Linked issues: When choosing an alcohol or other drug abuse
assessment tool, people may know or aware about the possible
issues linked with it.
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Question 14 For a comprehensive assessment of a person with AOD issues, client
information must be gathered well and thoroughly.
On the table below, identify at least two specific information that will
be required, including scope and depth of information that needs to be
gathered from the person to inform the assessment process.
Answer
Information required, scope and depth
Client
objectives and
expectations
Set a clear deliverable, be authentic.
Client history
and pattern of
drug use
Screening for alcohol and drugs disorder can either be incorporated
into routine history taking or can be done.
Client current
state of health Vital signs, medical history, immunization dates, lab data, imaging
reports, diagnosis.

Co-existing
issues Diagnosis, vital signs.
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Question 15 How can a person’s length and level of dependency on alcohol and
drugs be determined?
Answer It can be measured through alcohol dependence scale (ADS), it is
generally a measure of severity of the participants dependence upon
alcohol.
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Question 16 Identify two established processes/protocols for determining the
person’s health status.
Answer  Psychometric criteria: It can provide a distinct insight into a
meaningfulness test, an appropriateness as well as
usefulness. It can involve acceptability, reliability, validity
and responsiveness.
 Practical criteria: In this, if the measures are not intended
for the routine use as a component of clinical practice. In
this, the measure must be concise and simple to administer.
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Question 17 Give two examples of the types of conditions in Column A that may
co-exist with AOD issues. Explain the impact of having co-existing
issues on the assessment of a person with AOD issues.
Answer
A Conditions that may exist with AOD issues
Physical Disrupt sleep, contribute to poor health.
Sensory blindness.
Intellectual Deafness
Psychiatric Anxiety, depression, psychosis.
Impact of co-existing issues
on assessment of person
with AOD issues:
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Question 18 There are several risk and protective factors that can influence a young
person’s health and well-being outcomes.
When working with a young person with AOD issues, identify the
impact or influence of the following factors on the health and
wellbeing outcomes for the young person.
Answer 1. Stage of development
Adolescence is generally the complex time of growth, development,
new impacts as well as expanding the boundaries for young people.
2. Parental involvement
It is associated to reduction in the behaviour of a person issues that can
be predicted later the substance abuse.

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Question 19 When working with older people with AOD issues, identify some factors
that can be considered regarding some issues and assessment requirements
listed below.
Answer
Factor Important considerations
Use of different
assessment tools
Screening and assessment process are mainly essential tool in
determining the drug and alcohol abuse.
Existing comorbidities It can illustrate the presence of one or more illness among
human body at similar time.
Interactions with other
medications
It can involve combination of drugs or medications with other
substance which can change the effects of medication on the
body.
Collaborate with service
providers in aged care
and home-based support
Actively engage the patient as a full participant in the care.
Issues related to use of
addictive prescription
medicine
the risk factors involved here can be cardiovascular illness,
stroke, lung cancer and many more.
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Substance misuse affects men and women differently. These
differences can be psychological, physiological and social.
Cite two factors you may consider when communicating with different
genders of clients who have AOD issues.

 The client's may feel frustrated.
 The client's who have AOD issues may feel isolated.
 The client's who have AOD issues may involve confusion when
they struggle with proper communication.
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Question 21 When working with mandated and voluntary clients, what are some
factors you have to consider regarding each type of client’s:
a) willingness to participate and
b) readiness for and commitment to change?
Answer Mandated Clients
a) willingness to participate
Family pressure.
b) readiness for and commitment to change
Avoid consumption of alcohol.
Voluntary clients
a) willingness to participate

Self-esteem.
b) readiness for and commitment to change
Avoid consumption of alcohol.
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Question 22 Give at least two factors you would need to consider when working
with Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people with AOD issues,
including impacts of trauma.
Answer  The AOD issues among Torres Strait Islander people can
involve negative influence over social, physical and emotional
well-being.
 It can weaken the connections to family and community as
well.
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Question 23 Give two factors you would need to consider when working with
culturally and linguistically diverse people with AOD issues.
Answer  Effective communication skills: The care workers must have
effective communication skills so that they can develop positive
relationship with their clients and provide care as per their
needs.
 Culturally specific care practices: The care workers must
develop their culturally safe care practices so that they can
deliver a quality care services to their client's.

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Question 24 Cite some factors you would need to consider when working with
people who have experienced voluntary or forced migration.
Answer Voluntary migration:
 Desire to live in a better home.
 Opportunities of employment.
Forced migration:
 Political revolutions.
 Natural disasters.
 Economic inactivity.
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Question 25 Describe what suicidal or self-harming ideation means. How does this
differ from suicidal or self-harming intention?
Cite some factors you need to consider when working with clients at
risk of self-harm, suicide or with mental health issues presenting
ideation or intention of these issues.
Answer It is thought of suicides, is a wide term generally used to illustrate the
range of contemplations, the wishes and preoccupations with suicide
and death of an individual. In this, self-harm is not a suicide but it can
become suicide.
The factors can involve:
 Family breakdown or conflicts.
 Alcohol or drug abuse.
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Question 26 Provide some factors that must be considered when you are conducting
a risk assessment for a client with suicidal or self-harm risks?
Answer The factors which can enhance the risk of suicide:
 Trauma: past and current physical.
 Sexual and emotional abuse or trauma.
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Question 27 Give examples of safety planning and other management strategies that
may be considered when working with people with mental health
issues or who are at risk of self-harm or suicide.
Answer Make effective conversations with people who have mental health
issues as effective communication can help the people to cope with
their negative or self-destructing thoughts.
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Question 28 Identify links between predisposing factors for suicide, self-harm and
mental health issues.
Answer Self-harm is generally involving a purpose of hurting oneself. It is not a
mental issue but it can often link to mental distress.
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Question 29 Give two examples of your legal and ethical obligations when working
with people with mental health issues or at risk of self-harm or suicide.
Answer
 Accommodate disabilities.
 Restrict discrimination and retaliation is important.
The ethical obligations when working with people having mental
health issues such as justice, respect, beneficence, non-maleficence.
The care providers must involve patients in their care treatment plan.
Provide knowledge to patients and ask whether they want to receive the
care treatment plan or not, is the prime duty of every care worker.
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Question 30 Outline when and how to negotiate a no-suicide contract with a person.

Answer These are not legal documents; they are the agreements which
generally outlines what a person needs to do if he/she becomes
suicidal. It has been used by the clinicians.
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Question 31 When working with a client with AOD issues, provide an example of a
situation or issue that is beyond your scope of practice and identify the
appropriate referral options that you can consider.
Identify what information and advice sources are available to you?
Answer  Applicable referral option can be using nicotine patch rather
than smoking.
 Consuming water while thinking about drinking.
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Question 32 It is important to know
how commonly used
drugs are administered
and the effects of use or
dependence on these can
have on your clients.
Complete the table below
with the required
information for type of
drug, administration and
effects of identified
substances and drugs.
Answer
Drug Type/ Description Administration Effects
Alcohol It is generally a
chemical substance that
is found within drinks
like wine, beer and
liquor. It is generally
found among some of
the medications,
household products,
mouthwashes and the
essential oils. It is
specifically made by a
chemical procedure
known as fermentation
which can use yeast
and sugars.
In this, once the
alcohol is
swallowed, it is
not mainly
digested like the
food component.
In this, a small
amount is
absorbed directly
by the tongue as
well as the
mucosal lining of
the mouth. It is
once in the
stomach; the
alcohol is more
directly absorbed
within the blood
streams via the
tissue lining of the
stomach and a
small intestine.
Alcohol can
generally
interfere among
the pathways of
the brain
communication.
It can
significantly
affect the
pathway the
brain generally
looks and can
work.
Cannabis It is a herbal drug and
contain chemicals
called cannabinoids
containing delta-9-
The recreational
cannabis is mainly
consumed by
smoking, that
The short term of
cannabis can involve
enhanced heart rate,
dry mouth,

tetrahydrocannabinol
and cannabidiol.
involve
combusting the
herbal cannabis
present in joint,
pipe, bubbler and
many more.
reddening eyes and
many more.
Tobacco It is a plant grown for
its leaves that are dried
and fermented before
being put in a tobacco
product.
It involves a
common mode
such as inhalation
in cigarette and
joints
It can cause
cardiovascular
illness, stroke,
cancer, diabetes and
many other severe
illnesses.
Methamphetamine It is a powerful, highly
addictive stimulant
which can affect the
central nervous system.
It can be
administered in
many forms such
as smoked,
snorted,
swallowed or
injected.
People can take
Methamphetamine
for its pleasurable
effects. It can
enhance attention,
reduce appetite.
Ecstasy It is a drug which is
made illegally. It can
cause hallucination. It
is called as a designer
drug because it was
created for the purpose
of making an individual
feel high.
Smoking, snorted
and injecting is
identified.
Mental stimulation,
enhanced sense of
well-being, empathy,
decreased anxiety,
enhanced energy.
Heroin It is a white or a brown
powder or black sticky
goo. It is an opioid drug
made from morphine.
Mixed with water
or injected with
help of needle.
Dryness of mouth,
arms and legs
feel heavy,
vomiting and
upset stomach, a
fuzzy brain.
Codeine It is a drug used to treat
pain, diarrhoea and
cough. It is generally
made from morphine
and opium and can bind
to the opioid receptors
Taken in form of
capsule, tablet or
in a solution and
taken by mouth.
Constipation, low
blood pressure,
dizziness and many
more.

in the central nervous
system.
Benzodiazepine It is a class of
medications which can
work within the central
nervous system and are
used for a variety of
medical conditions like
alcohol withdrawal,
anxiety and seizures.
commonly
administered
through oral and
intravenous
routes.
Light headache,
dizziness, slurred
speech, memory
issues, confusion,
muscle weakness and
many more.
Emerging drugs It can involve novel
drug classes that are
potentially harmful.
It can be
administered via
orally in the form
of tablets or
capsule.
Depends on the
nature of drug.
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Question 33 Describe how drugs are classified and outline the current
trends/patterns of AOD use in Australian society.
Answer The drugs are generally the chemical substances which can affect or
can change the physiology when taken within a living system. The
drugs can either be natural or synthetic.
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Question 34 Give two examples of major drug groups and describe their primary
properties.
Answer  Stimulants: These are the medicines that are specifically used to
treat ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and
narcolepsy, an uncontrolled episode of deep sleep. It can
enhance the attention, alertness and energy.
 Hallucinogens: These group of drugs can produce the
alterations in thoughts, perceptions, and feelings generally
ranging from distortion of what is being sensed towards the
sensing objects. The hallucinogens can increase the sensory
signals.
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Question 35 Give two examples of major drug groups and outline the harm involved
with these drugs.
Answer  Depressants: These such drugs are involved in slow down the
function of the central Nervous system of human brain.
 Hallucinogens: These such drugs can make impact over the
senses as well as alter the way an individual can see, hear, taste,
smell or feel the things.
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Question 36 Outline two commonly used preventative/intervention strategies used
for alcohol and other drug issues.

Answer  Evidence based AOD education programs.
 The well-being promotion and community development
initiatives.
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Question 37 How does tolerance and dosage level of drug use affect a person with
AOD issues?
Answer A drug tolerance develops when a medication no longer works and it
once did, its quite different from dependence or addiction.
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Question 38 Describe the stages and symptoms of withdrawal from alcohol and
drugs.
Answer The symptoms of withdrawal of alcohol can significantly range from
mild to severe, it only depends over the quantity of consumption of
alcohol and for how many durations. Its stages can involve:
6 hours after an individual quit drinking: in this the mid symptoms can
start as prior as 6 hours such as shaky hands, vomiting, Nausea,
Anxiety and many more.
12 to 48 hours after the last intake: the symptoms can involve such as
hallucination.
48 to 72 hours after quit drinking alcohol: In this, it can involve
Delirium tremens, it is generally the severe symptoms which can
involve the hallucination as well as delusions. In addition to this, there
are only about 5% of overall people having alcohol withdrawal, it may
also include increasing heart, high blood pressure levels, confusions
and many more.

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Question 39 Outline the effects of drug use on the issues identified in the
table below.
Answer
Health issue Effect of drug use
Malnutrition High dose of Vitamin D supplements: It can help to
enhance the weight gain and can help with the
improvement of motor and language skills.
Blood-borne diseases Darunavir: It is a class of medication known as protease
inhibitor. It can work by reducing the amount of HIV within
the blood.
Dolutegravir: It is a class of medication known as HIV
integrase inhibitor. It can works by reducing the amount of
HIV within the blood as well as enhancing the number of
immune cells which can help to fight with infections within
human body.
Skin infestations Darunavir: It is a class of medication known as protease
inhibitor. It can work by reducing the amount of HIV within
the blood.
Dolutegravir: It is a class of medication known as HIV
integrase inhibitor. It can work by reducing the amount of
HIV within the blood as well as enhancing the number of
immune cells which can help to fight with infections within
human body.

Dicloxacillin: the drug can involve some side effects such as
nausea, vomiting, heartburn and so on.
Physical health Morphine: It is a powerful as well as a highly addictive
prescription painkiller. If taken in excessive then it may
create a major life-threatening breathing issue.
Cognitive development Nootropic: It is a drug that can used by people in order to
improve their memory, improve the mental alertness as well
as the concentration and can encourage the energy levels as
well.
Social development Psychostimulant: It is effectively enhancing alertness, energy
and attention to the human body. The psychostimulant is
effectively used therapeutically to treat the ADHD.
Emotional development Antidepressants such as Zoloft, Celexa: the drugs not only
target the anger among human body but it produces a
calming effect which can encourage the control of rage as
well as the negative emotions.
Impact on others
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Question 40 According to Schaeffer’s Model, give a brief description of the patterns
of drug use indicated on the table below.
Answer
Pattern of drug use Description

Experimental It can be someone who just use the drug once in time or for a
short time period.
Recreational/social A person only uses the drug in a social settings like concert,
party or in a sports event.
Situational A person can use the medication or drug for a specific
condition like during recovering from procedure or after an
injury.
Compulsive/Dependence A person can use drugs out of control as well as can
withdrawal to occur when the drug usage is discontinuous.
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Question 41 Give two examples of consequences and effects of drug
substitution/replacement services used in withdrawal programs.
Answer  Luminal (phenobarbital): A patient who consume this particular
drug may have some of its side effects such as headache,
dizziness, vomiting and many more. In addition to this, there
are some of the severe side effects such as having difficulty in
breathing, rashes, peeling the skin and so on.
 Dilantin (phenytoin): The consequences and effects involved
with drug can include panic, anxiety, sweating and restlessness.
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Question 42 What is meant by poly drug use?
Answer The term poly-drug is generally use of more than one medication or the
type of drug at a similar time. It's use can involve both the illicit
medications as well as the legal substance like medication and alcohol.
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Question 43 Give two examples of common drug interactions.
Answer  Taking a nasal decongestant if an individual involve elevated
blood pressure levels can cause an unwanted reaction.
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Question 44 Give two examples of the effects of prescribed drugs on using alcohol
or other drugs.
Answer  Vomiting and nausea.
 Headaches and drowsiness.
 Enhanced or reduced heart rates.
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