Legal and Regulatory Framework for Medication Administration in Australia | Diploma in Nursing

Learn about the legal and regulatory framework for medication administration in Australia. Discover administering medication, IV fluid infusion, and pain assessment. Find out about potential risks and side effects of medications and IV fluids. Get insights into the state/territory drugs and poisons acts and nurse regulatory authority codes and guidelines. | Desklib

Diploma in Nursing1
Diploma in nursing
By Name
Course
Professor’s Name
Institution Name
Location of Institution
Date

Diploma in Nursing2
Question 1
In Australia the Department of Health (Therapeutic Goods Administration) is responsible for
scheduling, which is the classification system that controls how medicines and chemicals are
made available to the public.
As well as the TGA what else is involved in the legal and regulatory framework which
determines the access and use of drugs.
The Australian Regulatory Guidelines for Prescription medicines (ARGPM) is another body in
the states of Australia that apart from the law on the Therapeutic Goods Administration assist the
sponsors and those who apply for registration of the new prescription medicines or would wish
to vary their existing registration in the state of Australia.
Question 4
Provide a brief description of what you would say to a client to explain the process of
administering medication or IV fluid infusion, and how you would say it.
A specialist should first decide the kind of liquid your requirement for treatment, and in addition,
the sum and the rate at which it'll be conveyed. An attendant will at that point sanitize the skin
over the infusion site. This is frequently on your arm, however could be somewhere else on your
body. The medical attendant finds a vein at the site and embeds an IV catheter into it, (ProCESS
Investigators, 2014). It'll sting a little when it goes in, yet after that, there ought to be practically
no torment. The medical caretaker at that point alters the IV physically or with a pump to set it to
the right rate of stream. Somebody will inquire frequently to ensure you're doing great and that
the IV is conveying the liquid effectively. On the off chance that there are any issues with the
stream, it'll be balanced.

Diploma in Nursing3
Question 6
In order to consider the effects of commonly used medicines and IV fluids, you first need to have
access to any available information.
Where could you source information on the potential effects both positive and the negative of
medications and IV fluids?
The information on the effects of the IV fluids can be sourced from the community surveillance
where the people will be asked through a number of interviews and the filling of the
questionnaires by the researcher personnel, (Hendrich et al 2008).
Question 7
What process and calculations do you or would you use to calculate accurate dosages for
medicines and IV infusion in your organization.
In the administration of a drug, there are a number of calculations that need to be considered. For
instance, the converting of the units. This involves converting either from grans to kilograms for
example. Also the conversion of the fractions to decimals which are thereafter rounded off either
upward or downward. And the time for the drip rate in terms of drop per hour (DeYoung,
VanderKooi & Barletta 2009).
Question 9
To correctly identify medication administration techniques for specific persons you need to
understand the indications and contraindications of the medicines, as well as the circumstances
and health status and conditions of the client.

Diploma in Nursing4
How do you determine the status and specific requirements and conditions of an individual
client?
Clients ought to be effectively engaged with their evaluation and additionally their
family/guardians and dear companions. In numerous associations, a caseworker is doled out to
help clients amid the evaluation procedure. In order to clearly understand the clients condition
some of the factors need to be checked for instance, how the client can interact with the peers at
the times of meals, how he or she can communicate either verbally or non-verbally with the other
people. On the other hand, the client’s mobility is also of importance during the day times. In
addition, some other minor activities such as pouring some drink from a glass, (Buss 2014).
Question 13
Undertaking a risk assessment process is standard practice in just about every area of business or
service, however, in healthcare, risk assessment also includes many potential risks and hazards
that relate directly to the client, treatment, equipment, drugs and medicines, and other resources
or circumstances, (Sheu et al 2008).
Provide a brief list of potential risk that are associated with the use of medicines and which
should be identified and addresses in a good risk management process?
 The possibility of a harmful interaction between the medicine and a food, beverage,
dietary supplement (including vitamins and herbals), or another medicine. Combinations
of any of these products could increase the chance that there may be interactions.
 The chance that the medicine may not work as expected.
 The possibility that the medicine may cause additional problems.

Diploma in Nursing5
Question 14
When a client refuses to take their medication or IV treatment there can be adverse effects on
their well-being and you need to immediately report this to the registered nurse or other
appropriate individual in your organization.
In trying to resolve the issue with the client, you need to undertake a process for resolution. What
steps might be involved in such a process?
 Clarifying the problem of the client refusing to take the medicine. This will involve the
observations of the behavior of the client after denying the medication.
 Breaking down the whole problems and trying to analyze each of the outcome of the
missing of the medication
 Orientation, this involves taking the client through a brief explanation of the importance
of the medication. In addition, involve setting up the improvements targets where the
patient is informed of the best improvements on the used o of the medication.
 Determining the root cause of the problem where the client refused to use the medication.
 Negotiating an acceptable solution
 See the plan if it goes through, this involves explaining to the client the need to accept the
medication.

Diploma in Nursing6
Question 15
How can you ensure that you have accurately followed your organization’s policies and
procedures and all manufacturer instructions on the storage of medicines, blood and blood
products?
Screening is the most appropriate way of maintaining the blood standards and ensuring they are
in the right conditions for instance, checking the expiry dates for all the storage centers.
Question 16
It is important to monitor a patient and record the details of their vital signs and responses to
medications, IV fluids, and blood or blood products.
What would you look at during this process?
Age-All medications can deliver ADRs, however not all patients build up a similar level
and kind of ADRs. Age is a vital factor which influences the event of ADRs. Elderly
patients with numerous restorative issues who are taking different medications, the
individuals who have a background marked by ADRs, and those with a lessened ability to
wipe out medications are at high hazard for ADRs
Sexual orientation. The natural contrasts of guys and females influence the activity of
numerous medications. The anatomical and physiological contrasts are body weight,
body structure, gastrointestinal tract factors, liver digestion, and renal capacity. Ladies in

Diploma in Nursing7
contrast with men have bring down bodyweight and organ estimate, more muscle to fat
ratio, distinctive gastric motility and lower glomerular filtration rate.
Maternity status-Pregnancy affects medicate treatment. Are ladies influenced by the
medication, as well as be presented to ADRs of the medication.
Question 18
The use of IV to administer drugs can sometimes have unexpected side effects, for example:
Common side effects of TPN Electrolytes intravenous:
Abnormal Heart Rhythm Severe.
Abnormally Low Blood Pressure Severe.
Excessive Sweating Severe.
Feel Like Throwing Up Severe.
Numbness and Tingling Severe.
Temporary Redness of Face and Neck Severe.
Throwing Up severe.
How would you record and report such side effects?
 Distinguish a contraindication to the organization of a medicine to the customer
 Distinguish real and potential contradictions of recommended customer prescriptions
 Distinguish side effects/confirmation of a hypersensitive response (e.g., to prescriptions)

Diploma in Nursing8
 Evaluate the customer for real or potential reactions and antagonistic impacts of
prescriptions (e.g., recommended, over-the-counter, home grown supplements, prior
condition)
 Give data to the customer on normal symptoms/unfriendly impacts/potential associations
of prescriptions and advise the customer when to tell the essential human services
supplier
 Tell the essential medicinal services supplier of symptoms, unfavorable impacts and
contraindications of meds and parenteral treatment
 Report reactions and unfriendly impacts of meds and parenteral treatment
 Screen for foreseen cooperation’s among the customer endorsed drugs and liquids (e.g.,
oral, IV, subcutaneous, IM, topical medicines)
 Assess and report the customer's reaction to moves made to check symptoms and
unfavorable impacts of meds and parenteral treatment
Question 20
How do you or would you provide relevant information to patients, family, or careers about
medication administration including possible side effects?
The health officer ought to guarantee that care home occupants have similar chances to be
engaged with choices about their treatment and care as individuals who don't live in mind homes,
and that inhabitants get the help they have to assist them with taking a full part in deciding.
Question 21
When observing and questioning a patient to determine any signs of pain or discomfort, what
strategies and factors would you utilize?

Diploma in Nursing9
Reinforcement - The nurse ought to fortify understudy reactions and inquiries emphatically
keeping in mind the end goal to energize future investment. The nurse can strengthen by putting
forth positive expressions and utilizing positive nonverbal correspondence. Legitimate nonverbal
reactions incorporate grinning, gesturing, and keeping up eye to eye connection.
Probing- The underlying reaction of understudies might be shallow. The nurse needs to utilize a
scrutinizing system called testing to influence patients to investigate starting remarks. Tests are
helpful in getting understudies more associated with basic investigation of their own and other
understanding.
Rephrasing- This system is utilized when an understudy gives an off base reaction or no reaction.
Rather than telling the understudy, she is mistaken or calling upon another understudy, the
teacher can attempt one of three methodologies, (Engel et al 2016).
Question 23
How can you ensure consistency in interpreting observations and evaluating the person is
planning using a pain assessment scale or other strategy?
In the clinical setting, precise appraisal of torment is basic for the recognizable proof of suitable
intercessions and for assessing the adequacy of such mediations. Patients ought to be surveyed
consistently for the nearness of torment and for development, weakening, or intricacies owing to
torment treatment. The recurrence of the follow-up ought to be a component of the seriousness of
the agony and the potential for unfavorable impacts of treatment. Documentation of torment
appraisal formalizes the agony evaluation process and is fundamental in the arrangement of
individualized care from both a legitimate and expert viewpoint.

Diploma in Nursing10
Intrinsic in the appraisal of agony among more established grown-ups is the comprehension of its
conceivably remediable parts. For instance, if a patient has intense agony, evaluation should
center on the hidden pathology in charge of the torment jolt. On the off chance that the patient
experiences unending agony, appraisal must be intended for deciding both the torment causing
pathology and the physical, mental, and social results of the torment understanding. In this way,
complete agony appraisal as often as possible incorporates both the unidimensional estimation of
torment force and the multidimensional exhaustive assessment of the torment involvement.
Complex torment issues may profit by a multidisciplinary way to deal with assessment report.
Question 24
What process would you use to identify a range of prescribed medications and complementary
strategies that may assist in alleviating the pain and discomfort of your client?
Acupuncture
this a form of treatment that involves inserting very thin needles through a person's skin at
specific points on the body, to various depths.
Mind-Body Therapies
Mind-body treatments will be medicines that are intended to assist the mind's capacity with
affecting the capacities and side effects of the body. Mind-body treatments utilize different
methodologies, including unwinding procedures, reflection, guided symbolism, biofeedback, and
entrancing. Unwinding procedures can help lighten distress identified with endless torment,
(Fahey 2018).

Diploma in Nursing11
Question 28
Explain the legal and regulatory framework including:
Health (drugs and poisons) regulations
This act in the Victoria approves the ownership of toxic substances also, controlled substances,
past the medications affirmed for podiatrists with general enrollment, by an support with the
podiatrist's enlistment. The Podiatry Board of Australia can approve an support for booked
pharmaceuticals with general enlistment, anyway this at present just permits the utilization of
extended medication list when the podiatrist is honing in Victoria.
State/Territory drugs and poisons Acts
The Podiatry Board of Australia gives the accompanying data to podiatrists for them to have an
comprehension of the different State and Territory enactment. It is the obligation of the podiatrist
to agree to the necessities of the enactment in the ward. The capacity to rehearse podiatry
anyplace in Australia is because of the national enlistment plot. The podiatrist must consider the
variety in Drugs and Poisons enactment in every purview and guarantee consistence is seen on
all events at all areas, (Simpson 2009).
State/Territory nurse regulatory authority codes and guidelines
The models incorporate the national competency models for enlisted medical attendants which
were first embraced by the ANMC in the mid 1990s. These have been looked into also,
overhauled routinely from that point forward. Different norms created by the ANMC for
execution by the NMRAs incorporate the competency guidelines for enrolled attendants,

Diploma in Nursing12
maternity specialists and medical caretaker experts, codes of proficient direct and morals, and a
scope of position articulations and rules.
National Safety and Quality Health Standard (NSQHS) ‘Preventing and Controlling
Health Care Associated Infections’
This law is concerned with the following:
 Powerful administration and administration frameworks for human services related
diseases are actualized and kept up.
 Techniques for the anticipation and control of social insurance related diseases are
created and executed.
 Patients giving, or obtaining a disease or colonization amid their care are distinguished
instantly and get the essential administration and treatment.
 Sheltered and proper antimicrobial recommending is a vital objective of the clinical
administration framework.
 Social insurance offices and the related condition are perfect and clean. Reprocessing of
hardware and instrumentation meets current best practice rules.
Visual Infusion Phlebitis Score (VIPS).
Phlebitis from fringe intravenous implantations is a vital potential wellspring of oncology quiet
dreariness. Essential elements found to decide phlebitis occurrence incorporate the sort of
implantation and stay time of intravenous cannula, (Ray‐Barruel et al 2014).
Scheduled medications and interpretation of scheduling of medications- Schedule 2,
schedule 3, Schedule 4, Schedule 8

Diploma in Nursing13
Schedule 2- The Pharmacy Medicine
Schedule 3- Pharmacist Only Medicine
Schedule 4- Prescription Only Medicine OR Prescription Animal Remedy
Schedule 8- Controlled Drug.
Question 29
Provide a brief explanation of the forms of medication below and how they are handled,
calculated, administered and stored:
Capsules-this is membranous structure that looks like a hard shell.
Drops- Topical fluid solutions, for example, ophthalmic and otologic drops can be lethal when
ingested or utilized improperly. The accompanying segments audit normally utilized remedy and
nonprescription details, related toxicological indications, and suitable administration
Inhalants- are substance vapors that are taken in deliberately to get high.
Liquid- are semisolid arrangements, commonly for topical application. Topical analgesics are
accessible in an assortment of medicine and nonprescription balms. Of the neighborhood
medicine and nonprescription analgesics as of now accessible, amide-type nearby soporifics have
turned out to be particularly well known for their fast and solid beginning of neighborhood
anesthesia and low event of easily affected responses
Lotions and creams- They are fundamental in any case and that is the reason Vitality Medical
offers such a wide arrangement of moisturizer and cream in order to help those people who fight
every day with dry skin, potential disease and disturbance. Essentialness Medical offers many

Diploma in Nursing14
name brands prestige for their adequacy treating constant dry skin and aggravation because of
persistent washing and cleaning, (Sekura 2015).
Ointments- are semisolid makings, regularly for topical application. Topical analgesics are
accessible in an assortment of medicine and nonprescription treatments
Patches- this is an adhesive which is medicated and is placed on the skin to deliver a specific
dose into the bloodstream.
Powders- this is a fine sterile and a special grind for powdering surgical gloves.
Tablets- as the strong unit dose type of medicament or medicaments with or without reasonable
excipients and arranged either by trim or by pressure
Wafers- A thin sheet of dried flour glue used to encase a powder. The wafer is dampened and
collapsed over the medication, so it very well may be gulped without taste.
Suppositories- A thin sheet of dried flour stick used to encase a powder. The wafer is hosed and
crumpled over the drug, so it might be swallowed without taste.
Question 33
Research and explain the ‘Rights of medication’- the right medication (drug, medication,
medicines), right dose, right prescription (documentation), right route, right time, right person,
right expiration date, right to refuse.
Right medication- this is the right to perform more than one checks for instance triple check of
the medication’s label.
Right dose- this allows the client of compare prepared dose with the medication order.

Diploma in Nursing15
Right prescription- this is the right that states that you should never document before any
medication is administered.
Right route-verify the route from which the medicine came from before administering to the
patient.
Right time- check the last and the final dose of the medication given to the patient.
Right person-ensuring that the medicine is given to the person who is really meant.
Right expiration date- the expiry dates for the medicine should be clearly checked.
Right to refuse- for the care of the patients, the concerned personnel has the right to refuse any
medication and informs the party to the understanding the consequences of refusing the
medicines, (Jones & Treiber 2018).
Question 34
Describe how medication is administered via the following routes or methods:
Oral- this is when the substances are taken through the mouth.
Sublingual, buccal- this involves placing the drug between the gums and the cheeks where it just
dissolves and is then from there absorbed into the bloodstream, (Pellikaan et al 2016).
Dry powder inhalers- this is a medication method where medicines are delivered to the lungs as
you inhale through the device.
Metered dose, spacer inhalers- the use of a hydrofluoroalkane that allows dosage in a metered
manner to the lungs.

Diploma in Nursing16
Nebulisers- this is a method that involves the conversion of the medicine from their solution
mode to an aerosol which is later on inhaled directly to the lungs.
Oxygen therapy- specifically meant for the patients who are unable to breathe, the warm air or
oxygen is humidifies via the nasal cannula for the purpose of allowing the patient to still talk.
Subcutaneous injection- in between the skin and the layer muscle, there is a thin tissue whereby a
short needle is injected with the drugs, (Sung, Kwon & Ryu 2008).
Intramuscular injections- this is the form of administering where the medication is applied
directly to the muscle. For instance, the Deltoid muscle of the arm.
IV injections- these are medication applied directly to the veins.
Z-track injections- this is an injection that once the medication is injected directly to the muscles,
there is need to prevent the leakage of the medication into the subcutaneous tissues.
Peripheral IV infusion, cannulation fluid- involves the process of placing a device into the
patient’s vein for a cannula problem which is later removed when the cannula is once again in
the normal position, (Rosland et al 2013).
Enteral administration- Percutaneous Gastrostomy (PEG) as well as nasogastric tubes
Intranasal, including nebulized medications. The nose is the entry point; it involves the
insufflation of the drugs in the form of either topical or systematic.
Ocular- this is the administration through the eye.
Rectal- this involves the use of rectum as the main route for the medicine administration.
Topical, including transdermal- this is the application to the body surface.

Diploma in Nursing17
Vaginal- some of the drugs are inserted through the vagina with the index finger.
Ventrogluteal injection technique- this involves deep muscle administration.
Question 36
Explain the pathophysiology related to medicine groups including:
Anaesthetics- this is the drug that is used during the process of surgery that help in reducing the
pain
Analgesia – this is applied for one to loss the sense of pain. Once administered, the person won’t
be feeling any pain at all.
Antacids-mostly applied to reduce the heartburn since it helps in reducing the acidity in the
stomach by neutralization.
Antianginals- heart diseases are dealt with by this drug usage.
Antianxiety- this is a type of a drug that inhibits the anxiety of a person.
Antiarrhythmics- these are the drugs that are used to treat the abnormal heart rhythms that is as a
result of an electrical heart activities.
Antibiotics-most of the diseases that are caused by the bacteria are well taken care of by the use
of this antibodies.
Anticholinergics- chemical messengers that transmit signals between some cells in the body that
brings out a negative effect are blocked by the used of this particular drugs.

Diploma in Nursing18
Anticoagulants- clotting in blood is of importance as an occurrence of an injury. For better
saving of the blood loss, the use of this anticoagulants helps very much in the prevention of the
coagulation of the blood.
Antineoplastics- drugs that help in the prevention of a tumor.
Antiparkinsonian- reduces the Parkinson’s disease
Antipruritic- inhibits itching which occurs as a result of sunburns.
Antipsychotics- helps in the treatment of the bipolar.
Antiseptics- through the lymphatic system, its transported to destroy the bacteria unlike the
antibiotics.
Antiulcer- mucosal agents that protect such as the sucralfate tat adheres to ulcers hence healing
the suffering.
Antivirals- drugs that kills the virus.
Anxiolytics- helps in inhibiting the anxiety.
Beta-blockers- reduces the blood pressure.
Bronchodilators-helps in the decrease of the resistance along the respiratory tract hence
increasing the flow of the air in the bronchi leading to the lungs.
Anticonvulsants-they are of great importance when it comes to the treatment of the epileptic
seizures.
Antidepressants- for the treatment of the depressions.
Antidiarrhoeals-helps in controlling the output of the ileostomy.

Diploma in Nursing19
Antiemetics- effective mostly against vomiting
Antifungals- for the treatment of the mycosis including the ringworms.
Antihistamines- mostly concerned with the allergy symptoms
Antihypertentives- deals with the treatment of the high blood pressure.
Anti-inflammatory- these are the drugs that helps in reducing the inflammation hence relieving
one from the pain.
Hormones- these are the members of the molecules being transported within the circulatory
system and are produced by the glands.
Hypnotics, sedatives- these are the depressants that slows down the brain cells activities.
Hypoglycaemics- checks for the level of the glucose in the blood.
Insulin- helps in keeping the levels of the blood sugar within the required range hence avoiding
the higher or lower rates.
Electrolyte solutions- very much filled with the ions,
Question 37
Explain the factors to consider when calculating medication dosages including:
Calculation formulae- this will help in the confirmation of the drugs ordered against what is held
at hand.
Calculation of dosages of injectable drugs including liquid, solid unit dosages-This number
cruncher decides the fluid or arrangement volume to be infused by syringe into the patient.

Diploma in Nursing20
Flow rate drops per minute- this is a factor that is being considered in order to adjust how th
drops flows in the rate as per minute.
Flow rate milliliters per hour- this shows the infusion pump which is used to deliver the dosages
in milliliters per hour at a given time frame.
Pediatric dosages calculations- considering body weight, surface area and age-related dose
reduction. -the administration of the dosage ranges from20kg*100mg/kg/day which is prescribed
for the children, (Gunasegaran et al 2018).
Geriatric dosage calculations- considering body weight, surface area and age – this is a dosage
applied once to the people in need.
Dose administration aids (DAAs) where dose is already calculated. - Measurement
Administration Aids (DAAs) have been intended to help shoppers in the network to all the more
likely deal with their pharmaceuticals, with the goal of keeping away from drug misfortune and
enhancing prescription consistence.

Diploma in Nursing21
References
Buss, D.F., Oracle International Corp, 2014. System and method for enforcing role membership
removal requirements. U.S. Patent 8,769,604.
DeYoung, J.L., VanderKooi, M.E. and Barletta, J.F., 2009. Effect of bar-code-assisted
medication administration on medication error rates in an adult medical intensive care
unit. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 66(12), pp.1110-1115.
Engel, T., Ben-Haim, G., Levhar, N., Eliakim, R. and Ben-Horin, S., 2016, March. Rephrasing
the question: a novel simple tool for a more accurate evaluation of inflammatory bowel disease
patients' adherence to therapy. In JOURNAL OF CROHNS & COLITIS (Vol. 10, pp. S353-
S353). GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND: OXFORD UNIV
PRESS.
Fahey, R.L., 2018. A Novel Approach to Using Mind-Body Therapies for Chronic
Pain. Integrative Medicine Alert, 21(2).
Gunasegaran, N., See, M.T.A., Leong, S.T., Yuan, L.X. and Ang, S.Y., 2018. A Randomized
Controlled Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of 2 Treatment Methods in Reducing Incidence
of Short Peripheral Catheter-Related Phlebitis. Journal of Infusion Nursing, 41(2), pp.131-137.
Hendrich, A., Chow, M.P., Skierczynski, B.A. and Lu, Z., 2008. A 36-hospital time and motion
study: how do medical-surgical nurses spend their time?. The Permanente Journal, 12(3), p.25.
Jones, J.H. and Treiber, L.A., 2018, April. Nurses’ rights of medication administration: Including
authority with accountability and responsibility. In Nursing forum.

Diploma in Nursing22
Pellikaan, H.C., Vermeulen, P.S., Bender, J.C.M.E. and Woerlee, G.F., Echo Pharmaceuticals
BV, 2016. Dosage unit for sublingual, buccal or oral administration of water-insoluble
pharmaceutically active substances. U.S. Patent 9,308,175.
ProCESS Investigators, 2014. A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic
shock. New England Journal of Medicine, 370(18), pp.1683-1693.
Ray‐Barruel, G., Polit, D.F., Murfield, J.E. and Rickard, C.M., 2014. Infusion phlebitis
assessment measures: a systematic review. Journal of evaluation in clinical practice, 20(2),
pp.191-202.
Rosland, A.M., Nelson, K., Sun, H., Dolan, E.D., Maynard, C., Bryson, C., Stark, R., Shear,
J.M., Kerr, E., Fihn, S.D. and Schectman, G., 2013. The patient-centered medical home in the
Veterans Health Administration. The American journal of managed care, 19(7), pp.e263-72.
Sekura, R.D. and Moore, R.M., 2018. Topical treatments incorporating cannabis sp. derived
botanical drug product. U.S. Patent Application 15/914,064.
Sheu, S.J., Wei, I.L., Chen, C.H., Yu, S. and Tang, F.I., 2008. Using snowball sampling method
with nurses to understand medication administration errors. Journal of clinical nursing, 18(4),
pp.559-569.
Simpson, M.R., 2009. Predictors of work engagement among medical-surgical registered
nurses. Western journal of nursing research, 31(1), pp.44-65.
Sung, Y.H., Kwon, I.G. and Ryu, E., 2008. Blended learning on medication administration for
new nurses: integration of e-learning and face-to-face instruction in the classroom. Nurse
education today, 28(8), pp.943-952.

Diploma in Nursing23