Life Cycle Development: Stages, Theories, and Needs Theory

This essay discusses the stages of life cycle development, including the related theories of John Bowlby, Mary Ainsworth, and Erik Erikson. It also explores the needs theory, specifically Maslow's hierarchy of needs, and how it applies to the case study of Sophie. The essay examines the impact of attachment styles, experiences, and environment on child development.

Life Cycle
Development

Table of Content.
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
Life cycle development approaches can assist in the make suitable choices and this is
divided in to several steps. This process is includes the planning, modification, analysis as well
as changes in the individual behaviour, emotional, physical as well as social factors. There are
several psychologist are provide several developmental stages of the life span. There are growth
and changes are refer as irreversible and unidirectional process which are appreciated by the
psychologist and these are taken three aspect as developmental domains (Makarchuk, Trofimov
and Demchenko, 2019). These aspects are includes psychological, cognitive as well as physical
development. The physical development is explained as the advancement as well as development
of the motor skills, abilities, brain as well as body development. The cognitive development is
refer to the development of the ability to think and reason. This essay is includes the several
different stages of the life cycle and also consider the related John Bowlby, Mary Ainsworth's
idea as well as Erik Erikson theory of the psychological development which are associated with
the life cycle development. It is also includes the needs of the theory of Sophie's in the different
stages of the life cycle development. The stages of the life cycle development is consider
learning and make a person more determinative for the various approaches for spend good
quality life (Zhou, 2019).
MAIN BODY
TASK 1
Mary Ainsworth attachment theory is suggests that young children form bonds with their
caregivers. This is also develop the understandings for the development as well as attachment of
the children. This attachment is theory is based on their observation and research and she is
concluded that there are three nail styles of the attachment. These are includes secure attachment
which is refer to secure attached child find comfort when frightened as well as prefer parents to
stranger. The second one is anxiously-avoidant attachment which is refer to children are wary of
strangers, exhibit great distress when parents leaves but are not comforted by a parent's
attachment. The last one anxious-resistant attachment which is explained as children are show a
few preference for parents over strangers and find a few comfort from their caregivers. These are
collectively assist in the identification of the of the attachment in between caregiver and children
1

and this is also assist in the development of the understandings for the significance of
relationship in early stage child development (Lin and et. al., 2020).
According to Sophie, his mother is passed away when she was four year old. She was not
able to build a attachment with her mother for long period of time. She was loss his mother in
early stage and she was not able to accept Victoria as a mother. Sophie was at her developmental
stage at that time she is thinking that she was highly affected by loss of her mother. Ainsworth's
maternal sensitivity theory is suggested that sensitive mother always react to the requirement as
well as mood of their child. Sophie is not feel some experience likeliness of the protection and
security given by her mother which was cause the negative impact ion the child development
stage. Her new mother Victoria is also not give attention to her because she is suffering from
fibromyalgia and health conditions is also not so good (Negrini, 2018).
John Bowlby gave a evolutionary theory of attachment, it is suggested that children come
into the world biologically pre-programmed to form attachment with others because this will
assist them to survive. According to this theory, the child have needs since born to attach to
someone as well as specific attachment is more significant than all the rest. The critical time of
the attachment development in his theory has considered 2.5 years. If this attachment is not done
during this period of time then these are decrease gradually. This theory is provide the
attachment between primary care givers as well as infant that can build many challenges for
infant is several aspects. These aspects are includes emotional, cognitive as well as social. In
case of Sophie, she was spend his four years with her mother and during this time she build a
strong attachment with her mother only. This is a major reason for Sophie that she is not able to
build a relation with Victoria. Victoria is not able to find out the attention to their children
because of their bad conditions of the health. Sophie's father is also not give his attachment to
their children because of their tight schedule. He is not act as more responsible towards his
children (Manning, 2022).
There are some research has been conducted by the Peggy Emerson as well as Rudolph
Schaffer. This study is based on the longitudinal study on 60 infants and evaluate the number of
attachment relations. In this, there are infants are taken under observation in every four weeks
until the completion of first year of age. There are analyse four different phases which are related
with the attachment. These stages are includes Pre-attachment Stage, Indiscriminate Attachment,
Multiple attachment and Discriminate attachment.
2

The Pre-Attachment Stage is refer as the age from after the birth to 3 months of life. This
stage is includes the infants which are not show any attachment with caregivers. The caregivers
are shows their attachment for infant when they are cry of fuss. Indiscriminate attachment is
present between the age of 7-10 months which is refer to the infant strong attachment as well as
preference for a caregivers. These can discriminate between familiar as well as unfamiliar people
but does not shows stranger anxiety. The multiple phase is start after the 9 months of age in
which children build a strong emotional bonds with other caregiver beyond the primary
attachment figure. This is also includes second parent, older siblings as well as grand parents. In
the case of Sophie, her second parents as well as their siblings are not shows any attachment with
her. The family of her is not used to live with grand parents. So, there is no any attachment is
given to the Sophie to form a multiple attachment with any one (Weinman, 2019). Sophie's
father is not also not hire any caregiver for provide the emotional support to her.
There are a few aspects which are affect the timing as well as situation of the development
attachment which are associated with the opportunity of attachment as well as quality of care.
There are children are need to build a primary care figures which are basically require to build a
trust that is need to form bond of attachment. The children are need a proper care which are
require to develop a sense of dependence in child and allow them to develop attachment as well
as trust. In case of Sophie, there are various factors are applicable as the absence of her mother.
These is include primary caregiver which are not let her to develop trust with Victoria. These are
the effective aspects which are responsible for building a differences between them. These are
obstruct Sophie form building a relation and increase sense of emotion. There are four patterns
are associated with the attachment. These are consider Avoidant, Ambivalent, Secure and
Disorganized. Ambivalent attachment is refer as showing little exploration of their environment,
these children may be wary or distresses prior to separation. These are fail to take comfort in the
parent when reunites as well as continue to focus on the parents and fuss. According to Avoidant
attachment, there are child often fails to cry when separated from the parent, avoids as well as
ignore the parent when reunited and shows a little or no proximity and contract seeking, no
distress or no anger at separation (Little and Derr, 2020). Disorganized attachment is explained
as children which are shows their confusing attitude and behaviour. These children are avoiding
or resisting nature with parents because of the inconsistent care giving behaviour of their parents.
These conditions are increase when parents are turn to source of fear as well as comfort for their
3

child which are responsible for the development of the disorganized behaviour in between them.
According to Secure attachment, A child with secure pattern of attachment will explore a room
while the parent is present. If the parents leave the room, the child will show sign of missing the
parent securing the separation. In context to the given case study, presence of Ambivalent
attachment can includes to be obvious in Sophie because of the absence of her father Tom and
secondary caregivers Victoria. These neglectful behaviour of Victoria and her father toward
Sophie can lead to development of avoidance nature in her. There are no any changes are occur
in the development of secure attachment with Sophie (Duuring, 2022).
There are various researchers are give the outcomes of failure secure attachment in the
early life of children. There are some children are more likely to build the negative as well as
rude behaviour in their throughout life. These attachment is displayed in adult age which are not
require the same and potential in early years. These are also cause impact on early relationship
and can also affect later relationship. The child which attain the chance of developing secure
attachment are more likely to develop strong romantic relationships in good self-esteem
(Jalongo, 2018).
TASK 2
The need theory is an ideological model that seek to explain human motivation based on
an individual's specific needs. There are an individual obvious to develop along with time which
is based on their life expectation and experience as well as perception on culture. The need
theory model is vary effective in building an understandings about what can motivate as well as
assist a child to feel more happy, motivated as well as comfortable in their life. It is very
significant to develops the understanding of the theory which are assist in the building a healthy
environment. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is refer to theory of motivation which explained the
categories of the human needs which dictate an individual's behaviour (Medina and et. al., 2019).
This theory is used to give the attention on the concept that an individual is get motivated to
approach the direction to fulfil their requirement in a successive order. These needs are move
from basic to advance needs. These needs are includes physiological needs, safety needs, love
and belonging needs, self esteem as well as self-actualization. The psychological needs are refer
as biological requirements for human survival such as food, water, shelter, clothing and
physiological needs. In context to given case study, Sophie is belongs to a good as well as strong
financial background and there is no any inadequacy in of physiological requirements in her life.
4

The complexity of hierarchic begins to get complex at second level which is associated with the
safety and security. These are also associated with financial security, health and safety against
accident as well as hazards (Konhäusner, 2020).
Sophie is live in the safe as well as secure environment and have a strong as well as
satisfactory living environment which is give the financial safety as well as security to her. In
context to health and wellness, the case study is includes the Victoria and Sophie's brother Adam
which are suffering from fibromyalgia and autism spectrum disorder. This family has a strong
background so that they can take treatment through professional. The love and belongings are the
third needs of the hierarchic needs which is also refer as the social needs. These are including the
family and friendship bonds both with biological family as well as chosen family
(FrontiersYahya and et. al., 2018). Physical and emotional intimacy ranging from sexual
relationships top intimate emotional bonds which are important to achieving a feeling of elevated
kinship. These are assist in decrease the feeling of depression, loneliness as well as anxiety. It is
also assist the individual to get the accepted as well as loved by people. In case of Sophie, she is
face lack of social needs in her life. Her parents and brother is not give the proper time to pamper
her and play with her. This case is includes that the her sister Melanie is already have several
friends to play and Adam is suffering from ASD so he is not like to talk and hang up with their
family. He is spending his time in sitting alone in room for hours. These such conditions does not
allow Sophie to build her to develops the skills of socialisation. It is also difficult to develops the
sense of belongings and love for the people. The esteem needs is the fourth level and Maslow is
specifically notes that self-esteem can be broken into two types. These are includes esteem which
is based on respect as well as acknowledgement from others and esteem which is based on your
self-assessment. The esteem is play important role in after the achieving the satisfaction of the
first three levels. In the given case study, Sophie is only 11 year old and she is mature as well as
she can feel and understand the sense of value or love from other. She is also understand and
think about the contribution to the world. These senses are comes with the participation in
several activities, profession and sports. She is also make identification as well as efforts at
academic level and these are attain by the own hobbies which are needs for the fulfilling the
esteem needs. These are may also assist Sophie in the development of assurance of her
capabilities. The self-actualisation is associated with the personal growth as well as self-
awareness. The basic needs are includes safety, love, trust, security and freedom. These are also
5

increase the experiences which are gained from their early years help in the development of the
personality which is beneficial for the adult life. These experiences are includes sexual abuse,
physical abuse and sudden changes in the environment as well as sudden death of a close family
members, change of partners by parents these all are collectively cause impact on the mental
health of a child. These experiences are related with the unmet the requirements which are cause
psychological issue (Zhang and et. al., 2021). In the case of Sophie, she is live in the physically
safe, secure and protected environment. She is face emotional stress as well as arguing
environment with the siblings at home. Her father have a bad drinking habit which are generate a
feeling of insecurity within her. There are some children is used to have a detached relationship
with their parents which are resulting in that they are not able to learn the manner by which they
express their feeling.
The characteristic of gender may affect the development and experience of Sophie. She is
not close to Victoria, father and siblings because she was not able to express act of
discrimination which are she understanding at academic level. This may affect on the emotional
development and sense of loneliness of her home. The characteristic of racism is also affect on
her life because of the environment which is she face around her home and she is also develops
an wrong understanding that Victoria is not love her father because of his colour. In the given
case scenario, Victoria have white skin colour tone while Tom have black skin tone African.
This can directly impacted on her developmental stage in a wrong manner and develops the
sense of discrimination. There are ethnicity also affected in the child development and these are
shaping the experiences (Solichin and Rahman, 2022). The negative effect with peers and
teachers can lead to develop poor behaviour within a child. There are Victoria and Sophie's
father both are comes from different background, culture a well as ethnicity. There are no love is
present in between the her parents and they are argument of the Tom. These all are affect the
mental condition of the Sophie. Sophie is also think that her parents are argue because of their
cultural differences, behaviour as well as thoughts. There are disabled children have more
tendency to create higher level of behavioural, emotional and social challenges at the age of four
or five. In the case study of Sophie, she is not disable but she is faces an experience the
challenges of her brother. These are may affect on the her development in social and emotional
factors. She is seen that her brother is sitting alone in the room for many hours which are
resulting in development of the understandings that all disable child always is used to live like
6

that only. Sophie was not like to got the school which are associated with a reason of not
developed social and emotional skills within her.
Sophie is require a emotional support at this is the situations of the life. She is require the
proper care and this is very crucial for the cognitive development. This is also significant to her
emotional development in which individual involver her in talking. There are require to her
siblings and fer parents should pay attention which are require for the emotional development. It
these did not get fulfilled it may lead to develops an individual with lack of emotional, cognitive
and social skills (Chiao and et. al., 2021).
CONCLUSION
From the above essay, it has been concluded that the developmental stage is very
important in the social, cognitive, physical and emotional development of the children. This is
develops the understandings of the attachment theory which is assist in the identification of the
several perspective as well as aspects which are very crucial for the development. There are
several procedure and measures are present which are associated with the changes within a
person in emotional, mental, physical and social factors. There are a theory of need is also
present which is develops the understanding about impact and influence of the needs of the
person's life. This essay is help in the build the understandings about life cycle development.
7

REFERENCES
Books and Journals:
Chiao, L.H. and et. al., 2021. Exploring factors influencing the retention of nurses in a religious
hospital in Taiwan: a cross-sectional quantitative study. BMC nursing, 20(1), pp.1-8.
Duuring, T., 2022. Attachment to Greed: Exploring Theoretical Overlap between
Psychoanalysis, Greed, and Attachment Theory (Doctoral dissertation, Pacifica
Graduate Institute).
Jalongo, M.R., 2018. An attachment perspective on the child-dog bond: Interdisciplinary and
international research findings. Children, Dogs and Education, pp.21-41.
Konhäusner, P., 2020, June. Rethinking the Impact of Crowdfunders on Economic Success of
Companies. In 6th BASIQ International Conference on New Trends in Sustainable
Business and Consumption. Edited by Pamfilie Rodica, Vasile Dinu, Laurent, iu
Tăchiciu, Doru Ples, ea and Cristinel Vasiliu. Bucharest: ASE Publishing House (pp.
571-78).
Lin, H.C. and et. al., 2020. The associations between parental conflict, attachment anxiety, and
somatic symptoms in adult children affected by parental separation. Journal of Divorce
& Remarriage, 61(3), pp.168-185.
Little, S. and Derr, V., 2020. The influence of nature on a child’s development: Connecting the
outcomes of human attachment and place attachment. Research handbook on
childhoodnature: Assemblages of childhood and nature research, pp.151-178.
Makarchuk, T., Trofimov, V. and Demchenko, S., 2019. Modeling the life cycle of e-learning
course using Moodle cloud LMS. In Conferences of the department Informatics (No. 1,
pp. 62-71).
Manning, L.B., 2022. The predictive relation of maternal sensitivity over time and child
characteristics on early attachment. Early Child Development and Care, pp.1-15.
Medina, V. and et. al., 2019. Revisiting environmental belief and behavior among ethnic groups
in the US. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, p.629.
Negrini, L.S., 2018. HANDBOOK OF ATTACHMENT: THEORY, RESEARCH, AND
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Jude Cassidy and Phillip R. Shaver (Eds.), New York:
Guilford Press, 2016, 1,068 pp., ISBN 978‐1‐4625‐2529‐4.
Solichin, M.M. and Rahman, H., 2022. Humanization of Pesantren Education: The Abraham
Maslow Perspective. TADRIS: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 17(1), pp.143-155.
Weinman, M.L., 2019. A response to controversies in attachment disorders. Child and
Adolescent Social Work Journal, 36(2), pp.107-110.
Yahya, N. and et. al., 2018. The concept of human will according to Al-Ghazali and Abraham
Maslow: A Comparative Study. International Journal Of Academic Research In
Business And Social Sciences, 8(10), pp.91-99.
Zhang, L. and et. al., 2021. The application of landsenses ecology in language
carriers. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 28(7),
pp.653-660.
Zhou, D.A.I.L.I.N., 2019. Examination of the 15-minute life cycle program of a Chinese
megacity: Case study of Guangzhou. WIT Trans. Ecol. Environ, 238, pp.97-106.
8