Literature Review: Benefit of Infrared Vein Viewing Technique

This literature review discusses the application of infrared laser vein viewing system for improved cannulation process and the pros and cons related to this process improvement strategies.

Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW
LITERATURE REVIEW: BENEFIT OF INFRARED VEIN VIEWING TECHNIQUE
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1LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
Intravenous cannulation is one of the most common types of healthcare invasive
procedure followed by the clinical professionals around the world as more than 80% of patients
admitted to healthcare facility requires cannulation for further treatment. However, the majority
of patients undergoing surgery or who required intravenous cannulation, undergoes severe
anxiety due to the anticipated pain or the resulted pain of cannulation process (Yalçınlı et al.
2019). Several researchers have provided insights of application of local anaesthesia, ethyl
chloride spray and other solutions so that pain of cannulation could be limited, however the
degree of success remains limited (Ravik, Havnes and Bjørk, 2017). If the nursing professionals
are unable to find out the perfect site for cannulation in their first attempt, and puncture multiple
sites for the insertion of cannula, it increases the risk of stress, discomfort and dissatisfaction
among patients (Rodriguez-Calero et al. 2018). Moreover, it was also seen that experienced
nursing professionals also make mistakes while puncturing vein to incorporate intravenous
cannula and as perGoudra et al. (2014), majority of the nursing professionals required more than
one attempt of intravenous cannulation insertion prior to the surgery. Besides that, Keleekai et al.
(2016) also mentioned that despite of skilled nursing staff, 50% of the cannulation required more
than one attempt. Hence, besides providing the nursing professionals with training of cannula
insertion, healthcare should also include an advanced infrared laser vein viewing system so that
the healthcare professionals could palpate the vessel or become able to see blood vessel under
the skin (Rothbart et al. 2015).
The primary aim of this literature review paper will discuss the application of infrared
laser vein viewing system so that findings of different researchers about the improved
cannulation system could be obtained. This will help to identify the the pros and cons related to

2LITERATURE REVIEW
this process improvement strategies. Further, different local and international governmental
policies regarding the application of this system in cannulation process would be reviewed.
Besides these, application of change management for successful implementation of this system
and a detailed action plan to achieve this within a specific time frame would be included in the
assignment. Finally, few realistic recommendations would be suggested in the paper, so that
application of infrared vein viewing technique could be successfully implemented in healthcare
facilities around the world.
The focus of the proposal
The primary focus on this paper would be identifying the major concern of healthcare
physicians and patients while undertaking cannulation procedure as complications associated to
this process could lead to healthcare risks. Further, it was also noted that healthcare professionals
are not being provided with any specific training or education that would help them to determine
the perfect place for cannulation while conducting peripheral vein cannulation. However, as per
McGowan et al. (2016), it is important for the registered nursing professionals to be aware of all
the skills require to deliver quality healthcare service. Hence, the primary focus of this proposal
would be identifying the complications associated to the contemporary venous cannulation
process and analysing its effectiveness in decreasing the pain for the patient. Further, it would
his paper will propose the application of infrared laser associated vein viewing technique in
the healthcare facilities of UK so that nursing professionals could easily conduct cannulation
and apply for less manual error while cannulation. Hence, through these two primary aspects,
this proposal would help to compare the benefits that are associated to the infrared laser
associated vein viewing technique with the conventional or anaesthesia used vein cannulation
process.

3LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature review
Having completed the systematic review process, with implementation of systematic
search, with a wide range of databases (attached in apendix1) the collected research articles were
critically reviewed on the basis of two specific themes as critiqued.
Theme A: identifying the drawbacks of conventional and anaesthesia cannulation process
As per McCallum (2012), every one in three patients admitted in the healthcare facilities
in the United Kingdom have a venous cannulation and a peripheral venous catheter inserted in
that site. However, due to improper training and skill development about the venous cannulation
among the nursing professionals, the risk of blood borne infection and phlebitis increases. It was
mentioned in the paper that majority of the nursing professionals are unaware of the
characteristics of vein that should be observed prior to implementation of catheter and hence,
patients develops higher risk of phlebitis and other bacterial contamination in the insertion site.
As per McCallum (2012), phlebitis is the inflammation of the vein due to which the patients
suffer from pain and indurations of the vein. Besides these the type of complication which could
be observed in the patient due to improper cannulation of vein are catheter related blood- stream
infection, haemorrhage in the puncture site of vein, inflamed tunica intimae or presence of
phlebitis, extravasations or improper puncture of the vein, due to which the fluid passes in the
neighbouring tissue. As per Miliani et al. (2014), the complications associated to venous
complication could be life threatening to the patients and due to the unawareness of nursing
professionals and lack of proper cannulation skills, it has become one of the major issue for
hospital acquired infection in UK, which was found in their quantitative prospective
observational study.

4LITERATURE REVIEW
The first article included in this Similar findings were observed under this theme
was a quantitative randomised control trial research article of Parienti et al. (2015), as per
whom, three cannulation sites namely the femoral central vein, subclavian vein and the
jugular vein are the sites which are associated to phlebitis or the blood borne infection in
the patients. Similar thought was shared by the researchers Tawfik et al. (2017) however
they conducted the cannulation process by using anaesthesia and found that the risk of
blood borne infection remains same. This study was able to identify the fear and anxiety
that increases due to the improper cannulation and miss at the first chance among the
patients however, it mentions that majority of the patients are able to withstand the pain
and distress of the process so that they healthcare interventions could be applied easily.
Despite that, the intensity and type of infection, were similar in both of these articles. Both
of these articles conducted quantitative randomized control trail and the selection criteria
for the patients were more than 18 years of age, and 19 to 40 years of age respectively and
application of venous cannulation was the most important aspect for selection of
participants was their ability of decision- making. The quantitative randomization of
catheter insertion site was selected as 1:1:1 for the entire three sites selected for this study.
Besides these, the nursing staffs who were asked to perform the cannulation process were
selected on the basis of their experience of puncturing catheter in patients (Parienti et al.
2015). For the ethical consideration of the process, the patients were asked for consent and
after collection of consent, they were involved in the research group. In this qualitative
research. The data collection method in both the articles were collected from patient
interview so that the experience of patients could be understood and processes accordingly.
The primary cause of infection was determined as the catheter tip colonisation and the deep vein

5LITERATURE REVIEW
thrombosis after the catheter removal from the patient’s body. The statistical data analysis of
the qualitative research indicated to the fact that vein thrombosis was the primary issue
that majority of the patients faced after removal of the catheter and majority of this
incidence were observed in the femoral catheter insertion site. Therefore, this randomized
control trail related research process was able to identify the reasons due to which such
cannulation procedure should be replaced effectively.
On the other hand, the study by Tawfik et al. (2017) indicated that majority of the
patients experienced pain and distress in the process but the intensity of it was lower.
Therefore, it is evident that the first study was inclusive of significant sample population,
that are not a part of multiple departments of the healthcare facility, whereas, this study
was able to include multivariate population so that the experience of such aspect could be
assessed. Therefore, both of these studies were methodologically similar and found out
similar methodologies for the detailed assessment. Thereby increasing the implication of
the research findings.
Besides this, one quantitative case control study was also conducted in 48 public
healthcare facilities of Spain; so that the risk factors associated to venous cannulation and life
threatening conditions could be identified and addressed (Rodriguez-Calero et al. 2018).
Further, the aim was to identify the risks of venous puncture while conducting treatment of
patients. The patients who were included in the study had two to three failed attempts of venous
cannulation, required central access of cannulation after failed peripheral access of cannulation
and the patients who rejected the cannulation process after several failed attempts. Hence, the
research was ethically complied as majority of the patients provided the researchers with
ethical consent so that they could conduct the ethical interventions (Rodriguez-Calero et al.

6LITERATURE REVIEW
2018). Further it was also observed that due to several failed attempt of cannulation
insertion in the patients, majority of them were stigmatized of the procedure. However, as
per Zingg et al. (2014), while conducting such risk factor analysis it is important to include
the skills of nursing professionals which was lacking the research process of (Rodriguez-
Calero et al. 2018). Further, the risk factor of improper venous cannulation not only affects
patients in general or ICU wards, but also creates higher risk for patients undergoing
surgery. This aspect of venous cannulation and associated effects could be easily
understood from the research of Leung et al. (2016), in which to understand the effect of
improper venous cannulation in patients undergoing surgery, the prospective observation
study conducted. Researchers mentioned the fact that their aim was to understand the risk for
venous thrombosis due to the peripheral catheter insertion and hence, they conducted the study
with patients who were at higher risk of deep vein thrombosis and had a catheter inserted in their
peripheral vein. 54 patients were included in the study and the researchers observed them twice a
day for 30 days continuously so that their features of deep vein thrombosis could be collected to
determine the risk factors associated to it (Leung et al. 2016). In this mixed methodological
research, written consent was collected for ethical compliance of the paper. After the
conduction of the study the data indicated that majority of the nursing professionals,
despite of having proper skill of venous catheter insertion at the peripheral site, were
unable to puncture the correct site of patient at first attempt, however, the risk factor for
deep vein thrombosis was quite lower of compared to the rate of mechanical error in this
insertion site. Therefore, both the study mentioned in the first and second paper by
Rodriguez-Calero et al. (2018) and Leung et al. (2016) respectively were able to provide

7LITERATURE REVIEW
details of the loopholes and shortcomings of the traditional cannula insertion process due to
which effectiveness of the process decreases.
However, the research by Abdelaziz et al. (2017), found contradictory result while
conducting catheter insertion in the peripheral vein of children. This research was also a
qualitative prospective observational study or the mixed methodological study in which
paediatric patients from paediatric wards and paediatric surgery wards were selected and
then within those patients’ 250 peripheral venous cannulation processes were conducted
among 98 paediatric patients (Abdelaziz et al. 2017). This qualitative observational study
collected the time of catheter insertion, catheter removal and the reason for catheter
termination in all the 98 patients as the study population and after the collection of written
consent from them for the ethical implication and collection ethical compliance report form
the national ethical certification board, they conducted the study with the children. After
the statistical analysis it was found that in 51.9 cases the termination of the catheter was
done due to the improper insertion of venous catheter among patients that lead to higher
risk of blood borne and phlebitis associated conditions. Therefore, with relatable study
design, study population and study intervention by Abdelaziz et al. (2017) and by Leung et
al. (2016), both the articles found contradictory results thereby contradicting the study
results of the process. Besides these, the complications associated to venous cannulation
and the lack of knowledge and skills in nursing professionals were assessed in the research
by Heidemann et al. (2017), in which the researchers noted that the lack of data regarding
the central venous catheter insertion for the new and trainee nursing professionals so that
they could learn the cannulation process properly. For this purpose, the researchers
conducted qualitative electronic survey or mixed methodological assessment among the new

8LITERATURE REVIEW
and trainee nursing professionals between June 2014 and May 2015. Within this timeline, the
researchers collected all the data related to complication that raised after failed cannulation,
venous thrombosis among patients and then conducted statistical analysis of the process so that
emergence of the complications1.9% of the total social be statistically obtained. After the
completion of study it was seen that in 1.9% of cases, venous cannulation resulted in severe
complication for the patients, however the hospital management did not included this data in
their EHR system (Heidemann et al. 2017). This was the primary reason the new and trainee
nursing professionals were unaware about the skills and training they would be requiring for
conducting safe and accurate venous cannulation process (Chatterjee et al. 2014).
Therefore, all these research articles included the possible risk factors which could affect
patients in their healthcare process. These articles provided a holistic view of the risk factors,
starting from venous cannulation, error in nurse’s practice, and lack in the guideline and skill
development strategies for teaching the correct and accurate way for venous cannulation.
Theme B: benefits of application of infrared laser vein viewing system in the healthcare
facilities of UK to reduce the risk factors of the cannulation process
From the above- mentioned critical review of literatures it was evident that majority of
the cannulation associated complication raised in the healthcare process due to the lack of
training and skills in the nursing professionals so that they could puncture the correct site of vein
(peripheral and central) in first attempt, as well as due to the inability of detecting veins to insert
catheter. Therefore, in the second theme, benefits of the infrared cannulation method was
assessed. As per Çaglar et al. (2019), if the healthcare facilities includes a system through which

9LITERATURE REVIEW
the professionals could visualize the vein and correct location for cannulation, the rate of
mechanical error, venous thrombosis and bacterial blood borne infection would decrease by
57%. To develop the fact and provide detailed analysis of research article based on this process,
several research articles would be included in the study (Çaglar et al. 2019).
To determine the effectiveness of vein viewing technique for venous cannulation,
quantitative non- randomised control trial or the mixed method research by Rothbart et al.
(2015), should be included in the study. The study was conducted to understand the
benefits of using AV300 vein viewing technique. Further to understand the way this vein
viewing technique reduced the cannulation related complication in chosen population. For
this process, the researchers collected samples from January to March 2011 and in the
process included 238 paediatric patients who had a cannula inserted in their central venous
system. The consent was collected primarily and then after complying with the ethuical
means, the research was commenced. In this quantitative non-randomized control trail, 124
patients were included in the control group, whereas, 114 patients were included in the
intervention group, where, in the intervention group cannulation was done through vein
viewing system and in control group conventional process of cannulation was performed
(Rothbart et al. 2013). After completion of the study, it was found that the median time
required for cannulation in the intervention group was higher than the control group,
however, the rate of success in the control group was 0.45 compared to the intervention
group with 0.73, indicating higher rate of success with vein viewing technique. Further, after
the completion of the study it was also noted the number of attempts in the intervention group
was lower than that of the control group indicating to the fact that with the help of vein viewing
technique it was easier to puncture the central or peripheral vein for catheter insertion, compared

10LITERATURE REVIEW
to the conventional vein viewing technique. In the descriptive analysis of the complication of
venous cannulation nowadays was mentioned in the paper of Chiao et al. (2013), where it
was identified that multiple attempt of venous puncture is limiting for the healthcare
facility as well as increases the stress and anxiety in patients. Hence, application infrared
vein viewing technique should be done to develop processes in which, multiple attempt of
vein puncturing would be eliminated (Chiao et al. 2013). Therefore, to determine the
effectiveness of vein viewing system using infrared, it was required to directly compare it with
the conventional vein cannulation process so that effectiveness of the process could be easily
determined. Researchers, De Graaff et al. (2013) conducted the study in which each of the
patients included in the study undergone vein cannulation with conventional and infrared
vein viewing approach. The primary aim of this research was to understand the ability of
the infrared vein viewing system and to achieve that 384 patients included in the study
were provided with both type of cannulation, that lead to 768 observations. All these
participants were asked for the consent so that ethical compliance could be achieved. After
completion of the study, the statistical results revealed that the conventional vein
cannulation were not effective in patients who were obese, from African or Asian origin
because of their physical anatomy and inability of the nursing professionals to view the
vein underneath their fat tissues (De Graaff et al. 2013). On the other hand, while application
of infrared vein viewing technique, the researchers were able to determine 9.1% improvement
was notice compared to the conventional method as the nursing professionals were able to
visualize veins in obese patients. Hence, after completion of the study, it was observed that
application of vein viewing technique in the cannulation process increased the efficiency of the

11LITERATURE REVIEW
nursing professionals by providing them with the ability to view the vein and the correct site of
cannulation (Çaglar et al. 2019).
Research by Rothbart et al. (2015), also added to the findings of research by De
Graaff et al. (2013), as their randomized control trail or the mixed method indicated that
the paediatric patients also indicated to the fact that infrared laser vein viewing system is
effective in reducing the mechanical and human error of venous cannulation. To provide
factual data about the above- mentioned statement the researchers conducted a quantitative
cluster randomized clinical trial in which participants (paediatric patients) were divided in
control group and intervention group and a total 1913 patients were included in the study (De
Graaff et al. 2013). Both the groups were provided with similar care and observation whiles the
process. The research findings, collected after the completion of the process indicated that
implementation of vein viewing technique significantly increased the ability of the nursing
professionals to puncture accurate site of central and peripheral veins. Moreover, it was also
observed that nursing professionals who were new in the process or did not had any past
experience of puncturing vein for cannula insertion, were able to learn and conduct the process
without any failed attempts (De Graaff et al. 2013). Therefore, this was the most significant
research finding that was collected from this research article that indicated that application of
near infrared vein viewing technique in healthcare facilities of UK could significantly decrease
the risk factors associated to the process and the nursing professionals could implement this
crucial step without any failed attempt (De Graaff et al. 2013).
In a qualitative case study analysis related primary research article Ravik, Havnes
and Bjørk (2017) mentioned that learning and practicing the theoretical knowledge is an
important aspect for nursing competency development in every conventional and advanced

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nursing profession. Skills related to peripheral and central vein cannulation is similarly an
important skill which is challenging and crucial for nursing professionals. However, the modern
nursing professionals are unaware of this crucial step and its competencies due to which patients
are developing life- threatening situations. Hence, as per the qualitative study conducted by
Ravik, Havnes and Bjørk (2017), it is important for the application of educational and skill
development sessions for nursing professionals to learn the proper process of vein cannulation.
Besides, application of laser vein viewing technique could help the nursing professionals to
conduct the process without nay critical risk factor and hence, this article proposes the
application of this system (Juric et al. 2014).
Change management
Change management is the process using which people, group, or any organisation is
prepared for transition, from one state to another so that improvement in the process, in
interventions and in workflow could be achieved (Gershengorn, Kocher and Factor 2014).
Through the application of change management, healthcare facilities are able to implement
improved and evidence based practice in practice using which both the healthcare professionals
and the patients receiving care would be benefited. Change management generally involves the
application of several structured method depending on the compatibility with the healthcare
facility and its processes and through the process, the efficiency and ability of the healthcare
professionals to conduct effective and quality care increases (Van Rossum et al. 2016).
As the paper proposes to implement infrared laser based vein viewing system so accurate
and proper cannulation of peripheral and central vein, it is important to shift the process from the

13LITERATURE REVIEW
conventional catheter insertion (Verhulst and Lambrechts 2015). For this, the entire organisation,
healthcare professionals, nursing professionals and stakeholders need to undergo an effective
change management process so that after completion of it, they could acquire the process with
great effectiveness and accuracy (Ginter, Duncan and Swayne 2018). Hence, for this change
management process in the healthcare facilities of UK, Lewin’s Change management model
should be implemented. This change management model describes the change process as a part
of three crucial steps such as unfreezing, change and freezing, and application of these three
steps helps to implement the favourable change in the organisation and develops competency
among the nursing professional (Kash et al. 2014).
Smart action goal
SMART action goal consists of objectives or goals which the organisations undergoing
change determines so that within a specific time, those objectives could be achieved and through
the application of those objectives complete compliance to the proposed change could be
obtained.
Unfreezing
The above- mentioned literature review mentioned about the application of infrared laser
associated vein viewing technique for application in the healthcare facilities so that the loopholes
and disadvantages the patients and healthcare professionals were suffering for conventional
cannulation process could be mitigated (Cameron and Green 2015). This would the primary
driving force depending on which change management would be implemented in the healthcare
facilities of UK. As per Knight et al. (2015), prior to unfreeze of make the professionals aware of
the improved process, they should be provided with the drawbacks the current process they are

14LITERATURE REVIEW
conducting for the healthcare of patients as well as the drawback existing process is bringing for
their nursing career. Hence, as per Georgalis et al. (2015), implementing educational sessions,
group meetings with nursing professionals and providing them with data regarding the drawback
of conventional CVC and PVC catheter insertion would be an effective step for making nursing
professionals prepared for the change. Further, they would be asked for feedbacks on the
proposed change that would help them to self-research about the drawbacks and hence, they
would be convinced for going through the change process (Hon, Bloom and Crant 2014).
Further, providing the nursing professionals would help to reduce the resistance among the
nursing professionals about changing the process as they would be provided with enough time so
that they could make themselves ready for the upcoming change in the care process (Van der Voet
and Vermeeren 2017). Hence, involving the nursing professionals by providing them enough time
to prepare for the upcoming change would receive more support from the nursing professionals,
as the resistance would be eliminated from the change management process (Jones and Van de
Ven 2016). In this change management process, all the stakeholders, nursing professionals,
multidisciplinary team who is associated with venous cannulation would be included in the
process.
Implementing change
The implementation of change would target the smart goals developed prior to
application of change management in the healthcare facilities of UK. Till this stage all the
healthcare professionals are unfreeze or are completely prepared for the implementation of
change in their working process (Kumar Basu 2015). Therefore, this step would determine the
implementation of replacing process with the obsolete one and for this the professionals would
be provided with educational and skill development technique (Mathews and Linski 2016). Further,

15LITERATURE REVIEW
this would be obtained by applying educational session about the usage of infrared vein viewing
in real time, the mechanism of using the vein viewing system, the trouble shooting measures of
the vein viewing process and other would be provided to the nursing professionals (De La Torre
et al. 2014). With that the nursing professionals would be provided with 2 months of time to
learn about the process, 2 months for implement the learning in the care process and the final two
month would be used for evaluation of the nursing professionals so that their learning could be
assessed. Evaluation in change management is an important approach for reinforcing the gained
information so that complete compliance to the change process could be achieved, Further it
helps the nursing professionals would be able to utilize the given time to earn, implement and
conduct self- assessment though the evaluation process (Kash et al. 2014). Hence, this way the
change management step of the Lewin’s change management theory would be applied in the
healthcare facilities of UK.
Freezing
This is the most crucial step for change management as after completion of the change
implementation in the healthcare facility, it is important to finalise the process and ensure that
the process is implemented in the facility without any fail. This is an important process for the
higher authority of the care facilities as the change agents or the nursing professionals would
know the degree of their learning and the chances of mistakes in their practice (De La Torre et al.
2014). Hence, in such situation, if the change is implemented in the care process without the
positive replies form the nursing professionals, it could lead to resistance among the
professionals and the chance of mistakes would increase severely. Hence, the professionals
should be discussed for their feedback and their ability to implement the process without any
severe error, because their error could lead to life threatening condition for patients seeking care

16LITERATURE REVIEW
in the facility (Cummings, Bridgman and Brown 2016). Further, freezing is the process, application
of which determines fixation of the modified process in the care delivery and hence, after
freezing the nursing professionals would be expected to conduct the process without any severe
error. Hence, in such situation, complete compatibility of the nursing professionals should be
targeted so that error free and completely favourable condition for infrared vein viewing system
for safe and effective cannulation could be achieved in the healthcare facility (Kickert 2014).
Recommendations
There are several recommendations using which healthcare facilities could easily
implement infrared laser associated vein viewing system in the healthcare facilities of UK.
 The first recommendation would be informing the care professionals about the
high error rate and the chances of life threatening condition could arise due to
their lack of knowledge of cannulation process or the lack of skill for peripheral
and central vein cannulation process. This would help to make the professionals
aware about the loopholes and mistakes present in their current cannulation
process and they would be able to prepare themselves to accept new process so
that they could become more skilled.
 The second recommendation would be asked them to research about the infrared
vein viewing system and its benefits so that in the educational sessions and
training processes they could take part in effective communication and could
learn about the new processes properly.

17LITERATURE REVIEW
 The third recommendation for nursing professionals would be learning about the
process, the machinery, the usage and the trouble shooting measures so that in
ward, they could conduct the complete process on their own.
 Fourth recommendation would be conducting evaluation process so that the
compliance level of nursing professionals could be assessed and then healthcare
facilities should modify their nursing guidelines for cannulation process to ensure
this new and developed technique could be used for error free process.
Conclusion
Peripheral and central vein cannulation is a process which is conducted in almost every
patient, who has been admitted to the healthcare facility. This cannulation is used to provide the
patient with saline fluid, intravenous medication purposes because in crucial situation, it is
important for healthcare professionals to include intravenous medication. However, due to lack
of proper training, knowledge and information about intravenous cannulation process, multiple
attempts are conducted to achieve a successful cannulation process. This was the primary
purpose of this paper to discuss about the drawbacks and loopholes present in contemporary
venous cannulation process and then propose the application of infrared laser venous cannulation
process to reduce the manual and mechanical error significantly. This was the primary focus of
the study and to determine this aspect, two themes were developed, depending on which recent
literatures were searched. The first theme discussed about the complications and loopholes
associated with application of conventional venous cannulation process and the second theme
was the benefits of using infrared vein viewing system for venous cannulation process and
depending on these two themes recent scientific literatures and guidelines were searched. This
helped to determine the chosen topics with the help of scientific data and then after development

18LITERATURE REVIEW
of SMART gaol for achieving the proposed system in the facility, Lewin’s change management
model was implemented in the organisations of UK. This was an important step as through the
application of Lewin’s change management model and the processes of unfreezing, implement
change and freezing the change was implemented in the healthcare facilities of UK. Further
recommendations were provided in the paper so that while application of change in the
organisation, healthcare professionals could work as the active change agents and the
management could work as effective leadership to cumulatively brings effective change in the
organisation’s process. However these are few gaps present in the paper which would require
future research. Such as, for implementation of the process effectively, nursing professionals
should also require effective training and education and hence, lack of these aspects on the
venous cannulation through infrared was not assessed. Hence it is an important aspect which
should be assessed in the future research.

19LITERATURE REVIEW
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Ginter, P.M., Duncan, W.J. and Swayne, L.E., 2018. The strategic management of health care
organizations. John Wiley & Sons.
Goudra, B.G., Galvin, E., Singh, P.M. and Lions, J., 2014. Effect of site selection on pain of
intravenous cannula insertion: A prospective randomised study. Indian journal of
anaesthesia, 58(6), p.732.

21LITERATURE REVIEW
Heidemann, L., Nathani, N., Sagana, R., Chopra, V. and Heung, M., 2017. A Contemporary
Assessment of Mechanical Complication Rates and Trainee Perceptions of Central Venous
Catheter Insertion. Journal of hospital medicine, 12(8), pp.646-651.
Hon, A.H., Bloom, M. and Crant, J.M., 2014. Overcoming resistance to change and enhancing
creative performance. Journal of Management, 40(3), pp.919-941.
Jones, S.L. and Van de Ven, A.H., 2016. The changing nature of change resistance: An examination of
the moderating impact of time. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 52(4), pp.482-506.
Juric, S., Flis, V., Debevc, M., Holzinger, A. and Zalik, B., 2014. Towards a low-cost mobile
subcutaneous vein detection solution using near-infrared spectroscopy. The Scientific World
Journal, 2014.
Kash, B.A., Spaulding, A., Gamm, L.D. and Johnson, C., 2014. Leadership, culture, and
organizational technologies as absorptive capacity for innovation and transformation in the
healthcare sector: A framework for research. Change Management, 13(1), pp.1-13.
Kash, B.A., Spaulding, A., Johnson, C.E. and Gamm, L., 2014. Success factors for strategic
change initiatives: A qualitative study of healthcare administrators' perspectives. Journal of
Healthcare Management, 59(1), pp.65-81.
Keleekai, N.L., Schuster, C.A., Murray, C.L., King, M.A., Stahl, B.R., Labrozzi, L.J., Gallucci,
S., LeClair, M.W. and Glover, K.R., 2016. Improving nurses' peripheral intravenous catheter
insertion knowledge, confidence, and skills using a simulation-based blended learning program:
a randomized trial. Simulation in Healthcare, 11(6), p.376.

22LITERATURE REVIEW
Kickert, W.J., 2014. Specificity of change management in public organizations: Conditions for successful
organizational change in Dutch ministerial departments. The American Review of Public
Administration, 44(6), pp.693-717.
Knight, S., Lorenzo, A., Maloney, A.M., Srikanthan, A., Donen, R., Greenblatt, E. and Gupta,
A., 2015. An approach to fertility preservation in prepubertal and postpubertal females: A critical
review of current literature. Pediatric blood & cancer, 62(6), pp.935-939.
Kumar Basu, K., 2015. The leader's role in managing change: Five cases of technology‐enabled business
transformation. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 34(3), pp.28-42.
Leung, A., Heal, C., Banks, J., Abraham, B., Capati, G. and Pretorius, C., 2016. The incidence of
peripheral catheter-related thrombosis in surgical patients. Thrombosis, 2016.
Mathews, B. and Linski, C.M., 2016. Shifting the paradigm: reevaluating resistance to organizational
change. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 29(6), pp.963-972.
McCallum is lecturer–adult, L., 2012. Care of peripheral venous cannula sites. Nursing
times, 108(34/35), pp.12-15.
Miliani, K., Taravella, R., Thillard, D., Chauvin, V., Martin, E., Edouard, S., Astagneau, P. and
CATHEVAL Study Group, 2017. Peripheral venous catheter-related adverse events: evaluation
from a multicentre epidemiological study in France (the CATHEVAL Project). PLoS One, 12(1),
p.e0168637.
Parienti, J.J., Mongardon, N., Mégarbane, B., Mira, J.P., Kalfon, P., Gros, A., Marqué, S.,
Thuong, M., Pottier, V., Ramakers, M. and Savary, B., 2015. Intravascular complications of
central venous catheterization by insertion site. New England Journal of Medicine, 373(13),
pp.1220-1229.

23LITERATURE REVIEW
Ravik, M., Havnes, A. and Bjørk, I.T., 2017. Conditions Affecting the Performance of Peripheral
Vein Cannulation during Hospital Placement: A Case Study. Nursing research and practice,
2017.
Ravik, M., Havnes, A. and Bjørk, I.T., 2017. Conditions Affecting the Performance of Peripheral
Vein Cannulation during Hospital Placement: A Case Study. Nursing research and
practice, 2017.
Rodriguez-Calero, M.A., Fernandez-Fernandez, I., Molero-Ballester, L.J., Matamalas-Massanet,
C., Moreno-Mejias, L., de Pedro-Gomez, J.E., Blanco-Mavillard, I. and Morales-Asencio, J.M.,
2018. Risk factors for difficult peripheral venous cannulation in hospitalised patients. Protocol
for a multicentre case–control study in 48 units of eight public hospitals in Spain. BMJ
open, 8(2), p.e020420.
Rodriguez-Calero, M.A., Fernandez-Fernandez, I., Molero-Ballester, L.J., Matamalas-Massanet,
C., Moreno-Mejias, L., de Pedro-Gomez, J.E., Blanco-Mavillard, I. and Morales-Asencio, J.M.,
2018. Risk factors for difficult peripheral venous cannulation in hospitalised patients. Protocol
for a multicentre case–control study in 48 units of eight public hospitals in Spain. BMJ
open, 8(2), p.e020420.
Rothbart, A., Yu, P., Müller-Lobeck, L., Spies, C.D., Wernecke, K.D. and Nachtigall, I., 2015.
Peripheral intravenous cannulation with support of infrared laser vein viewing system in a pre-
operation setting in pediatric patients. BMC research notes, 8(1), p.463.
Rothbart, A., Yu, P., Müller-Lobeck, L., Spies, C.D., Wernecke, K.D. and Nachtigall, I., 2015.
Peripheral intravenous cannulation with support of infrared laser vein viewing system in a pre-
operation setting in pediatric patients. BMC research notes, 8(1), p.463.

24LITERATURE REVIEW
Rothbart, A., Yu, P., Müller-Lobeck, L., Spies, C.D., Wernecke, K.D. and Nachtigall, I., 2015.
Peripheral intravenous cannulation with support of infrared laser vein viewing system in a pre-
operation setting in pediatric patients. BMC research notes, 8(1), p.463.
Tawfik, M.M., Atallah, M.M., Elkharboutly, W.S., Allakkany, N.S. and Abdelkhalek, M.,
2017. Does preprocedural ultrasound increase the first-pass success rate of epidural
catheterization before cesarean delivery? A randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia &
Analgesia, 124(3), pp.851-856.
Van der Voet, J. and Vermeeren, B., 2017. Change management in hard times: Can change management
mitigate the negative relationship between cutbacks and the organizational commitment and work
engagement of public sector employees?. The American Review of Public Administration, 47(2), pp.230-
252.
Van Rossum, L., Aij, K.H., Simons, F.E., van der Eng, N. and ten Have, W.D., 2016. Lean
healthcare from a change management perspective: The role of leadership and workforce
flexibility in an operating theatre. Journal of health organization and management, 30(3),
pp.475-493.
Verhulst, E. and Lambrechts, W., 2015. Fostering the incorporation of sustainable development
in higher education. Lessons learned from a change management perspective. Journal of Cleaner
Production, 106, pp.189-204.
Yalçınlı, S., Akarca, F.K., Can, Ö., Şener, A. and Akbinar, C., 2019. Factors affecting the first
attempt success rate of intravenous cannulation in older people. Journal of clinical nursing.
Zingg, W., Cartier, V., Inan, C., Touveneau, S., Theriault, M., Gayet-Ageron, A., Clergue, F.,
Pittet, D. and Walder, B., 2014. Hospital-wide multidisciplinary, multimodal intervention

25LITERATURE REVIEW
programme to reduce central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infection. PloS one, 9(4),
p.e93898.

26LITERATURE REVIEW
Appendix
Search strategy
Literature review is the process in which analysis of previous research findings is
conducted and depending on the findings, further evidences are validated so that those could be
used in the future processes (McGowan et al. 2016). In this literature review, whereas, a
systematic search has been conducted so that using this systematic approach accurate and
appropriate article could be obtained. For this, several scientific databases were searched such as
Medline, CINAHL, Pub Med, Google scholar so that latest peer reviewed research article in
which research study for infrared laser vein b\viewing system has been used for the identification
of vein in the patient could be obtained. Further, collection of research articles were obtained
through permutation and combination of several research key terms which were connected
through Boolean operators such as AND, OR and NOT. Therefore, the obtained results were
sieved through inclusion and exclusion criteria so that proper and accurate research articles could
be collected from the pool of research articles.

27LITERATURE REVIEW
Search result obtained from CINAHL
For theme A
For theme B

28LITERATURE REVIEW
Search result in Pub Med
Theme A
Theme B

29LITERATURE REVIEW
Cormack’s Critiquing Framework
1. Parienti, J.J., Mongardon, N., Mégarbane, B., Mira, J.P., Kalfon, P., Gros, A., Marqué, S.,
Thuong, M., Pottier, V., Ramakers, M. and Savary, B., 2015. Intravascular complications
of central venous catheterization by insertion site. New England Journal of
Medicine, 373(13), pp.1220-1229.
Heading Question to be asked Yes No Don’t
know
Title  Is the title concise?
 Is the title informative?
Does the title clearly indicate the
content?
 Does the title clearly indicate the
research approach used?
Yes the
title was
appropri
ate in
defining
the
research
process
Author(s)  Does the author(s) have appropriate
academic qualifications?
 Does the author(s) have appropriate
professional qualifications and
experience?
Yes
Abstract  Is there an abstract included?
 Does the abstract identify the research
problem?
 Does the abstract state the hypotheses (if
appropriate)?
Yes

30LITERATURE REVIEW
 Does the abstract outline the
methodology?
 Does the abstract give details of the
sample subjects?
 Does the abstract report major findings?
Introduction  Is the problem clearly identified?
 Is a rationale for the study stated?
 Are limitations of the study clearly
stated?
Yes
Literature
review
 Is the literature review up-to-date?
 Does the literature review identify the
underlying theoretical framework(s)?
 Does the literature review present a
balanced evaluation of material both
supporting and challenging the position
being proposed?
 Does the literature clearly identify the
need for the research proposed?
 Are important references omitted?
Yes
The
hypothesis
 Does the study use an experimental
approach?
 Is the hypothesis capable of testing?
 Is the hypothesis unambiguous?
Yes
Operational
definitions
 Are all terms used in the research
question/ problem clearly defined?
Yes
Methodolog
y
 Does the methodology section clearly
state the research approach to be used?
 Is the method appropriate to the research
problem?
 Are the strengths and weaknesses of the
approach chosen stated?
Yes (it
Has a
multicent
ered

31LITERATURE REVIEW
approach
and
mixed
method
was used
)
Subjects  Are the subjects clearly identified? Yes
(3027
patients)
Sample
selection
 Is the sample selection approach
congruent with the method to be used?
 Is the approach to sample selection
clearly stated?
 Is the sample size clearly stated?
Yes
(randomi
zed)
Data
collection
 Are any data collection procedures
adequately described?
 Has the validity and reliability of any
instruments or questionnaires been
clearly stated?
Yes
(statistic
al
method)
Ethical
considerations
 If the study involves human subjects has
the study ethical committee approval?
 Is informed consent sought?
 Is confidentiality assured?
 Is anonymity guaranteed?
Yes
(informe
d
consent)

32LITERATURE REVIEW
Results  Are results presented clearly?
 Are the results internally consistent?
 Is sufficient detail given to enable the
reader to judge how much confidence
can be placed in the findings?
 Does graphic material enhance clarity of
the results being presented
Yes
Data
analysis
 Is the approach appropriate to the type of
data collected?
 Is any statistical analysis correctly
performed?
 Is there sufficient analysis to determine
whether ‘significant differences’ are not
attributable to variations in other relevant
variables?
 Is complete information (test value, df,
and p) reported?
Yes
(statistic
al
analysis
correctly
performe
d)
Discussion  Is the discussion balanced?
 Does the discussion draw upon previous
research?
 Are the weaknesses of the study
acknowledged?
 Are clinical implications discussed?
Yes (the
research
process
was able
to
ethically
comply
with the
ethical
consider

33LITERATURE REVIEW
ations)
Conclusions  Are conclusions supported by the results
obtained?
 Are the implications of the study
identified?
Yes
Recommend
ations
 Do the recommendations suggest further
areas for research?
 Do the recommendations identify how
any weaknesses in the study design
could be avoided in future research?
No
2. Rodriguez-Calero, M.A., Fernandez-Fernandez, I., Molero-Ballester, L.J., Matamalas-
Massanet, C., Moreno-Mejias, L., de Pedro-Gomez, J.E., Blanco-Mavillard, I. and
Morales-Asencio, J.M., 2018. Risk factors for difficult peripheral venous cannulation in
hospitalised patients. Protocol for a multicentre case–control study in 48 units of eight
public hospitals in Spain. BMJ open, 8(2), p.e020420.
Heading Question to be asked Yes No Don’t
know
Title  Is the title concise?
 Is the title informative?
Does the title clearly indicate the
content?
 Does the title clearly indicate the
research approach used?
Yes

34LITERATURE REVIEW
Author(s)  Does the author(s) have appropriate
academic qualifications?
 Does the author(s) have appropriate
professional qualifications and
experience?
Yes
Abstract  Is there an abstract included?
 Does the abstract identify the research
problem?
 Does the abstract state the hypotheses (if
appropriate)?
 Does the abstract outline the
methodology?
 Does the abstract give details of the
sample subjects?
 Does the abstract report major findings?
Yes
Introduction  Is the problem clearly identified?
 Is a rationale for the study stated?
 Are limitations of the study clearly
stated?
Yes
Literature
review
 Is the literature review up-to-date?
 Does the literature review identify the
underlying theoretical framework(s)?
 Does the literature review present a
balanced evaluation of material both
supporting and challenging the position
being proposed?
 Does the literature clearly identify the
need for the research proposed?
 Are important references omitted?
Yes
The
hypothesis
 Does the study use an experimental
approach?
 Is the hypothesis capable of testing?
 Is the hypothesis unambiguous?
No

35LITERATURE REVIEW
Operational
definitions
 Are all terms used in the research
question/ problem clearly defined?
Yes
Methodolog
y
 Does the methodology section clearly
state the research approach to be used?
 Is the method appropriate to the research
problem?
 Are the strengths and weaknesses of the
approach chosen stated?
Yes
(Qualitat
ive
study)
Subjects  Are the subjects clearly identified? Yes (48)
Sample
selection
 Is the sample selection approach
congruent with the method to be used?
 Is the approach to sample selection
clearly stated?
 Is the sample size clearly stated?
Yes (non
randomiz
ed
control
trail was
the
research
design )
Data
collection
 Are any data collection procedures
adequately described?
 Has the validity and reliability of any
instruments or questionnaires been
clearly stated?
Yes
(through
observati
on)
Ethical
considerations
 If the study involves human subjects has
the study ethical committee approval?
 Is informed consent sought?
 Is confidentiality assured?
Yes
( informe

36LITERATURE REVIEW
 Is anonymity guaranteed? d
consent)
Results  Are results presented clearly?
 Are the results internally consistent?
 Is sufficient detail given to enable the
reader to judge how much confidence
can be placed in the findings?
 Does graphic material enhance clarity of
the results being presented
Yes
Data
analysis
 Is the approach appropriate to the type of
data collected?
 Is any statistical analysis correctly
performed?
 Is there sufficient analysis to determine
whether ‘significant differences’ are not
attributable to variations in other relevant
variables?
 Is complete information (test value, df,
and p) reported?
Yes the
data was
collected
using
interview
s and
surveys
as well
as by
observin
g patents
for their
healthcar
e
changes
so that

37LITERATURE REVIEW
identifica
tion of
their
complica
tions
could be
identifie
d.
Discussion  Is the discussion balanced?
 Does the discussion draw upon previous
research?
 Are the weaknesses of the study
acknowledged?
 Are clinical implications discussed?
Yes
Conclusions  Are conclusions supported by the results
obtained?
 Are the implications of the study
identified?
Yes
Recommend
ations
 Do the recommendations suggest further
areas for research?
 Do the recommendations identify how
any weaknesses in the study design
could be avoided in future research?
Yes

38LITERATURE REVIEW
3. Leung, A., Heal, C., Banks, J., Abraham, B., Capati, G. and Pretorius, C., 2016. The
incidence of peripheral catheter-related thrombosis in surgical
patients. Thrombosis, 2016.
Heading Question to be asked Yes No Don’t
know
Title  Is the title concise?
 Is the title informative?
Does the title clearly indicate the
content?
 Does the title clearly indicate the
research approach used?
Yes
Author(s)  Does the author(s) have appropriate
academic qualifications?
 Does the author(s) have appropriate
professional qualifications and
experience?
Yes
Abstract  Is there an abstract included?
 Does the abstract identify the research
problem?
 Does the abstract state the hypotheses (if
appropriate)?
 Does the abstract outline the
methodology?
 Does the abstract give details of the
sample subjects?
 Does the abstract report major findings?
Yes
Introduction  Is the problem clearly identified?
 Is a rationale for the study stated?
 Are limitations of the study clearly
stated?
Yes

39LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature
review
 Is the literature review up-to-date?
 Does the literature review identify the
underlying theoretical framework(s)?
 Does the literature review present a
balanced evaluation of material both
supporting and challenging the position
being proposed?
 Does the literature clearly identify the
need for the research proposed?
 Are important references omitted?
No
The
hypothesis
 Does the study use an experimental
approach?
 Is the hypothesis capable of testing?
 Is the hypothesis unambiguous?
No
Operational
definitions
 Are all terms used in the research
question/ problem clearly defined?
Yes
Methodolog
y
 Does the methodology section clearly
state the research approach to be used?
 Is the method appropriate to the research
problem?
 Are the strengths and weaknesses of the
approach chosen stated?
Yes
Subjects  Are the subjects clearly identified? Yes
Sample
selection
 Is the sample selection approach
congruent with the method to be used?
 Is the approach to sample selection
clearly stated?
 Is the sample size clearly stated?
Yes

40LITERATURE REVIEW
Data
collection
 Are any data collection procedures
adequately described?
 Has the validity and reliability of any
instruments or questionnaires been
clearly stated?
Yes
Ethical
considerations
 If the study involves human subjects has
the study ethical committee approval?
 Is informed consent sought?
 Is confidentiality assured?
 Is anonymity guaranteed?
Yes
Results  Are results presented clearly?
 Are the results internally consistent?
 Is sufficient detail given to enable the
reader to judge how much confidence
can be placed in the findings?
 Does graphic material enhance clarity of
the results being presented
Yes
Data
analysis
 Is the approach appropriate to the type of
data collected?
 Is any statistical analysis correctly
performed?
 Is there sufficient analysis to determine
whether ‘significant differences’ are not
attributable to variations in other relevant
variables?
 Is complete information (test value, df,
and p) reported?
No
Discussion  Is the discussion balanced?
 Does the discussion draw upon previous
research?
 Are the weaknesses of the study
acknowledged?
 Are clinical implications discussed?
Yes

41LITERATURE REVIEW
Conclusions  Are conclusions supported by the results
obtained?
 Are the implications of the study
identified?
Yes
Recommend
ations
 Do the recommendations suggest further
areas for research?
 Do the recommendations identify how
any weaknesses in the study design
could be avoided in future research?
No
4. Abdelaziz, R.B., Hafsi, H., Hajji, H., Boudabous, H., Chehida, A.B., Mrabet, A.,
Boussetta, K., Barsaoui, S., Sammoud, A., Hamzaoui, M. and Azzouz, H., 2017. Full
title: peripheral venous catheter complications in children: predisposing factors in a
multicenter prospective cohort study. BMC pediatrics, 17(1), p.208.
Heading Question to be asked Yes No Don’t
know
Title  Is the title concise?
 Is the title informative?
Does the title clearly indicate the
content?
 Does the title clearly indicate the
research approach used?
Yes
Author(s)  Does the author(s) have appropriate
academic qualifications?
 Does the author(s) have appropriate
Yes

42LITERATURE REVIEW
professional qualifications and
experience?
Abstract  Is there an abstract included?
 Does the abstract identify the research
problem?
 Does the abstract state the hypotheses (if
appropriate)?
 Does the abstract outline the
methodology?
 Does the abstract give details of the
sample subjects?
 Does the abstract report major findings?
Yes
Introduction  Is the problem clearly identified?
 Is a rationale for the study stated?
 Are limitations of the study clearly
stated?
Yes
Literature
review
 Is the literature review up-to-date?
 Does the literature review identify the
underlying theoretical framework(s)?
 Does the literature review present a
balanced evaluation of material both
supporting and challenging the position
being proposed?
 Does the literature clearly identify the
need for the research proposed?
 Are important references omitted?
Yes
The
hypothesis
 Does the study use an experimental
approach?
 Is the hypothesis capable of testing?
 Is the hypothesis unambiguous?
Yes
Operational
definitions
 Are all terms used in the research
question/ problem clearly defined?
No

43LITERATURE REVIEW
Methodolog
y
 Does the methodology section clearly
state the research approach to be used?
 Is the method appropriate to the research
problem?
 Are the strengths and weaknesses of the
approach chosen stated?
Yes
Subjects  Are the subjects clearly identified? Yes
Sample
selection
 Is the sample selection approach
congruent with the method to be used?
 Is the approach to sample selection
clearly stated?
 Is the sample size clearly stated?
No
Data
collection
 Are any data collection procedures
adequately described?
 Has the validity and reliability of any
instruments or questionnaires been
clearly stated?
Yes
Ethical
considerations
 If the study involves human subjects has
the study ethical committee approval?
 Is informed consent sought?
 Is confidentiality assured?
 Is anonymity guaranteed?
Yes
Results  Are results presented clearly?
 Are the results internally consistent?
 Is sufficient detail given to enable the
reader to judge how much confidence
can be placed in the findings?
 Does graphic material enhance clarity of
the results being presented
Yes

44LITERATURE REVIEW
Data
analysis
 Is the approach appropriate to the type of
data collected?
 Is any statistical analysis correctly
performed?
 Is there sufficient analysis to determine
whether ‘significant differences’ are not
attributable to variations in other relevant
variables?
 Is complete information (test value, df,
and p) reported?
Yes
Discussion  Is the discussion balanced?
 Does the discussion draw upon previous
research?
 Are the weaknesses of the study
acknowledged?
 Are clinical implications discussed?
Yes
Conclusions  Are conclusions supported by the results
obtained?
 Are the implications of the study
identified?
Yes
Recommend
ations
 Do the recommendations suggest further
areas for research?
 Do the recommendations identify how
any weaknesses in the study design
could be avoided in future research?
No

45LITERATURE REVIEW
5. Heidemann, L., Nathani, N., Sagana, R., Chopra, V. and Heung, M., 2017. A
Contemporary Assessment of Mechanical Complication Rates and Trainee Perceptions of
Central Venous Catheter Insertion. Journal of hospital medicine, 12(8), pp.646-651.
Heading Question to be asked Yes No Don’t
know
Title  Is the title concise?
 Is the title informative?
Does the title clearly indicate the
content?
 Does the title clearly indicate the
research approach used?
Yes
Author(s)  Does the author(s) have appropriate
academic qualifications?
 Does the author(s) have appropriate
professional qualifications and
experience?
Yes
Abstract  Is there an abstract included?
 Does the abstract identify the research
problem?
 Does the abstract state the hypotheses (if
appropriate)?
 Does the abstract outline the
methodology?
 Does the abstract give details of the
sample subjects?
 Does the abstract report major findings?
Yes
Introduction  Is the problem clearly identified?
 Is a rationale for the study stated?
 Are limitations of the study clearly
stated?
Yes

46LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature
review
 Is the literature review up-to-date?
 Does the literature review identify the
underlying theoretical framework(s)?
 Does the literature review present a
balanced evaluation of material both
supporting and challenging the position
being proposed?
 Does the literature clearly identify the
need for the research proposed?
 Are important references omitted?
Yes
The
hypothesis
 Does the study use an experimental
approach?
 Is the hypothesis capable of testing?
 Is the hypothesis unambiguous?
No
Operational
definitions
 Are all terms used in the research
question/ problem clearly defined?
Yes
Methodolog
y
 Does the methodology section clearly
state the research approach to be used?
 Is the method appropriate to the research
problem?
 Are the strengths and weaknesses of the
approach chosen stated?
Yes
Subjects  Are the subjects clearly identified? Yes
Sample
selection
 Is the sample selection approach
congruent with the method to be used?
 Is the approach to sample selection
clearly stated?
 Is the sample size clearly stated?
No

47LITERATURE REVIEW
Data
collection
 Are any data collection procedures
adequately described?
 Has the validity and reliability of any
instruments or questionnaires been
clearly stated?
Yes
Ethical
considerations
 If the study involves human subjects has
the study ethical committee approval?
 Is informed consent sought?
 Is confidentiality assured?
 Is anonymity guaranteed?
Yes
Results  Are results presented clearly?
 Are the results internally consistent?
 Is sufficient detail given to enable the
reader to judge how much confidence
can be placed in the findings?
 Does graphic material enhance clarity of
the results being presented
Yes
Data
analysis
 Is the approach appropriate to the type of
data collected?
 Is any statistical analysis correctly
performed?
 Is there sufficient analysis to determine
whether ‘significant differences’ are not
attributable to variations in other relevant
variables?
 Is complete information (test value, df,
and p) reported?
Yes
Discussion  Is the discussion balanced?
 Does the discussion draw upon previous
research?
 Are the weaknesses of the study
acknowledged?
 Are clinical implications discussed?
Yes

48LITERATURE REVIEW
Conclusions  Are conclusions supported by the results
obtained?
 Are the implications of the study
identified?
Yes
Recommend
ations
 Do the recommendations suggest further
areas for research?
 Do the recommendations identify how
any weaknesses in the study design
could be avoided in future research?
No
Theme B
1. Rothbart, A., Yu, P., Müller-Lobeck, L., Spies, C.D., Wernecke, K.D. and Nachtigall,
I., 2015. Peripheral intravenous cannulation with support of infrared laser vein
viewing system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. BMC research notes,
8(1), p.463.

49LITERATURE REVIEW
Heading Question to be asked Yes No Don’t
know
Title  Is the title concise?
 Is the title informative?
Does the title clearly indicate the
content?
 Does the title clearly indicate the
research approach used?
Yes
Author(s)  Does the author(s) have appropriate
academic qualifications?
 Does the author(s) have appropriate
professional qualifications and
experience?
Yes
Abstract  Is there an abstract included?
 Does the abstract identify the research
problem?
 Does the abstract state the hypotheses (if
appropriate)?
 Does the abstract outline the
methodology?
 Does the abstract give details of the
sample subjects?
 Does the abstract report major findings?
Yes
Introduction  Is the problem clearly identified?
 Is a rationale for the study stated?
 Are limitations of the study clearly
stated?
Yes
Literature
review
 Is the literature review up-to-date?
 Does the literature review identify the
underlying theoretical framework(s)?
 Does the literature review present a
balanced evaluation of material both
supporting and challenging the position
Yes

50LITERATURE REVIEW
being proposed?
 Does the literature clearly identify the
need for the research proposed?
 Are important references omitted?
The
hypothesis
 Does the study use an experimental
approach?
 Is the hypothesis capable of testing?
 Is the hypothesis unambiguous?
No
Operational
definitions
 Are all terms used in the research
question/ problem clearly defined?
Yes
Methodolog
y
 Does the methodology section clearly
state the research approach to be used?
 Is the method appropriate to the research
problem?
 Are the strengths and weaknesses of the
approach chosen stated?
Yes
Subjects  Are the subjects clearly identified? Yes
Sample
selection
 Is the sample selection approach
congruent with the method to be used?
 Is the approach to sample selection
clearly stated?
 Is the sample size clearly stated?
No
Data
collection
 Are any data collection procedures
adequately described?
 Has the validity and reliability of any
instruments or questionnaires been
clearly stated?
Yes

51LITERATURE REVIEW
Ethical
considerations
 If the study involves human subjects has
the study ethical committee approval?
 Is informed consent sought?
 Is confidentiality assured?
 Is anonymity guaranteed?
Yes
Results  Are results presented clearly?
 Are the results internally consistent?
 Is sufficient detail given to enable the
reader to judge how much confidence
can be placed in the findings?
 Does graphic material enhance clarity of
the results being presented
Yes
Data
analysis
 Is the approach appropriate to the type of
data collected?
 Is any statistical analysis correctly
performed?
 Is there sufficient analysis to determine
whether ‘significant differences’ are not
attributable to variations in other relevant
variables?
 Is complete information (test value, df,
and p) reported?
Yes
Discussion  Is the discussion balanced?
 Does the discussion draw upon previous
research?
 Are the weaknesses of the study
acknowledged?
 Are clinical implications discussed?
Yes
Conclusions  Are conclusions supported by the results
obtained?
 Are the implications of the study
identified?
Yes

52LITERATURE REVIEW
Recommend
ations
 Do the recommendations suggest further
areas for research?
 Do the recommendations identify how
any weaknesses in the study design
could be avoided in future research?
No
2. Chiao, F.B., Resta-Flarer, F., Lesser, J., Ng, J., Ganz, A., Pino-Luey, D., Bennett, H.,
Perkins Jr, C. and Witek, B., 2013. Vein visualization: patient characteristic factors
and efficacy of a new infrared vein finder technology. British journal of anaesthesia,
110(6), pp.966-971.
Heading Question to be asked Yes No Don’t
know
Title  Is the title concise?
 Is the title informative?
Does the title clearly indicate the
content?
 Does the title clearly indicate the
research approach used?
Yes
Author(s)  Does the author(s) have appropriate
academic qualifications?
 Does the author(s) have appropriate
professional qualifications and
experience?
Yes
Abstract  Is there an abstract included?
 Does the abstract identify the research
problem?
 Does the abstract state the hypotheses (if
appropriate)?
 Does the abstract outline the
methodology?
 Does the abstract give details of the
sample subjects?
Yes

53LITERATURE REVIEW
 Does the abstract report major findings?
Introduction  Is the problem clearly identified?
 Is a rationale for the study stated?
 Are limitations of the study clearly
stated?
Yes
Literature
review
 Is the literature review up-to-date?
 Does the literature review identify the
underlying theoretical framework(s)?
 Does the literature review present a
balanced evaluation of material both
supporting and challenging the position
being proposed?
 Does the literature clearly identify the
need for the research proposed?
 Are important references omitted?
No
The
hypothesis
 Does the study use an experimental
approach?
 Is the hypothesis capable of testing?
 Is the hypothesis unambiguous?
No
Operational
definitions
 Are all terms used in the research
question/ problem clearly defined?
Yes
Methodolog
y
 Does the methodology section clearly
state the research approach to be used?
 Is the method appropriate to the research
problem?
 Are the strengths and weaknesses of the
approach chosen stated?
Yes
Subjects  Are the subjects clearly identified? Yes

54LITERATURE REVIEW
Sample
selection
 Is the sample selection approach
congruent with the method to be used?
 Is the approach to sample selection
clearly stated?
 Is the sample size clearly stated?
Yes
Data
collection
 Are any data collection procedures
adequately described?
 Has the validity and reliability of any
instruments or questionnaires been
clearly stated?
Yes
Ethical
considerations
 If the study involves human subjects has
the study ethical committee approval?
 Is informed consent sought?
 Is confidentiality assured?
 Is anonymity guaranteed?
Yes
Results  Are results presented clearly?
 Are the results internally consistent?
 Is sufficient detail given to enable the
reader to judge how much confidence
can be placed in the findings?
 Does graphic material enhance clarity of
the results being presented
Yes
Data
analysis
 Is the approach appropriate to the type of
data collected?
 Is any statistical analysis correctly
performed?
 Is there sufficient analysis to determine
whether ‘significant differences’ are not
attributable to variations in other relevant
variables?
 Is complete information (test value, df,
and p) reported?
No

55LITERATURE REVIEW
Discussion  Is the discussion balanced?
 Does the discussion draw upon previous
research?
 Are the weaknesses of the study
acknowledged?
 Are clinical implications discussed?
Yes
Conclusions  Are conclusions supported by the results
obtained?
 Are the implications of the study
identified?
Yes
Recommend
ations
 Do the recommendations suggest further
areas for research?
 Do the recommendations identify how
any weaknesses in the study design
could be avoided in future research?
No
3. De Graaff, J.C., Cuper, N.J., Mungra, R.A.A., Vlaardingerbroek, K., Numan, S.C.
and Kalkman, C.J., 2013. Near‐infrared light to aid peripheral intravenous
cannulation in children: a cluster randomised clinical trial of three devices.
Anaesthesia, 68(8), pp.835-845.
Heading Question to be asked Yes No Don’t
know
Title  Is the title concise?
 Is the title informative?
Does the title clearly indicate the
content?
Yes

56LITERATURE REVIEW
 Does the title clearly indicate the
research approach used?
Author(s)  Does the author(s) have appropriate
academic qualifications?
 Does the author(s) have appropriate
professional qualifications and
experience?
Yes
Abstract  Is there an abstract included?
 Does the abstract identify the research
problem?
 Does the abstract state the hypotheses (if
appropriate)?
 Does the abstract outline the
methodology?
 Does the abstract give details of the
sample subjects?
 Does the abstract report major findings?
Yes
Introduction  Is the problem clearly identified?
 Is a rationale for the study stated?
 Are limitations of the study clearly
stated?
Yes
Literature
review
 Is the literature review up-to-date?
 Does the literature review identify the
underlying theoretical framework(s)?
 Does the literature review present a
balanced evaluation of material both
supporting and challenging the position
being proposed?
 Does the literature clearly identify the
need for the research proposed?
 Are important references omitted?
Yes

57LITERATURE REVIEW
The
hypothesis
 Does the study use an experimental
approach?
 Is the hypothesis capable of testing?
 Is the hypothesis unambiguous?
Yes
Operational
definitions
 Are all terms used in the research
question/ problem clearly defined?
No
Methodolog
y
 Does the methodology section clearly
state the research approach to be used?
 Is the method appropriate to the research
problem?
 Are the strengths and weaknesses of the
approach chosen stated?
Yes
Subjects  Are the subjects clearly identified? Yes
Sample
selection
 Is the sample selection approach
congruent with the method to be used?
 Is the approach to sample selection
clearly stated?
 Is the sample size clearly stated?
No
Data
collection
 Are any data collection procedures
adequately described?
 Has the validity and reliability of any
instruments or questionnaires been
clearly stated?
Yes
Ethical
considerations
 If the study involves human subjects has
the study ethical committee approval?
 Is informed consent sought?
 Is confidentiality assured?
 Is anonymity guaranteed?
Yes

58LITERATURE REVIEW
Results  Are results presented clearly?
 Are the results internally consistent?
 Is sufficient detail given to enable the
reader to judge how much confidence
can be placed in the findings?
 Does graphic material enhance clarity of
the results being presented
Yes
Data
analysis
 Is the approach appropriate to the type of
data collected?
 Is any statistical analysis correctly
performed?
 Is there sufficient analysis to determine
whether ‘significant differences’ are not
attributable to variations in other relevant
variables?
 Is complete information (test value, df,
and p) reported?
Yes
Discussion  Is the discussion balanced?
 Does the discussion draw upon previous
research?
 Are the weaknesses of the study
acknowledged?
 Are clinical implications discussed?
Yes
Conclusions  Are conclusions supported by the results
obtained?
 Are the implications of the study
identified?
Yes
Recommend
ations
 Do the recommendations suggest further
areas for research?
 Do the recommendations identify how
any weaknesses in the study design
could be avoided in future research?
No

59LITERATURE REVIEW
4. Rothbart, A., Yu, P., Müller-Lobeck, L., Spies, C.D., Wernecke, K.D. and Nachtigall,
I., 2015. Peripheral intravenous cannulation with support of infrared laser vein
viewing system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. BMC research notes,
8(1), p.463.
Heading Question to be asked Yes No Don’t
know
Title  Is the title concise?
 Is the title informative?
Does the title clearly indicate the
content?
 Does the title clearly indicate the
research approach used?
Yes
Author(s)  Does the author(s) have appropriate
academic qualifications?
 Does the author(s) have appropriate
professional qualifications and
experience?
Yes
Abstract  Is there an abstract included?
 Does the abstract identify the research
problem?
 Does the abstract state the hypotheses (if
appropriate)?
 Does the abstract outline the
methodology?
 Does the abstract give details of the
Yes

60LITERATURE REVIEW
sample subjects?
 Does the abstract report major findings?
Introduction  Is the problem clearly identified?
 Is a rationale for the study stated?
 Are limitations of the study clearly
stated?
Yes
Literature
review
 Is the literature review up-to-date?
 Does the literature review identify the
underlying theoretical framework(s)?
 Does the literature review present a
balanced evaluation of material both
supporting and challenging the position
being proposed?
 Does the literature clearly identify the
need for the research proposed?
 Are important references omitted?
Yes
The
hypothesis
 Does the study use an experimental
approach?
 Is the hypothesis capable of testing?
 Is the hypothesis unambiguous?
Yes
Operational
definitions
 Are all terms used in the research
question/ problem clearly defined?
Yes
Methodolog
y
 Does the methodology section clearly
state the research approach to be used?
 Is the method appropriate to the research
problem?
 Are the strengths and weaknesses of the
approach chosen stated?
Yes

61LITERATURE REVIEW
Subjects  Are the subjects clearly identified? Yes
Sample
selection
 Is the sample selection approach
congruent with the method to be used?
 Is the approach to sample selection
clearly stated?
 Is the sample size clearly stated?
Yes
Data
collection
 Are any data collection procedures
adequately described?
 Has the validity and reliability of any
instruments or questionnaires been
clearly stated?
Yes
Ethical
considerations
 If the study involves human subjects has
the study ethical committee approval?
 Is informed consent sought?
 Is confidentiality assured?
 Is anonymity guaranteed?
Yes
Results  Are results presented clearly?
 Are the results internally consistent?
 Is sufficient detail given to enable the
reader to judge how much confidence
can be placed in the findings?
 Does graphic material enhance clarity of
the results being presented
Yes
Data
analysis
 Is the approach appropriate to the type of
data collected?
 Is any statistical analysis correctly
performed?
 Is there sufficient analysis to determine
whether ‘significant differences’ are not
attributable to variations in other relevant
variables?
 Is complete information (test value, df,
and p) reported?
Yes

62LITERATURE REVIEW
Discussion  Is the discussion balanced?
 Does the discussion draw upon previous
research?
 Are the weaknesses of the study
acknowledged?
 Are clinical implications discussed?
Yes
Conclusions  Are conclusions supported by the results
obtained?
 Are the implications of the study
identified?
Yes
Recommend
ations
 Do the recommendations suggest further
areas for research?
 Do the recommendations identify how
any weaknesses in the study design
could be avoided in future research?
No
SMART action plan
The SMART action plan for this paper, proposing Infrared laser vein viewing technique
in the healthcare facilities of UK would be as follows:
Specific Measurab
le
Achievab
le
Relevan
t
Timel
y
Applicatio
n of infrared
Cannula
insertion related
50%
deduction n the
Increasin
g incidence rate
These
goals would

63LITERATURE REVIEW
laser based vein
viewing system
in majority of
the healthcare
facilities of UK
would be the
specific goal
reports and events
would be reduced
cannula insertion
related
mechanical and
infection errors
would be
achieved
of contemporary
vein cannulation
technique is the
reason due to
which this could
be applied in the
process because
it has been seen
that
contemporary
vein viewing
system is
associated with
increased rate of
phlebitis and
blood borne
infection.
be achieved
within 6
months of
period