A Comprehensive Literature Review on the History of Cinematography

This literature review provides a comprehensive overview of the history and development of cinematography. It traces the origins of motion pictures, beginning with early inventions like the Kinematoscope and the work of pioneers such as Muybridge and Edison. The review explores the technological advancements that shaped the industry, including improvements in film speed, camera technology, and the introduction of sound. It also examines the influence of scientific exploration and entertainment on the use of film, as well as the evolution of cinematography as an art form. The review highlights key figures, innovations, and different approaches to studying film history, including technological, biological, and semiotic perspectives. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the historical context of cinematography and its impact on the perception and emotional significance of moving images, referencing key studies and researchers.

Literature Review on Cinematography

Literature Review
The cinema word is derived from the Kinema-toscope which comes from the Greek word Matos
which means the science of pure motion. The ancestors of cinema start millennia before the birth
of Jesus Christ and then culminating in the final decade of the nineteenth century. According to
the (Norman et al., 2014), the motion pictures was started when the when the projector, primitive
cameras reaches the place where the projected image has started the movement. The inventions
in the motion pictures have been invented by many people. Some people are interested in the
recording of pictures whereas other are interested in capturing the projected images. In the year
1830, the revolving disks and drums are used for producing the moving images and the invention
was independently done by the Simon Von Stampfer in the country Austria, William Horner in
Britain and Joseph Plateau in Belgium. The Francis Ronald's has invented the successful camera
which records continue video of the varying indications of geomagnetic and meteorological
instruments within the particular period of time. In the twenty century, the camera still remained
in use, and it was supplied around the world after the successful invention.
In the year 1867, the device was patented by the William Lincoln and the device showed
animated picture, named wheel of zoopraxiscope. The slit is used to watch the moving pictures.
A horse named Sallie Gardner is photographed by the Eadweard Muybridge in the year 1873 by
using the series of 24 stereoscopic cameras. The arrangement of the camera was made along the
parallel track, and the tripwire trigger is used to control the shutter of the camera through the
horse's hooves (Ochoa et al., 2012). They were twenty-one inches in length apart to cover the
twenty feet which are taken by the horse stride, and pictures are taking at one thousandth of a

second. But it was never played at speed to develop the motion, so it was the first step which is
towards the motion pictures.
In the nineteenth century till early twentieth century the use of film has increased for the
scientific exploration as well as entertainment purpose. The Jean Painleve and French biologist
have influenced the use of film in the scientific field because the new medium was more efficient
in behaviour documenting and capturing, bacteria, cells, the environment of microorganism and
movement. The aim of using the film in the scientific field is to view the images in the real-time
and not only to view the new images. The hand drawn sketches of anatomy by the humans are
used by the doctors and scientists before the invention of moving pictures. The earliest surviving
motion picture in the year 1888 was filmed by the Louis Le Prince in England which was the
experimental film, named, Roundhay Garden Scene. It is the type of paper film. The successful
apparatus was designed by the W.KL. Dickson in the year 1891 under the direction of Thomas
Alva Edison, and the name of the apparatus was kinematograph which was patented in the year
1891 (Gibelli et al., 2016).
According to the research, in the year 1877, the speed of photographic emulsion and the shutter
of cameras have been improved which make possible to take the instant motions. The Muybridge
and Marey are such types of innovators who were interested in the motions than the photography
(Ullman et al., 2013). The wonderful inventions took place with the span of time with continued
experiments in the stop action actions and the analysis of motion studies. Eadweard Muybridge
who was the bookseller has turned into a photographer and studied the gait of running horses,
and he used twelve cameras which were set up in the racetrack in California with the electric
shutter controls. The movement of living thing was studied by the Etienne-Jules in the year 1882.
According to the research in the middle nineteenth century, the photographs have replaced the

drawings on the optical disks. In the year between 1845 and 1853, the projection apparatus was
perfected by the Uchatius.
According to the research, the American inventors, namely, Thomas A. Edison and his assistant
were the first people who were credited with the usage of celluloid film for the motion pictures.
In the year 1890, the kinematograph is developed which was the motion pictures camera by
using the Eastman film (Chen et al., 2016). The peep show machine was developed in order to
view the film by the Edison laboratory in the year 1890, and it consists of the revolving shutter
which is used for a brief glimpse of each and every image. The first kinetoscope parlour in the
year 1894 was opened at the New York City. The motion pictures Featuring of Wild West,
vaudeville acts and circus shows is done by the arcade which contains the banks of kinetoscope.
In the year 2007, Salt2009 and Raimondo-south have favoured the history of technology and
they have shown the innovations in lab technology and camera which enable to shape the style of
films. The argument was supported by the Salt with the extensive statistics for documenting the
dominant trends in cinematography and editing. According to the Cutting et al., 2011 the
statistical analysis is employed by him which tracks the amendments in the large scales stylistic
within the period of seventy-five periods whereas the history of technologies are balanced by the
salt through highlighting the innovations done by individual cinematographers and directors.
According to the Cutting et al., stress that the changes are determined in the industry-wide not
attributed to the stylistic who prefer the specific individuals. The biological approach is adopted
by the other research studies in which the cinematographers are celebrated as the artists.
According to the Glassman et al., 2000 the celebrating tone in mainly apparent and the
documentary is done in order to describe the history from the viewpoint of cinematographers.
The narrative chronologies of the history of cinematographers were given by the Saloman 2000

and the federation of European cinematographers 2003. The focused is explicitly done in the
Europe by the by the formers, and the story is later expanded to the Hollywood. The fisher and
Codelli 2013 have partially addressed the omission and the case studies with the various
examples of other industries for example Japan and China. The semiotic approach to the cinema
is taken by the Vikor Shklovsky who was the first theoretician. The researcher was interested in
investigating the process through which the objects are shown on the screen. The collection of
articles by the Charlie Chaplin was edited by the Shklovsky in Berlin which is the first attempt
on the analysis of films. The comparison of Charlie Chaplin theory and the advanced theory by
the Aristotle and Henri Bergson is made by the researchers. The cinematography becomes art
after the attempt of moving picture done by the filmmakers as the perception of the human being
and it provokes emotional significance and provides visual significance. In the early year, 1880
the visual illusions are used by the parlour toys to those of the motion pictures. The first
photographic movie is used for the investigation purpose rather than the illusion of theatre. The
governor of California hired the photographer in order to prove that the horses gallop has all the
four legs which can shoot simultaneously off the ground. The technology allows the presentation
of time and light in order to project the image. In the late 1920s the synchronised sound is used
in the movies (Jacobson et al., 2014). According to the research, the sound films become more
popular than the silent movies. According to the technological history of motion, pictures the
portable housing was designed in order to prevent the microphones from picking up the noise of
camera.

References
Norman, J., 2014. Literature Review: Virtual Panning.
Ochoa, C.E., Aries, M.B. and Hensen, J.L., 2012. State of the art in lighting simulation for
building science: a literature review. Journal of Building Performance Simulation, 5(4), pp.209-
233.
Gibelli, D., Obertová, Z., Ritz-Timme, S., Gabriel, P., Arent, T., Ratnayake, M., De Angelis, D.
and Cattaneo, C., 2016. The identification of living persons on images: A literature review. Legal
Medicine, 19, pp.52-60.
Ullman, S., 2013. Rewriting the History of Early Film Andre Gaudreault. Film and Attraction:
From Kinematography to Cinematography. Translated by Bernard, foreword by Rick Altman.
Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2011. xiv+ 224 pp. $75.00 (cloth), ISBN: 0252035836;
$30.00 (paper) ISBN: 978-0252035838. The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive
Era, 12(02), pp.271-273.
Chen, S.A., 2016. Life on the edge: The survival of wildlife cinematography as a craft (Doctoral
dissertation, University of Otago).
Jacobson, L.A., 2014. Challenges and discoveries when interpreting adult comtemporary
cinematography.