Literature Review on Nanofluids and Heat Transfer

This literature review explores the applications and properties of nanofluids in various industries and their impact on heat transfer. It discusses the phenomenon of thermal conductivity in nanofluids and the problems associated with understanding their properties. The review also examines the use of stagnation point flow in cooling nuclear reactors and electronics devices. It further explores the effects of different parameters on fluid flow and heat transfer, such as viscosity, Reynolds number, and shear rate. The review concludes with a discussion on the enhancement of heat transfer in nanofluids through Brownian diffusion and magnetic parameters.

Literature review
There are many applications that rely on Nano fluids due to good stability of a nature in science
and industry. It is also free from different problems such as sedimentation, non-Newtonian
behavior erosion, and additional pressure drop which is present in many other materials. The
Nano fluids have been used in many industries because of thermal conductivity of conventional
fluids like toluene oil and water.
The first who used the word nanofluid is Choi that is used to describe new class of fluid that has
range of properties. Further, the phenomenon of thermal conductivity has been described by
Masuda observed in nanofluid. There are severable problems that have been noticed by ranges of
author in understand different properties of nanofluid. In order to understand different problem in
nanofluid, different characteristics of heat transfer and physical properties of nanofluids have
been examine to determine different properties of fluid positively.
On another hand, it has been witnessed that stagnation point flow has been used to understand
cooling nuclear reactors and cooling of electronics device. On the contrary, Hiemenz has
taken initiatives i-n exploring issues related to steady two dimensional
stagnation-point flows that has been carried out by Bachok et al. (2013,
2011). A permeable shrinking sheet helped in understand steadt8wo
dimension. The effects of viscous dissipation have been used during mixed
convection stagnation s point flows that give a wide aspect of stream flow
line of nanofluid. Therefore, some relevant and reliable theories and models
have been introduced such as buoyancy driven flow. Under these theories of
nanofluid, different properties of fluids have been considered such as shear
stress, Reynolds number and shear rate. With the help of different attributes
or properties of nanofluid, the flow helped in understanding flow of fluid by
changing the height. Through critical analysis of buoyancy driven flow, it has
been found that when particle fraction is comparatively less than 4% than
viscosity is free from the temperature.
Through evaluating seven mechanisms of fluid, it has been found that the
only real importance to the enhancement of heat transfer in nanofluids is the

Brownian diffusion that
decreases the viscosity in laminar part of the boundary layer. In addition, it is
asserted that viscosity in laminar is responsible for increasing the convective
heat transfer. In argue with that, the magnetic parameter has played a
significant role decreasing in the momentum boundary layer thickness and
increasing thickness of thermal boundary layer. Similarity, the evaluation of
buoyancy-ratio number and Lewis number give similar solutions obtained for
both problems depend on factors such as, Brownian motion number, and
thermophoresis number.
In order to understand different perspective of nanofluid, it is assumed that a
viscous flow is over two-dimensional stretching surface rather than an
axisymmetric stretching surface. Through this assumption, it is easy to
developed different nonlinear ordinary differential equations using the
Homotopy Analysis Method different problems can be resolved. In addition, it
is essential to understand the effects of the suction parameter and slip
parameter on the fluid velocity.
the problems related to heat transfer and forced convection boundary layer
flow helped in evaluating different attributes of fluid to ensure that
maximum positive result can be obtained. The different properties of
nanofluid is helpful in examining different problem related to stream fluid
line along with its effect in terms of magnetic and fraction parameter. The
main result that obtained is resolving the similarity equations numerically for
three types of nonmetallic or metallic nanoparticles such as titania (TiO2),
alumina and Al2O3 copper (cu)