Literature Review

This literature review covers topics such as nurse-patient relationship, healthcare associated infection, and nursing patients with intellectual disability. It discusses the importance of maintaining a good nurse-patient relationship, the prevalence of HAI in Australian acute care hospitals, and the experiences of nurses caring for patients with intellectual disability. The review provides valuable insights into these areas and their significance in providing quality care in the healthcare setting.

Literature Review

Table of Contents
Article 1...........................................................................................................................................................................1
1. TITLE: Capacity for care: Meta ethnography of acute care nurses’ experience of the nurse patient relationship.....1
2. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................................1
3. Background......................................................................................................................................................1
4. Significance.....................................................................................................................................................1
5. Aims and Objectives........................................................................................................................................1
Article 2...........................................................................................................................................................................3
1. TITLE: Prevalence of healthcare associated infection among adult inpatient at nineteen large Australian acute
care public hospitals........................................................................................................................................................3
2. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................................3
3. Background......................................................................................................................................................3
4. Significance.....................................................................................................................................................4
5. Aims and Objectives........................................................................................................................................4
Article 3...........................................................................................................................................................................6
1. TITLE: Review of acute care nurses’ experiences nursing patients with intellectual disability................................6
2. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................................6
3. Background......................................................................................................................................................6
4. Significance.....................................................................................................................................................6
5. Aims and Objectives........................................................................................................................................6
1. TITLE: Wound care practices across 2 acute care setting: A comparative study.......................................................9
2. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................................9
3. Background....................................................................................................................................................10
4. Significance...................................................................................................................................................10
5. Aims and Objectives......................................................................................................................................10
Article 5.........................................................................................................................................................................12
1. TITLE: Implementing evidence based practices in the care of infants with bronchiolitis in acute care setting,
Australia........................................................................................................................................................................12
2. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................................12
3. Background....................................................................................................................................................12
4. Significance...................................................................................................................................................12
5. Aims and Objectives......................................................................................................................................12
9. Article appraisal.............................................................................................................................................13
Conclusion and Implications.........................................................................................................................................14
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................................................15

INTRODUCTION
Nurse patient relationship plays an important role as it helps both in improving their relation. This present study is
going to discuss different aspects of nurse patient relationship like their importance, experience of nurses and others.
Ways which help nurses ion improving relation with patients. With the help of different views of authors it discusses
overall effectiveness and importance of improving nurse patient relation.
Article 1
1. TITLE: Capacity for care: Meta ethnography of acute care nurses’ experience of the nurse
patient relationship
2. INTRODUCTION
This qualitative research on acute care setting focuses on nurses' experiences of nurse‐patient
relationships in order to know importance and reason of maintaining a good relation with
patients. Delivery of modern health care is lacking and due to increased demand of health care
services it is pressurizing on nurses as older people require complex needs Fernandez & et.al.,
(2020). So, maintaining a relationship is one of the best way of making patients feel comfortable
and motivated.
3. Background
Primary research on nurses’ experience have been conducted which can help all nurses in
knowing effectiveness and reasons of improving relation with patients in acute care setting.
4. Significance
Significance and reason of conducting this research is to identify importance of nurse behaviours
and nurse patient relationship in acute care setting as how improved relationship can improve
overall health of patient. So, by focusing on nurses' experiences of the nurse‐patient relationship,
effects on patient with acute care can be identified Mackie, Marshall & Mitchell, (2018).
5. Aims and Objectives.
Aim
“To identify reasons of having effective nurse patient relationship and importance of nurses’
experience in this relationship.”
Objectives
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 To identify ways as how nurses characterizes their care relationship with patients in acute
care setting.
 To explore strategies used by nurses for improving relation with patients in acute care.
 To identify impacts which effective nurse patient relationships have on nurses.
 To identify some factors which influence relation between patients and nurses.
6. Research questions.
 How nurses characterize nurse patient relationship in acute care setting?
 What strategies nurses use for improving their relation with acute care adult patients?
 What impacts does nurse patient relationships have on nurses’ practices?
 Which factors affect nurses and patient’s relationship?
7. Search strategy
By making use of electronic databases as well as hand searches references list,
information gathered. Electronic databases include: Medline, British Nursing Index and
CINAHL. It all related to acute health services Schnock & et.al., (2019).
It is a qualitative research method and Synthesis was conducted by making use of the
meta‐ethnographic method.
Keywords used in this research: critical care, nurse-patient relationship, service improvement.
Result and discussion
Total 18 papers or 16 primary studies have been used in order to find out effectiveness
and reason of improving relation between nurse and patients. In total of the 58 reports that met
the inclusion criteria, 18 papers with 16 unique studies were graded as high quality. Total 12
samples have been taken as included nurses with having around 10 or more years of experience
and 3 samples did not specify experience. So, overall it has been discussed and found out that
patient nurse’s relationship as therapeutic plays an important role as it is the main medium for
the delivery of high‐quality care Nurse‐patient relationship in acute care setting, (2018).
Nurses try to improve relation with patient in order to gather information like their
background, past medical and others. This qualitative methodology helps in identifying
importance of improved relation with patent in acute care. Other main reason of improving i
relation and continuous communication with patients is to make patients feel comfortable, and
making them able to cooperate nurses in providing better care and improving health. Main
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strength of this qualitative research is it helps them out in taking better decision regarding acute
care services. There are several strategies which are being used by nurses for improving relation
with patient with acute care such as: using effective oral communication for connecting with
patients, knowing individuals and involving patients in their care by making use of patient centre
care. Several primary studies reported that nurse patient relation have emotional impacts on
nurses of being in the patient nurse relationship. As after providing better and qualitative care
services to patients with improved relationship, nurse feel personal enrichment, and have feelings
of gratification Lotfi and et.al., (2018). And also when such patients died then nurses feel very
bad for them personally. So, it can be said that there are some effectiveness of improving relation
with patients in acute care setting. It is also found that due to acute pain, patients become
frustrated, and they are less likely to cooperate nurses but with improve relationship, patients
have hope of living and nurses try in making them feel and seeing positive sides.
3

Article 2
1. TITLE: Prevalence of healthcare associated infection among adult inpatient at nineteen large
Australian acute care public hospitals.
2. INTRODUCTION
This cross-sectional study prevalence study focuses on identifying pressure on HAI in acute care
speciality. In the context of HAI, it can be said that it is mainly associated with increased
mortality and excess health costs. It plays an important role in infection prevention. In acute care
Pedersen, Meyer & Uhrenfeldt, (2017).
3. Background
A national healthcare associated infection surveillance programme plays an important role in
proving better acute care services to patients. But in Australia there is a lack of HAI. Only 1 HAI
study has been developed in the year of 1984 so for identifying their importance and burden this
study has conducted.
4. Significance
Significance and reason of conducting this research is to identify burden on HAI in providing
care to adult’s patient and improving their health due to increasing demand of healthcare Spence
Laschinger, Zhu & Read, (2016).
5. Aims and Objectives
Aim
“To estimate the burden of health care associated infection in providing acute adult inpatient
healthcare service in Australia.
Objectives
 To identify total prevalence of HAI among adult patients in public acute care hospitals.
 To identify some patient factors, medical facility and HAIs by site affect it.
6. Research questions
 How total prevalence of HAI among all adults impatient of Australia affecting people?
 Which factors, medical facility affect performance of HAI?
7. Search strategy
4

By making use of electronic databases European Centre for Disease Prevention and
Control and Pub Med data bases this study has been conducted.
It is a cross-sectional study prevalence study.
Key words used in this research: healthcare associated infection, point prevalence, surveillance
and infection prevention Sifri, Burke & Enfield, (2016).
Result and discussion
It is the only one HAI prevalence study conducted after several years. This study reveals
that around 1 in every 10 acute adult inpatients are at least one HAI. So, from this it can be said
that HAI is one of the main infection that causes morality rate. Main three HAI type found which
include: healthcare associated pneumonia, surgical site infection and urinary tract infection. So,
overall it can be said that acute patient with respiratory, urinary HAI require special care for
improving health and getting better care services. All data related to HAI and identification of its
rate in acute care, 2 researches assistant employed. In this research study around 2767 patients
from 19 hospitals were taken as a sample and for getting answers relevant to the topic. As how
they feel when they get care and in HAI how they feel Zhou, Wong & McGrath, (2020). The
medium age of patients was 67 and more than half of sample was male. In around 10.3% of
patients multi drug resistant organism found. 363 HAIS were present in around 273 patients. The
most common type of HAI was used for surgical site and urinary tract infection Prevalence of
HAI among adult patients in acute care, (2019). So, from this rate of health care association
infection it can be said that it is one of the main reason which is increasing morbidity and
mortality rate, patient stay rate and increase excess healthcare cost. For infection prevention in
early stage, WHO recommends to all staffing and associated members to provide HAI
surveillance with timely data feedback? Main strength of this research is it helps researcher in
making people aware to take participation in this study was one of the main tasks as some
members of hospital said that will participate only when they receive financial support.
Weakness was evaluating all samples due to lack of time Chou & et.al, (2019).
Patients in this study were systematically sampled with random method and for that 281
wards were used in which the most common type were general medical ward. So, from this rate
it can be said that HAI prevalence rate was higher than reporting so, there is requirement of
focusing on HAI prevention initiatives.
5

Article 3
1. TITLE: Review of acute care nurses’ experiences nursing patients with intellectual disability.
2. INTRODUCTION
This qualitative research study has been conducted for knowing reasons of employing
experienced nurses for dealing and providing care to patient with intellectual disability. Disable
people require special treatment and for that it is important for having caring skills, integrity and
other qualities in experienced nurses Imanigoghary & et.al., (2017).
3. Background
In the context of providing effective care to people with intellectual disability requires
experience in nurses. So, this study will focus on importance of experience of registered nurses
caring for people with intellectual disability.
4. Significance
Significance and reason of conducting this research is to allow patient with intellectual disability
to get qualitative and effective care by knowing effectiveness, qualities and skills of experience
in nurses for handling such patients.
5. Aims and Objectives.
Aim
“To identify effectiveness of nurses’ experience in caring for people with intellectual disability
in acute cares setting.
Objectives
 To identify importance of providing high quality of care to patients with intellectual
disability in acute care.
 To identify barriers associated with dealing with patients with ID.
6. Research questions
 What is the main reason of providing special and qualitative care to intellectual disable
patients in acute care speciality?
 Which problems nurses facer while dealing with ID patients?
7. Search strategy
6

Electronic databases were mainly conducted by making use of variants of this disability term in
acute care. Medline, CINAHL, PsycINFO have been used as electronic databases Rogers, Bethel
& Abbott, (2018).
This narrative approach is qualitative which interpret evidence of this research topic.
Keywords used in this research: acute care, intellectual disability, nurses’ experience, caring for
patients.
PRISMA 2009 Flow Diagram
7
Records identified through
database searching 388
(n = )
Scree
ning
Identi
ficatio
n
Additional records identified
through other sources
(n = 10)
Records after duplicates removed
(n = 121)
Records screened
(n =267)
Records excluded
(n = 235)
Full-text articles assessed
for
eligibility 32
(n = )
Full-text articles excluded,
with reasons
(n = 18)

Result and discussion
After summarizing all articles relevant to this it is found that nurses feel underprepared
when they deal and handle patients with intellectual disability. It is also found from the study
that experienced nurses also find problems in communicating with disabled patients. It can also
be discussed from this research that nurses have ambiguous expectations of paid as well as
unpaid caregivers. So, overall it can be said that dealing and communicating with patient of ID is
not an easy task Appelgren & et.al., (2018).
From different surveys in which nurses interact with families and patient with ID, it is
found that one of the main problems which they face is communication. So, in this context it is
suggested to WHO that there is requirement of providing appropriate resources and access to all
8
Inclu
ded
Eligibi
lity
Studies included in
qualitative synthesis
(n = 14)
Studies included in
quantitative synthesis
1(meta-analysis)
(n = 2)

tools to nurses. Formal education or training is one of the best ways and preparation for nurses as
it can make them able to deliver care to patients with ID. From this study it has also been
discussed that all nurses who participate in disability training awareness programme are more
likely to improve experience of patients. This training programs increases confidence among
nurses as they can handle such patients and can help them out in improving health Acute care
nurses’ experience nursing patients with intellectual disability, (2016).
In the context of challenges while communicating with patients of ID, it is found that
Nurses’ frequency of interaction with hospitalized patients with ID is lower than that with a
person without ID. Main strength of this research was it helps researcher in accomplishing all
goals by making use of databases. They find problems in delivering messages and interpreting
their views and also asking for co-operation Baby, Gale & Swain, (2018).
Weakness of this research was to analyse and select effective articles among all different
articles. 8 of the published research articles have been reviewed in which it found that when they
get or receive proper training if dealing with patient with ID then they are more likely to improve
their health. It is also found that for dealing with ID acute patients, nurses require focusing on
improving relation with such patients in different ways like by telling stories, by playing with
them and others Werner & Konetzka, (2018).
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Article 4
1. TITLE: Wound care practices across 2 acute care setting: A comparative study.
2. INTRODUCTION
This qualitative research study helps nurses and surgeons in knowing the best way of providing
care to patient with acute wounds. It also discusses effects of patient background and culture on
wound acute care practices Hussein & et.al., (2017).
3. Background
Providing better services to patients with critical wound in surgical infection is not an easy task
as some processes are preventable. So, there is requirement of identifying the best way of
providing better wound acute care to patients.
4. Significance
Significance and reason of conducting this research is to make nurses aware about reasons of
providing better services in wound acute care setting and considering all factors.
5. Aims and Objectives
Aim
“To identifying effectiveness of acute wound care practices by comparing 2 hospitals in
healthcare district of Australia.
Objectives
 To identify effects of patient culture and background on acute wound care setting.
 To identify different ways providing wound acute care to patients.
6. Research questions
 How culture and educational background affects wound acute services?
 How different ways affect health of patient with acute wound?
7. Search strategy
Electronic databases and interactive documentation system was mainly conducted
This is a qualitative study.
Keywords used in this research: wound acute care, patient’s risk, wound assessment
Results and discussion
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By comparative design and comparing 2 hospitals one of the best wound acute practices
has been known. In hospital 1 there were total 750 beds with 6 surgical units in which per year
around 18,000 surgeries are being performed. Hospital B is having 800 beds with 11 surgery
units which perform around 21,000 surgeries per year. We took all these surgical units as a
sample in order to know complex wound care which has been undertaken till date. Nurses and
postoperative patients as a sample helped out in providing information related to acute wound
care as what is the strategy used by them, which problems they face and all Bridgeman &
Abazia, (2017).
In this context it is found that they use normal wound‐healing pathway in normal wound
care. In complex acute wound which include: infection, loss of integument they use systemic
pathologies. In observation of nurses it is found that most of the nurses are female having more
than 3 years of experience Wound care practice in acute care setting, (2019). 257 surgical
patients were observed who have received acute wound care in which half of patients had
undergone elective surgery and some patients were given postoperative wound care education.
By comparing overall, it is found that both hospitals have similar level of expertise and
experience. But hospital B has skilled nurses who provide high quality of patient care as they
also focus on hygiene and communicate with patient in a polite manner and also make them
aware about ways of prevention.
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Article 5
1. TITLE: Implementing evidence based practices in the care of infants with bronchiolitis in
acute care setting, Australia.
2. INTRODUCTION
Bronchiolitis is one of the common reasons of admission of infants in hospitals as they
require effective services for treating. It is important to reduce admission and infant stay rate so,
by identifying the best intervention and effectiveness of knowledge translation intervention this
randomized or qualitative study has been used.
3. Background
This present qualitative research study is going to identify effectiveness of KT interventions in
order to decrease the use of other common 5 clinical therapies which has no benefits in treating
infants with bronchiolitis.
4. Significance
Significance and reason of conducting this research is to make people and nurses aware about
effectiveness of using evidence based knowledge translation intervention in better treatment to
infants with bronchiolitis.
5. Aims and Objectives.
Aim
“To evaluate or test effectiveness of informed KT interventions for treating infants with
bronchiolitis.
Objectives
 To reduce usage of clinical interventions and therapies which is not beneficial in treating
infants with bronchiolitis?
 To explore ways as how KT intervention is so effective.
6. Research questions
 Which intervention is effective and can reduce usage of 5 other therapies in acute
bronchiolitis care to infants?
 How KT intervention can reduce infants stay rate due with bronchiolitis?
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7. Search strategy
Electronic publications and audio visual materials have been used in PEM setting. It is a
qualitative research.
Keywords used in this research: bronchiolitis, acute care, knowledge translation strategy, cluster
trial and implementation.
9. Article appraisal.
Yes No Unclear
Was a consecutive or
random sample of
patients enrolled?
Yes
Did the study avoid
inappropriate exclusion?
Yes
Did all patients receive
the same reference
standards?
Yes
Result and discussion
Some random infants with Bronchiolitis were taken who were given knowledge
translation intervention. It has helped us in identifying effectiveness of this intervention as by
making use of only this intervention we can provide better care and can also reduce usage of
ineffective interventions. So, from this study it is found that there are some 5 ineffective
practices such as: glucocorticoids, salbutamol, chest x-ray, antibiotics and adrenaline. Medical
and nursing staff from emergency department and paediatric impatient areas in intervention will
used in 2 surveys. Some factors have been identified which influence all staff while managing
infants with bronchiolitis. 10 staff from each department group was asked to take participation.
Total 40 staff was being taken as a sample in which 10 were from emergency department, 10
13

were from ED nurses, 10 paediatric inpatient nurses and 10 paediatric inpatient medical staff
Evidence based practices in care of infants with bronchiolitis, (2018).
So, overall from survey it is found that all staff of ED makes use of this KT intervention
and it is also found that in acute care setting it helps them out in improving health. Also this
intervention can decrease use of ineffective and other therapies and management processes for
treating infants with bronchiolitis. But it is important to have knowledge among all staff about
KT in the paediatric acute care setting Levac & et.al., (2016).
Conclusion and Implications
From the above study it has been summarized that in acute care, patient require special
treatment and for that it is important of having skills, abilities and experience in nurses. It has
also discussed reasons of having experiences in nurses while dealing with intellectual disability
of patients as such patients requires special treatment. It has also been summarized that different
culture and background of patient affect performance and care provided by nurses and due to
lack of education, nurses find problems in providing treatment and making patient aware about
their problems. Knowledge translation intervention also play an important role as it allows nurses
in improving health of infants with bronchiolitis and also reducing usage of other 5 clinical
practices and therapies.
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REFERENCES
Books & Journals
Appelgren, M. & et.al., (2018). Nurses’ experiences of caring for patients with intellectual
developmental disorders: a systematic review using a meta-ethnographic
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Baby, M., Gale, C., & Swain, N. (2018). Communication skills training in the management of
patient aggression and violence in healthcare. Aggression and violent behavior. 39. 67-
82.
Bridgeman, M. B., & Abazia, D. T. (2017). Medicinal cannabis: history, pharmacology, and
implications for the acute care setting. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 42(3), 180.
Chou, S. C. & et.al, (2019). Primary care office visits for acute care dropped sharply in 2002–15,
while ED visits increased modestly. Health Affairs, 38(2), 268-275.
Fernandez, R. & et.al., (2020). Implications for COVID-19: a systematic review of nurses’
experiences of working in acute care hospital settings during a respiratory
pandemic. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 103637.
Hussein, R. & et.al., (2017). New graduate nurses’ experiences in a clinical specialty: a follow up
study of newcomer perceptions of transitional support. BMC nursing, 16(1), 1-9.
Imanigoghary, Z. & et.al., (2017). The role of nurses in coping process of family caregivers of
vegetative patients: a qualitative study. International journal of community based
nursing and midwifery, 5(1), 70.
Levac, D. & et.al., (2016). A knowledge translation intervention to enhance clinical application
of a virtual reality system in stroke rehabilitation. BMC health services research. 16(1).
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Lotfi, Z. & et.al., (2018). Relationship between ethical leadership and organisational
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management. 26(6). 726-734.
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participation and collaboration in fundamental care. Journal of clinical nursing. 27(11-
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impregnated composite hard surfaces and linens. American Journal of Infection
Control. 44(12). 1565-1571.
Spence Laschinger, H. K., Zhu, J., & Read, E. (2016). New nurses’ perceptions of professional
practice behaviours, quality of care, job satisfaction and career retention. Journal of
Nursing Management. 24(5). 656-665.
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Werner, R. M., & Konetzka, R. T. (2018). Trends in post–acute care use among Medicare
beneficiaries: 2000 to 2015. Jama, 319(15), 1616-1617.
Zhou, N., Wong, H. M., & McGrath, C. (2020). Efficacy of Social Story Intervention in Training
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ONLINE
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https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jan.12050>
Prevalence of HAI among adult patients in acute care. 2019. Online Available through: <
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13756-019-0570-y>
Acute care nurses’ experience nursing patients with intellectual disability. 2016. Online Available through: <
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jocn.13512>
Wound care practice in acute care setting. 2019. Online Available through: <
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jocn.15135>
Evidence based practices in care of infants with bronchiolitis. 2018. Online Available through: <
https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-018-1187-7#ref-CR35>
16