Literature Review: Use of Smart Watches in Healthcare

This literature review explores the potential of smartwatches in healthcare, examining their use for monitoring heart conditions, managing diabetes, and promoting overall health. The review analyzes two key research papers, one focusing on the benefits of smartwatches for patient diagnosis and the other exploring their application as wearable devices for activity tracking. The review discusses the advantages of using smartwatches, including their non-disruptive nature, accuracy, and ability to provide real-time data for personalized healthcare. It also highlights the challenges and limitations of using smartwatches in healthcare, such as data privacy concerns and the need for further research to validate their effectiveness.

NIT6130 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
ASSIGNMENT 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW
By
Student ID:

Table of Contents
Table of Contents...............................................................................................................................ii
List of Figures...................................................................................................................................iii
List of Tables....................................................................................................................................iv
1.1 Broad Scan...............................................................................................................................1
1.1.1 Research Journal................................................................................................................1
1.1.2 Filing System.....................................................................................................................3
1.1.3 Bibliographic file from broad scan....................................................................................4
1.2 Focused Review.......................................................................................................................6
1.2.1 Updated filing system........................................................................................................7
1.2.2 Updated bibliographic file from focused review................................................................7
1.3 Use of Smart Watches in Healthcare........................................................................................9
1.3.1 Problem Definition..........................................................................................................10
1.3.2 Framework and Method...................................................................................................10
1.3.3 Overview of the Proposed System...................................................................................12
1.3.4 Discussion.......................................................................................................................13
1.4 Approach on Wearable Health Research................................................................................14
1.4.1 What is a Wearable Device?............................................................................................14
1.4.2 Experiments.....................................................................................................................14
1.4.3 Results.............................................................................................................................15
1.4.4 Discussion.......................................................................................................................15
1.5 Final Outline of the Literature review Chapter.......................................................................16
1.6 Introduction............................................................................................................................17
List of References............................................................................................................................18
ii

List of Figures
Table 1
Figure 1: Storyboard illustrating benefits of using technology..........................................................................11
Figure 2: A bar graph of the mean of using smart watches for diagnosis. Error bars represent a 95%
confidence interval.............................................................................................................................................12
iii

List of Tables
Table 1: Research Journal Tasks...........................................................................................................................1
Table 2: Table of filing system..............................................................................................................................3
Table 3: Updated filing system.............................................................................................................................7
Table 4: Demographic Information of participants............................................................................................11
Table 5: Mean and Standard Deviations (SD), Mean Difference (MD), t-values(t2), and responses for using
smart watches for diagnosis on a scale from 1(low) to(high)............................................................................13
Table 6: Classification of Examples from m-Health Technologies......................................................................14
iv

Literature Review
This research is about “Use of Smart Watches in healthcare” and in order to analyse the
benefits of using smartwatches, the journals of different authors were selected and their
views and opinion has been discussed. The story-board approach has been used for
providing the information to the patients and their answers are recorded and analysed
(Chen, et. 2017). In the second paper, the ways in which the smartwatch can be used for
wearable device experiments has been discussed and the functions of various wearable
devices have been explained.
1.1 Broad Scan
In Broad scan, the topic of my research “Smart Watches in Healthcare” was searched on
the internet with various keywords. Different sources were used to collect the information
such as IEEE, VU library, and IEEE. Many journals were found for the research but
fifteen of them have been selected for further levels.
1.1.1 Research Journal
Table 2: Research Journal Tasks
Date Task Action Comment
03/04 Searched for the
topic
Selected few topics Selected a topic for
research
05/04 Finding papers on
various sources such
as Google and VU
Scholar
Studied them and
saved the required
material
Collected and saved
the information in a
folder
09/04 Literature reading Studied three Able to find
1

journals from the
collected
information
research topic for
further research
10/04 Literature reading Studied two more
papers
Deleted the files
since these were not
related to the topic
11/04 Selected 5 final
journals
Studied each journal Selected three
journals for review
13/04 Started preparing
assignment
Commenced the
activity with
bibliography and
citations
Inserted citations of
the selected journals
14/04 Commenced
reviewing first
paper
Studied the contents
thoroughly
Added comments in
the literature review
16/04 Read the paper Prepared notes of
relevant concepts
and theories.
Noted down those
concepts.
18/04 Reviewed second
paper
Read all the papers Identified some of
the important
journals
23/04 Commenced writing Wrote two papers Filled the required
fields and prepared
assignment
2

1.1.2 Filing System
Table 3: Table of filing system
Source Keyword use No of discarded
literature
No of selected
literature
Google Scholar Smart watches
Technology in
healthcare
768
345
6
5
VU Library Health and well-
being using
technology
150 4
IEEE Strategies for
improving health
200 5
3

1.1.3 Bibliographic file from broad scan
 Ahanathapillai, V., Amor, J.D., Goodwin, Z. and James, C.J. (2015).
Preliminary study on activity monitoring using an android smart-
watch. Healthcare technology letters, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 34-39.
 Bhat-Schelbert, K., Lin, C. J., Matambanadzo, A., Hannibal, K., Nowalk, M. P.,
& Zimmerman, R. K. (2012). Barriers to and facilitators of child influenza
vaccine–Perspectives from parents, teens, marketing and healthcare
professionals. Vaccine, Vol. 30, No. 14, pp. 2448-2452.
 Bonevski, B., Randell, M., Paul, C., Chapman, K., Twyman, L., Bryant, J., ... &
Hughes, C. (2014). Reaching the hard-to-reach: a systematic review of
strategies for improving health and medical research with socially
disadvantaged groups. BMC medical research methodology, Vol. 14, No 1, 42
 Boyce, M. B., Browne, J. P., & Greenhalgh, J. (2014). The experiences of
professionals with using information from patient-reported outcome measures to
improve the quality of healthcare: a systematic review of qualitative
research. BMJ Qual Saf, bmjqs-2013.
 Carayon, P., Wetterneck, T. B., Rivera-Rodriguez, A. J., Hundt, A. S.,
Hoonakker, P., Holden, R., & Gurses, A. P. (2014). Human factors systems
approach to healthcare quality and patient safety. Applied ergonomics, Vol. 45,
No. 1, pp. 14-25.
 Carling, P. C., & Huang, S. S. (2013). Improving healthcare environmental
cleaning and disinfection current and evolving issues. Infection Control &
Hospital Epidemiology, Vol. 34, No. 5, pp. 507-513.
4

 Chen, M., Ma, Y., Li, Y., Wu, D., Zhang, Y. and Youn, C.H. (2017). Wearable
2.0: Enabling human-cloud integration in next generation healthcare
systems. IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 55, No1), pp. 54-61.
 Devaraj, S., Ow, T. T., & Kohli, R. (2013). Examining the impact of
information technology and patient flow on healthcare performance: A Theory
of Swift and Even Flow (TSEF) perspective. Journal of Operations
Management, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 181-192.
 DiMatteo, M. R., Haskard-Zolnierek, K. B., & Martin, L. R. (2012). Improving
patient adherence: a three-factor model to guide practice. Health Psychology
Review, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 74-91.
 Kellermann, A. L., & Jones, S. S. (2013). What it will take to achieve the as-
yet-unfulfilled promises of health information technology. Health affairs, Vol.
32, No. 1, pp. 63-68.
 Kim, K.J. and Shin, D.H. (2015). An acceptance model for smart watches:
Implications for the adoption of future wearable technology. Internet Research,
Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 527-541.
 Nanji, K. C., Ferris, T. G., Torchiana, D. F., & Meyer, G. S. (2013).
Overarching goals: a strategy for improving healthcare quality and safety?. BMJ
Qual Saf, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 187-193.
 Porzi, L., Messelodi, S., Modena, C.M. and Ricci, E. (2013). A smart watch-
based gesture recognition system for assisting people with visual impairments.
In Proceedings of the 3rd ACM international workshop on Interactive
multimedia on mobile & portable devices (pp. 19-24). ACM.
5

 Rooksby, J., Rost, M., Morrison, A., & Chalmers, M. C. (2014, April). Personal
tracking as lived informatics. In Proceedings of the 32nd annual ACM
conference on Human factors in computing systems (pp. 1163-1172). ACM.
 Rosen, L. D., Lim, A. F., Felt, J., Carrier, L. M., Cheever, N. A., Lara-Ruiz, J.
M., & Rokkum, J. (2014). Media and technology use predicts ill-being among
children, preteens and teenagers independent of the negative health impacts of
exercise and eating habits. Computers in human behavior, Vol. 35, pp. 364-375.
 Sultan, N. (2015). Reflective thoughts on the potential and challenges of
wearable technology for healthcare provision and medical
education. International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 35, No. 5,
pp. 521-526.
1.2 Focused Review
More research was conducted on the selected topic and selected three papers for further
analysis.
6

1.2.1 Updated filing system
The following table enlists the updated filing system
Table 4: Updated filing system
Source Keyword use No of discarded
literature
No of selected
literature
Google Scholar Smart watches
Technology in
healthcare
336
200
2
2
VU Library Health and well-
being using
technology
78 3
IEEE Strategies for
improving health
34 3
1.2.2 Updated bibliographic file from focused review
 Ahanathapillai, V., Amor, J.D., Goodwin, Z. and James, C.J. (2015). Preliminary
study on activity monitoring using an android smart-watch. Healthcare technology
letters, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 34-39.
 Bhat-Schelbert, K., Lin, C. J., Matambanadzo, A., Hannibal, K., Nowalk, M. P., &
Zimmerman, R. K. (2012). Barriers to and facilitators of child influenza vaccine–
7

Perspectives from parents, teens, marketing and healthcare
professionals. Vaccine, Vol. 30, No. 14, pp. 2448-2452.
 Bonevski, B., Randell, M., Paul, C., Chapman, K., Twyman, L., Bryant, J., ... &
Hughes, C. (2014). Reaching the hard-to-reach: a systematic review of strategies for
improving health and medical research with socially disadvantaged groups. BMC
medical research methodology, Vol. 14, No 1, 42
 Boyce, M. B., Browne, J. P., & Greenhalgh, J. (2014). The experiences of
professionals with using information from patient-reported outcome measures to
improve the quality of healthcare: a systematic review of qualitative research. BMJ
Qual Saf, bmjqs-2013.
 Carayon, P., Wetterneck, T. B., Rivera-Rodriguez, A. J., Hundt, A. S., Hoonakker,
P., Holden, R., & Gurses, A. P. (2014). Human factors systems approach to
healthcare quality and patient safety. Applied ergonomics, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 14-
25.
 Chen, M., Ma, Y., Li, Y., Wu, D., Zhang, Y. and Youn, C.H. (2017). Wearable 2.0:
Enabling human-cloud integration in next generation healthcare systems. IEEE
Communications Magazine, Vol. 55, No1), pp. 54-61.
 DiMatteo, M. R., Haskard-Zolnierek, K. B., & Martin, L. R. (2012). Improving
patient adherence: a three-factor model to guide practice. Health Psychology
Review, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 74-91.
 Kim, K.J. and Shin, D.H. (2015). An acceptance model for smart watches:
Implications for the adoption of future wearable technology. Internet Research,
Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 527-541.
8

 Porzi, L., Messelodi, S., Modena, C.M. and Ricci, E. (2013). A smart watch-based
gesture recognition system for assisting people with visual impairments.
In Proceedings of the 3rd ACM international workshop on Interactive multimedia
on mobile & portable devices (pp. 19-24). ACM.
 Rosen, L. D., Lim, A. F., Felt, J., Carrier, L. M., Cheever, N. A., Lara-Ruiz, J. M.,
& Rokkum, J. (2014). Media and technology use predicts ill-being among children,
preteens and teenagers independent of the negative health impacts of exercise and
eating habits. Computers in human behavior, Vol. 35, pp. 364-375.
1.3 Use of Smart Watches in Healthcare
The technological advancement has enabled the hospitals to provide efficient healthcare
services and as per Chen, et. al. (2017), the development of smart watches has
revolutionised the healthcare sector. The future diagnosis will aim at providing the
treatment by continuously monitoring the progress made by patients and clients which
will enhance the quality of the care services. The wearable devices will calculate the
amount of calorie burnt and measure the heart rate which will be useful to analyse the
level of progress made and the further diagnosis that is required for better health.
9

1.3.1 Problem Definition
The present lifestyle changes of the people leads to numerous health-related issues and
hence, there has been an increasing number of heart-related diseases. In order to provide
a comprehensive solution, the use of smartwatches is being proposed since these
wearable devices can monitor the heart rate and the diabetic condition of the patient. This
research analyses the behaviour of both male and female regarding the use of technology
in the healthcare. In order to arrive at an accurate decision, group-based tailoring
approach has been considered for this study. This research has been conducted by
analysing various factors such as customisation, user-friendliness, accuracy of the data,
and reliability of using smartwatches for monitoring the progress.
1.3.2 Framework and Method
This research was conducted by using storyboard since there will be no bias in the
judgement and actual results are obtained. The concept behind using a storyboard is that
patients will be able to understand the message clearly and they will be able to easily
understand the merits and demerits of using smartwatch for their diagnosis. This enables
to take the genuine feedback from them which make the results more reliable and
accurate conclusion can be drawn.
The answers provided by the patients were ascertained by using the scale 1 to 5 in which
1 indicating strongly disagree and 5 indicates strongly agree.
10

Figure 1: Storyboard illustrating benefits of using technology
The preferred method for collecting the information was AMT (Amazon’s Mechanical
Turk).
Table 5: Demographic Information of participants
Gender Female participants (483, 41%), (673,
59%)
Age Age 21-30 (241, 23%), 31-45 (586, 42%),
Over 45 (329, 35%)
Education Under-Graduates (360, 24%), graduates
(461, 43%), Post-graduates (335, 33%)
11

1.3.3 Overview of the Proposed System
The analysis and results were defined based on the response collected from the
participants and ensured that the participants answer every question. However, they were
not forced to answer and considered their views and opinion. The chi-squared test was
used to ascertain the responses and the results were denoted by p<1000. Also, Cronbach's
alpha (α) in order to maintain the consistency of the data and EFA was used to maintain
the uniqueness of the responses.
Figure 2: A bar graph of the mean of using smartwatches for diagnosis. Error bars
represent a 95% confidence interval.
12

Table 6: Mean and Standard Deviations (SD), Mean Difference (MD), t-values(t2), and
responses for using smartwatches for diagnosis on a scale from 1(low) to(high)
1.3.4 Discussion
The purpose of the paper is to analyse the benefits of using smartwatches for monitoring
the heart conditions of the patients. Managing the intake of calories is vital to control
diabetes and the physicians will be able to provide the required treatment and suggestion
to the patients. The use of technology reduces the human errors while deciding the type
of diagnosis to be provided and hence, using smartwatch is a comprehensive solution
since these are not disruptive and the user will be able to continue to perform regular
activities.
13

1.4 Approach on Wearable Health Research
Another proposed solution for using the smartwatches has been provided by Kim, et. al.
(2015). As per the authors, the increasing functionality of the wearable devices has
enabled to use them for multiple functions such as sleep hours, step counts, and distance
walking. This research explains about various application, techniques, and functions of
smartwatches.
1.4.1 What is a Wearable Device?
Wearable devices are those which can be used for monitoring the amount of physical
activity performed by an individual. The real-time data can be stored and analysed
regarding the amount of time spent on a particular activity. This is very helpful in
healthcare sector since the various activities performed by the patients can be accurately
monitored and suitable treatment can be provided. The accuracy of the smartwatches are
regularly checked and there are various devices that have been tested and recommended
by the expert physicians.
The devices are Basis peak, Apple Watch, Microsoft Band, Samsung Gear S2, and Pulse
On. The research was conducted by analysing the performance of activities such as
walking, cycling, and running.
1.4.2 Experiments
Table 7: Classification of Examples from m-Health Technologies
Wearable Device Type of Technology Level of integration Functions
Health Kit Apple’s iOS High Measure
Monitor
Data saving
Pulse On Android Medium Measure
14

Data saving
Microsoft Band MS High Monitor
Measure
Night time tracking
Samsung Gear S2 Android Low Measure
Monitor
1.4.3 Results
The above data indicates that the accuracy and reliability of the data can be ensured by
using wearable devices. There are still experiments that are carried on to ascertain the
possibilities of adding more functions to maximise the reliability of smartwatches.
1.4.4 Discussion
Smart Watches can be used for various applications and hence, experiments are being
conducted for using smartwatches as wearable devices for monitoring the heart rate of the
patients. These devices are light and do not interrupt the normal functioning which
enables the patients to perform their daily activities without any hindrances. Also, the
human effort in monitoring the progress is minimised which increases the quality of the
care services provided to the patients. The smartwatches can be used to monitor all the
functions and the amount of calories burnt which is helpful for tracking the fitness levels.
The use of technology enables to perform multiple tasks and an example can be
considered as, smart watches not only monitors the level of progress made but also,
regular messages can be read by the user concerning the type of diet that have to be
followed for reducing fats. These valuable messages will help the user to maintain and
15

follow the proposed diet. All these can be programmed by using the sensors attached to
these devices which make them one of the valuable assets for the user.
1.5 Final Outline of the Literature review Chapter
1. Introduction
2. Selected Paper1
2.1
2.2
3. Selected Paper2
3.1
3.2
4. Put other papers to be reviewed here even though they have not been reviewed above
(optional)
5. Discussion
6. Conclusion
16

1.6 Introduction
The topic that has been selected for the research is the use of smartwatches as wearable
devices for monitoring the heart condition of the patients. This research has been
completed by using the selected journals which provides valuable insight regarding the
benefits of using smartwatch. The various devices that can be used for monitoring the
progress and their functions have been discussed and the research analyses the
importance of using technology in the healthcare sector. The graphs and tables analyses
the results that have been obtained and the authors’ views and opinion have been
appropriately discussed. The research has been concluded by analysing the results
obtained from the interviews conducted as well as by using suitable techniques.
17

List of References
 Chen, M., Ma, Y., Li, Y., Wu, D., Zhang, Y. and Youn, C.H. (2017). Wearable 2.0:
Enabling human-cloud integration in next generation healthcare systems. IEEE
Communications Magazine, Vol. 55, No1), pp. 54-61.
 Kim, K.J. and Shin, D.H. (2015). An acceptance model for smart watches:
Implications for the adoption of future wearable technology. Internet Research,
Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 527-541.
18