Prevalence of Local Crimes in England and Wales: A Statistical Analysis

Assessment 1
Data Analysis
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Word Count: 5489

Abstract
The purpose of this report is to investigate the prevalence of local crimes in England and Wales
in recent years. The study involved both male and female respondents of a wide range of age
bracket. The introduction section of the report outlines the nature and type of variables that made
up the sample as well as other finer details about the sample. The statistical analyses that have
been conducted as well as the justification for conducting the analyses are also well covered in
the introduction section. The statistical analyses that have been done include the frequency
analysis, t-test, ANOVA test, cross tabulation, and correlation analysis.
Most of the analyses focused on comparing the prevalence of the crimes among the males and
females at different ages. Similarly, the analyses focused on comparing the opinions of the males
and females concerning the crimes incidences of local crimes and their trust in the police. The
finer details of the results of the analyses are outlined in the analysis chapter and further
discussion of the results has been dealt with in the concluding chapter. However, it is important
to point out that the results revealed that there was no gender that was over or under-represented
as the sample was unbiased.

Contents
Abstract.......................................................................................................................................................2
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................4
Literature Review........................................................................................................................................5
Data analysis...............................................................................................................................................6
Frequencies..............................................................................................................................................6
Gender Frequencies.............................................................................................................................6
Frequencies.................................................................................................................................................7
T-Test........................................................................................................................................................11
Oneway Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).................................................................................................12
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)................................................................................................................15
Crosstabs...................................................................................................................................................18
Correlations...............................................................................................................................................20
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................22
References.................................................................................................................................................26
Appendix...................................................................................................................................................28
Appendix 1: Gender Frequency case processing...................................................................................28
Appendix 2: Vehicle stolen or not case processing................................................................................28
Appendix 3: ANOVA Test one Statistics..............................................................................................28
Appendix 4: Post Hoc test Statistics......................................................................................................28
Appendix 5: Cross Tabulation Case Processing Summary....................................................................29

Introduction
The dataset used in this analysis had a total of 33420 respondents. The number of male
respondents was 11791 while the number of female respondents was 1192. The dataset consists
of several variables such as the gender of the respondent, the age of the respondent, the age of
the offender and the financial damage as a result of criminal activity just to mention a few.
The analysis that was conducted includes frequency analysis, Analysis of variance (ANOVA),
independent-test, correlation analysis, and cross-tabulation.
Frequency analysis technique is the study of the counts or the numbers of the variables
(Kovartsev, et al., 2015). Frequency analysis is conducted to demonstrate the distribution of the
variables by putting them into similar categories. The analysis of frequencies has been used in
this study to determine the level of violence prevalence among males and female victims in
England and Wales. Analysis of frequencies was also used to study the number of the
respondents whose vehicles had been stolen away without permission during the violence.
A t-test was used in this report to compare means (Taeger, et al., 2014). The t-test is suitable for
comparing means since it is a technique that is applied when the analysis involves investigating
any significant difference in the average numbers of the variables. Another t-test was conducted
to determine whether there was any significant difference in the number of times males and
female respondents attended a nightclub in the last month (Yang, et al., 2018).
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was conducted to investigate whether there is any significant
difference in the incidences of violent crimes among different age groups of the respondents
(Agung & Gusti, 2011). Analysis of variance test was the most accurate in this case because the
investigation involves the average numbers (Marmolejo-Ramos, et al., 2017).

Cross-tabulation is a method of outlining the quantitative relationships between the variables
(Haspelmath & Martin, 2014). Cross table in the results section provides the quantities of
different categories of variables based on a given single variable. A cross tabulation was done to
investigate how much of a problem people become when they are drunk. The second cross
tabulation was done to find out how much of a problem are people using or dealing drugs
(Tajedor & Javier, 2017).
A correlation analysis was done to investigate whether there is any association or relationship
between how much of a problem are people using or dealing drugs and how much of a problem
are people being drunk or rowdy. The correlation coefficient indicates the strength of association
between the two variables (Neeti & Neeti, 2014). The second correlation analysis was conducted
to determine whether there exists any association or relationship between how much of a
problem are teenagers hanging and how much of a problem is vandalism, graffiti etc.
Literature Review
There are several studies that have been conducted on the topic of terrorism and polarization of
the community. The studies applied different statistical methods to achieve their objectives. For
example, a study by (Chainey, et al., 2008)applied trend analysis to establish that there has been
an overall increase in Wales and England in the recent past. Moreover, the study applied
correlation analysis to determine the factors that had a greater influence on the incidences of
crime in England and Wales.
Another study by (Batalova, 2010) applied the use of frequency analysis and cross tabulation to
determine the distribution of incidences of criminal activities across gender and age. The study
revealed that increasing criminal activities are becoming more sophisticated and more organized

by the perpetrators of a wide range of ages.
Correlation analysis was also used by (Chainey, et al., 2008) to determine whether there are
factors that predominantly influence the level of crimes. The study revealed that there are several
cases of money-related crimes in England. Similarly, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used
by the researchers to determine whether there was any significant difference in the ages of the
perpetrators of criminal offenses.
According to the frequency analysis of difference criminal offenses, there is a general
emergence of different types of criminal offenses. Some of the criminal offences with increased
prevalence in England and Wales are: There is continuous rise in the number of police recorded
offenses that involve knives and other sharp objects, there has been a continuous increase in the
number of homicides and the number of police recorded offenses involving the use of firearms
(Melissa & Joshua, 2012).
Graphical representation of previous records of criminal offenses revealed that there has been an
increase in the prevalence of criminal of offenses across the gender and across the individuals of
a wide range of age. The increase in the cases of criminal offenses in Wales and England may be
as a result of the measures taken by the governments to increase community safety (Fenoff,
2013)
Data analysis
Frequencies
Gender Frequencies
The results in Table 1 below outlines the distribution of the number of male and female victims
of violence in England and Wales. The results demonstrate that there were a total of 35420
respondents. The total number of those who gave their accurate gender is 23724. The total

number of those who did not provide their gender is 11696. Out of the total number of those who
accurately gave their gender, 11791 were male respondents while 11933 were female
respondents. The male respondents are 33.3% while the female respondents are 33.7%.
Frequencies
TABLE VARIABLE
ANALYSIS
FREQUENCY TABLE
1-Statistics
Adult number 2: Sex
N Valid 23724
Missing 11696
Adult number 2: Sex
Frequency Percent
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid 1 Male 11791 33.3 49.7 49.7
2 Female 11933 33.7 50.3 100.0
Total 23724 67.0 100.0
Missing System 11696 33.0
Total 35420 100.0
Pie Chart
The fig below is a pie chart representing the gender frequency. The pie chart is produced to
outline the proportion of male and female respondents in the study (Kovtun & Khovostenko,
2011). Observing the proportion of the males and females demonstrate that the number of female
and male respondents are almost equal as revealed by the frequency table above. The pie chart
demonstrates that the sample is well represented and unbiased.

Frequencies
VARIABLE
FREQUENCY
ANALYSIS TABLE 2-
Statistics
Adult number 2: Sex
N Valid 23724
Missing 11696
Adult number 2: Sex
Frequency Percent
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid 1 Male 11791 33.3 49.7 49.7
2 Female 11933 33.7 50.3 100.0
Total 23724 67.0 100.0
Missing System 11696 33.0
Total 35420 100.0