Management Accounting & Financial Tools

This assignment delves into the crucial role of management accounting and reporting in organizational success. It examines various financial tools such as KPIs, Balance Scorecards, and Just-In-Time inventory strategies, highlighting their application in addressing financial challenges and enhancing performance. The case study compares Tech (UK) Limited and 4Com Plc., demonstrating how these tools can be used to analyze financial data, improve operational efficiency, and ultimately achieve growth.

Management
Accounting

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1............................................................................................................................................1
P2............................................................................................................................................3
M1:.........................................................................................................................................5
D1...........................................................................................................................................5
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
P3............................................................................................................................................6
M2...........................................................................................................................................8
D2...........................................................................................................................................9
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................9
P4............................................................................................................................................9
M3.........................................................................................................................................11
D3:........................................................................................................................................11
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................11
P5..........................................................................................................................................11
M4.........................................................................................................................................13
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
Management accounting directs an organisation to achieve desired goals and objectives
through providing relevant information related with financial as well as non-financial
transactions happened on daily basis. It plays an important role in analysing business cost and
operations in order to prepare internal financial report such as Profit and loss a/c, Balance sheet,
cash flow statement etc. Thus, the management of an organisation are held liable to perform
three basic function such as strategic management, performance appraisal and risk reduction.
Tech (UK) Limited company which deals in manufacturing special charger for mobile telephone
and other various gadgets is taken for the purpose of preparing this report. The project covers the
description of management accounting along with their essential requirements in an organisation.
There are different management accounting systems and reports which covers and contains all
relevant information regarding making an effective decision (Baldvinsdottir, Mitchell and
Nørreklit, 2010). Different types of budgets and costing methods which help company in
managing and controlling cost in future project activities are also covered under this report.
TASK 1
P1.
Definitions:
 The institute of Certified Management Accountant (CMA) states that the management
accountant should required to utilise their skills and knowledge in order to prepare and
present financial reports which assist in making an effective decision and policies in
order to control business operations.
 American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) states the management
accounting is a practice of management in order to perform three basic function such as
strategic management, performance appraisal and risk reduction in order to achieve
desired goals and objectives within pre-determined period of time.
Meaning:
Management accounting is the presentation of accounting details in such an effective
way that will help management in formulating policy regarding functioning and operating
business on daily basis. Thus, it helps in providing relevant information through preparing
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accounting reports which shows true and fair financial position of company (Christ and Burritt,
2013).
Difference between management and financial accounting
Management accounting Financial Accounting
It helps an organisation to achieve competitive
advantage through utilising relevant
information provided with the help of
management accounting system.
It helps internal as well as external parties to
know the company's actual financial position
so that they can able to take an effective
decision regarding making investment in
company.
It is not yet necessary for company to use
management accounting system.
It is essentially required for company to
prepare financial records on annual basis.
It includes information of both financial as
well as non-financial transaction.
It includes the information of only financial
transaction that happened in an organisation on
daily basis.
There is no specific time to prepare reports as
it mainly depends on the needs and
requirements of the organisation.
It is prepared at the end of accounting year.
It helps internal management to formulate an
effective policies to operate daily business
operation in an effective and efficient manner.
It helps internal as well as external parties to
make an effective decision for their betterment.
Importance of management accounting
Determination of aim: As management accounting system provides various financial as
well as non-financial information which help management in setting up new target for each
departments on the basis of their capabilities (Cinquini and Tenucci, 2010).
Helps in formulation of plans: With the help of information available through
management accounting system, the management are able to prepare an effective decision and
plans for the future business activities. It helps management in identifying the skilled and
knowledgeable employees and defines their roles and responsibilities accordingly.
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Measurement of performance: Management accounting system provides the information
regrading the performance of each and every employee which help management in improving
their skills and knowledge if any deviation found in their actual and standard performance.
 It helps management to get accurate information on the basis of which the management
are able to make decision regarding investment in different areas of department in order
to get profitable outcomes.
 It helps in setting up the prices of products after analysing the cost incurred in production
process.
Different management accounting systems
There are many management accounting systems which are described as below:
Cost accounting system: This system must required to adopt by every business
organisation in order to manage and control cost which will incurred in future business activities.
It helps management to fix cost of their cost after analysing the cost incurred in manufacturing
process. With the help of this system, the management are able to prepare budget for deifferen5t
departments according to their needs and requirements so that profitable outcome will received
in near future (Dillard and Roslender, 2011).
Inventory management system: This system is essential used by the management in
order to determine the inventory stock available with an organisation in order to fulfil customer's
needs and requirements. This system provides an opportunity to manager to place an order of
stock on time if any shortage of inventory are found. This will help in running production
process of an organisation without any interruptions. The management should require to make
suitable planning regarding allocation of inventory to different departments on the basis of their
requirements.
Job costing system: This system provides information related with cos and revenue
generated after manufacturing specific product or group of products. The management need to
track different types of direct expenses such as direct labour and direct materials which are
incurred in manufacturing process of particular product. It is important to first forecast the result
after producing specific product and accordingly giving importance in order to achieve
profitability.
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P2.
There are different types of business activities which are operated in business
organisation with a motive of achieving desired goals and objectives. Management of Tech (UK)
is held required to prepared various accounting reports such as job costing, cost accounting,
inventory management system etc. which contains relevant informations regarding functions of
company. This will help management in making an effective decision and plans for future
growth and success of an organisation (Fullerton, Kennedy and Widener, 2014). Accounting
reports includes profit and loss a/c, Balance sheet, Cash Flow statement etc. which can be used
by internal and external parties to an organisation regarding the decision taken for their
betterment. Therefore, the management should required to prepared various managerial reports
which are described as below;
Budget report: These reports is prepared by management with a motive of allocating cost
to future business activities of different departments in order to execute them without any
interruptions. The management is first required to analyse the performance of different
department after identifying their past performance and accordingly give extra support to them
for operating business activities. Adoption of reporting system provides an opportunity to
management pare an effective budget in order to achieve bets possible result in near future.
Accounts receivable report: This report contains the list of debtors or customers of an
organisation whose payments to company are due or pending. Thus, it helps management to
identify those unpaid customers and make suitable steps to recover due amount from them on
time. Through this, the management ensures inflow of funds which help them in improving
financial position of company (Garrison and et. al., 2010).
Job cost reports: This report contains the information regarding cost and revenue which
are going to incurred on manufacturing specific project in order to evaluate job profitability. It
provides an opportunity to management to focus on important areas which will bring profitable
outcome to them in near future. With the help of using information available through such report,
the manager find no difficulties in allocation of cost to activities of different departments.
Inventory and manufacturing: These reports contains the information regarding current
position of inventory in company. With the help of using information, the management can
easily identify the level of inventory available with company and accordingly decide whether to
place an order of inventory or not.
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Importance of managerial accounting reports
Decision making: The reports provides relevant information relating to financial as well
as non-financial which help management in making an effective decision in order to achieve
desired target. This helps in future planning, performance management and risk reduction which
enhances profitability of company.
Reduce loss: The information available through management reporting system helps in
identifying the problems or issues that may occurred in future business activities which help
management to ready with their corrective measures in order to overcome deviations and
maximises efficiency. For example, using Job costing method helps in identifying the areas
where the chances of incurring wastage will be more thus it it helps in reducing cost of
production and earn huge profits (Macintosh and Quattrone, 2010).
Increase financial returns: Such reporting system help management in making better
decision and plans for the different departments in order to execute business activities in more
effective and efficient manner. For this, the management need to provide training to employees
so that they can perform delegated roles and responsibilities and bring profitable result to
company in return.
M1:.
Job costing systems
Advantages:
 It helps in allocation of cost to produce specific product on the basis of outcomes
received in future.
 It helps in enhancing the quality of work of different departments
Inventory management system:
Advantages:
 It helps in meeting customer's demands and requirements which brings trust and loyalty
of customers towards company.
 It helps in reducing inventory cost due to ordering only when the company needed
(Nandan, 2010).
D1.
Types of reporting Integration with organisational process
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Account receivable report Its helps management to collect due amount
from unpaid debtors which strong financial
position of company.
Job cost report It helps in producing specific product after
identifying its outcome that may received in
future which indirectly helps in ascertainment
of profits.
TASK 2
P3.
Costing refers to the amount of value which is invested in production process in order to
manufacture quality products. Thus, the management is held responsible to first estimate cost
and accordingly prepare budget in order to execute future project activities in more successful
manner. Basically there are two type of costing methods through which the company should able
to calculate actual cost to their product after considering all cost which were incurred starting
from production process to final sale to targeted customers. Such costing methods are:
Marginal costing: It refers to the cost which are incurred in producing additional extra
unit of product. Such costing methods doesn't includes fixed cost as it affects their profitability.
Thus only variable costs has been taken into account as it may changes in production capacity of
company (Nixon and Burns, 2011).
Absorption costing: Under this method, fixed cost has also been included in the total cost
of production along with variable cost. Mostly companies has adopted such costing methods as it
help in increasing their profitability due to adding fixed cost in total cost of production.
Income statement on the basis of Marginal costing method:
Working 1: Calculate variable production cost £
Direct material cost 8
Direct labour cost 5
Variable production O/h 2
Variable production cost 15
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Working 2: Calculate value of inventory and production
Opening inventory Production Closing inventory
0 2000*15 = 30000 500*15 = 7500
Net profit using marginal costing £ £
Sales value
Less: Variable costs
Opening stock
Cost of production
Closing stock
Variable sales overheads
Contribution
Less Fixed costs:
Fixed Production overheads
Fixed Selling overheads
Net loss
0
30000
(7500)
15000
10000
52500
(22500)
(7875)
22125
(25000)
(2875)
Income statement on the basis of Absorption costing method:
Selling Price per unit £35
Unit costs
Direct materials cost £8
Direct Labour cost £5
Variable Production overhead £2
Variable sales overhead £5.25
Budgeted production for the period is 3000
units
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Fixed cost for a month:
Production overhead: In this budgeted cost is £15,000and Actual cost is £10,000
Selling cost: In this budgeted cost is £10,000and Actual cost is £7875
Absorption costing working notes
Working Note 1: Calculate full production cost
Direct material £8
Direct labour £5
Variable cost £2
Fixed cost £5
Total £20
Working Note 2: calculate value of inventory and production
Opening inventory Production Closing inventory
0 2,000*20 = £40000 500*20 = £10000
Working Note 3: under/ over absorbed fixed production overhead
Actual fixed production: £15000
Fixed overhead: £10000
Total £5000(under absorbed)
Net profit using absorption costing £ £
Sales value
(-) Cost of Sales:
Opening stock
Cost of production
Closing stock
(Under)/ Over absorbed fixed prod.
O/h
0
40000
(10000)
52500
(30000)
(5000)
17500
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Gross Profit
Less: selling Expenses
Variable sales expenditure
Fixed selling expenditure
Net loss
7875
10000 17875
(375)
M2.
There are different accounting tools which is helpful in interpreting financial position of
company. From above financial statement it has been clearly shown that an organisation has
fining huge losses due to which their existence comes in danger. Keeping and maintaining all
records of financial data help them in enhancing their internal strength and forecasting power
(Otley and Emmanuel, 2013).
D2.
There are two costing methods such as marginal and absorption through which the
management are able to calculate total cost of production and net profit. From above calculation,
it has been observed that while adopting marginal costing method, the company faces loss of
2875 whereas using absorption costing methods, the losses has been decreased to 375. Thus,
such difference in losses arises due to inclusion of fixed cost in absorption costing method.
TASK 3
P4.
There are various kinds of budgets which need to be prepared by the management of
Tech (UK) Limited in order to execute future business activities without facing any problems
and issues. There are different types of budget which is prepared on the basis of situations and
requirements. Such types of budgets are as follows:
Process of preparing Budget Control:
Discuss with concern managers: In the first step, the managers of different departments
need to conduct meeting and discuss regarding allocation of resources on execution of future
business activities.
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Determination of effective assumption: In the second step, the manager need to forecast
the expenses incurred in future business activities and on the basis of assumptions an effective
strategies should be made.
Set organisational data for budget to achieve goals: In this step, all the information
collected from the different departments and assemble data in order to execute future business
activities.
Measurement of information with actual: In this step, the management of company need
to measure performance of company through comparing actual information with standard in
order to find out exact position of company.
Review analysis: In this last step. All above step should be reviewed carefully in order to
ensure to get profitable outcome in near future.
Master budget: It is the combination of all lower-level budgets produced by a company's
various functional areas and also included budgeted financial statements, a cash forecast and a
financial plan. It is interrelated with many budgets of different departments of company. These
budget are used by manager of company with a motive of making an effective plans and set
performance objectives (Parker, 2012).
Operational budget: This budget is prepared with a motive of managing and controlling
cost incurred in daily business operations. It is prepare on the basis of estimation that how much
cost should be incurred in particular business operation so as to achieve best possible outcome in
near future. This will help management in identifying the revenue that may generated after
incurring cost on producing particular product.
Cash flow statement: This type of budget is prepared with a motive of identifying the
ability of company to lend money from the market and capability to pay out. These budget helps
management to manage cash flow of company which ensures in having adequacy of funds during
executing project activities..
Activity based budget: This is such type of budget which is prepared on the basis of
activities execute in future. As there are various activities are performed thus make decision
regarding allocation of cost to different activities should be required.
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Zero based budgeting: This is such type of budget which is prepared without having no
past experience. Therefore, the chance of preparing effective budget is less as it is based on
assumption only without having any past year information.
Financial budget: This budget includes the allocation of funds to different departmental
activities on the basins of needs and requirements. The management need to first consider the
future outcomes received from such areas and accordingly distribute funds with a hope of getting
profitable outcomes in near future. (Pipan and Czarniawska, 2010).
Types of Budget Advantages Disadvantage
Master budget The main benefits of budget is
that it provides entire cost of
functions of company.
It is not specific on one
activity due to which the
reliability of information will
be less.
Operational budget This budget help in reducing
cost incurred in daily business
operations.
It consumes more time to
make operational budget for
the functions of company.
Cash flow statement This budget provides the
opportunity to the
management of company to
control the inflow and outflow
of cash.
The managers found
difficulties in managing and
controlling cash inflow of
company due to which the
chances of losing financial
position will be more.
Importance of budget:
 It helps in estimating cost which will be incurred in executing future business activities.
It ensures management to have sufficient funds.
 It helps in allocation of funds to different areas of department which ensures in getting
profitable outcomes.
Different pricing systematic
Price skimming: This pricing method help company in improving sales figure of
company. Such method can be used by such companies who introduces new product in market.
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The management first charge low prices on their product in order to attract maximum number of
customers and once the product is successfully launched then they slowly increases the price of
products in order to gain profit.
Economy pricing: With the help of this method, the company lower its prices of products
so as to influence and buying behaviour of customers towards purchasing their product. They
offers products to those customers who are more price conscious consumers (Qian, Burritt and
Monroe, 2011).
Different costing systems
Direct costing: Under this method of costing, co0st to product has includes such cost
which varies with change in volume. It includes different cost which are related with direct
material, labour, variable manufacturing expenses etc.
Standard costing: This system help in monitoring cost and identifying the changes which
are arise in comparison to standards. The different activities to which regard it is used is
valuation of stock, WIP and fixing selling prices.
M3.
There are several planning tools such as forecasting and scenario tools which must
required to adopt by an organisation in order to make an effective budgets. This will help
company in achieving desired goals and objectives through directing and guiding employees to
perform their best. Such planning tools has some disadvantage as well as if estimation gone
wrong then it will brings negative result to company as well (Shah, Malik and Malik, 2011).
D3:.
It has been observed earlier that an organisation faces losses due to lots of issues arises at
workplace. Thus, adoption of planning tools helps them to overcome financial issues in an
effective manner. For example forecasting tools helps in identifying the internal as well as
external factors which make either negative or positive impact on the performance of company.
Thus, it help management to make an effective strategy to deal with such factors in best possible
way.
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TASK 4
P5.
Tech (UK) Limited offers special charger for mobile phones and other gadgets to retail
outlets of UK. It has been recently identified that the company has been facing a losses of 1.5
million which clearly shows that the company has facing financial problems due to which they
find difficulties in sustaining in competitive market world (Vaivio and Sirén, 2010). Therefore,
to remove such circumstances the management need to focus on implementing various financial
tools such as Balance scorecard approach, Key Performance Indicator, Just in Time etc. These all
are further described as under:
Key Performance Indicators: It is an effective tool which help in measuring
performance and actual capability of employees in order to identify whether they have
employees having sufficient skilled and knowledge to perform different business activities in an
effective and efficient manner. KPI are used at different level with the purpose of evaluating the
success and ability of achieving desired goals and objectives. It is of two types such as financial
as well as non-financial. Financial KPI includes P&L a/c, Balance sheet etc. which shows
profitability situation of company whereas Non-financial indicators includes employee relation
etc. in order to gain trust of employees (Van Helden and Northcott, 2010).
Balance scorecard approach: This approach is used with a motive of combining
business activities with the vision and strategies of organisations through proper coordination
and communication with the employees. Thus, it is important for management to provide
training and learning programs to their employees in order to enhance their skills and knowledge
and gives their maximum efforts in achieving desired objectives. The main purpose for adoption
of such approach are as follows:
 To enhance performance of company by focusing on important matters.
 To direct and motivate employees to perform better so as to achieve desired target.
 Reducing communication gap between the management and employees.
Four perspectives of Balance scorecard approach Financial: In this, a organisation mainly focuses on improving financial performance
through utilising available resources in an optimum manner which directly enhance their
profitability.
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 Customer and stakeholder: In this perspective, the main motive is to provide quality
product to customers in order to maximise their level of satisfaction. This will help
company in retaining loyal customers for longer period of time. Internal process: Under this, the main aim is to develop internal process through bring
efficiency in the different business operations. It helps in improving the quality of work.
 Organisational capacity or learning and growth: Under this, the main aim is to enhance
the capacity of an organisation with the help of using human capital, infrastructure,
technology, culture and other capacities (Ward, 2012).
Just in time: It is an effective inventory strategy in which the management place an
order of inventory only when they are needed in the production process thus it helps in reducing
inventory cost. For this, the management need to first forecast the demand and accordingly
ordered material to fulfil customer's needs and requirements. It directly make an impact on the
profitability and productivity of company and respond the financial problems more effectively (.
Management accounting and its importance, 2017).
Comparison among Tech (UK) Limited and 4Com Plc
Tech (UK) Limited 4Com Plc.
Such company deals in providing special
charger of mobile phones and others gadgets.
Such company are also deals in providing
business communication products to
customers.
Evaluation of useful data can be done on the
basis of historical and present year
performances.
The manager of company need to use KPI in
order to measure performance of employees.
The management of company need to apply
Balance scorecard approach in order to
eliminate issues and problems and enhance the
existing performance.
The management of company need to evaluate
financial data in order to reduce financial
problems.
M4.
Tech (UK) Limited facing huge losses due to which they may lose its competitive
position in market. Thus, the management ned to properly analysis such financial problems and
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accordingly adopt various financial tools such as KPI, Balance scorecard approach etc. in order
to resolve them in an effective and efficient manner.
CONCLUSION
It has been concluded from the above project report that management accounting and
reporting system plays a valuable role in achieving growth and success of an organisation
through providing relevant and important information related with financial as well as non-
financial. There are various financial tools such KPI, Balance scorecard, just in time etc. which
help an organisation in resolving all financial issues or problems. The management is required to
focus on preparing different budgets and using various costing methods in order to calculate total
cost of production.
REFERENCES
Books and Journals
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Online:
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