Macroeconomics Assignment: Okun's Law and Equilibrium Price
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This assignment covers topics such as Okun's Law, equilibrium price, and national savings. It includes calculations and explanations for finding actual unemployment rate, natural unemployment rate, potential GDP, and more.
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MACROECONOMICS2 Econ 202 Assignment 1.Following table are the data for the Australian economy (Ξ²=1.6) in four selected years. Using Okunβs law, fill in the missing data in the table. YearActual Unemployment Rate (%) Natural Unemployment Rate (%) Potential GDP Real GDP 2001(a)580007872 20025(b)81008100 200344.5(c)8266 2004458250(d) Okunβs law refers to an inverse relationship that exist between unemployment and gross domestic product (GDP)(Ball, 2017). As unemployment increases by 1% above the natural level, the gross domestic product decreases by 2-4% from its potential GDP(Coibion, 2017). a.Find Actual Unemployment Rate using Okunβs Law Formula in 2001: RealGDPβPotentialGDP PotentialGDPX 100%= -2(Actual unemployment Rate-Natural Unemployment Rate) 7872β8000 8000X100%=β2(aβ5) β128 80=β2a+10 -1.6 β 10 = -2a β11.6 β2=a a = 5.8% According to Okunβs Law, the output gap in this case is 1.6%. The potential GDP is 1.6% above Real GDP, the Cyclical unemployment is -0.8% and since Natural Unemployment is 5% then the Actual unemployment5.8%.
MACROECONOMICS3 b.Find Natural Unemployment Rate using Okunβs Law Formula 2002: RealGDPβPotentialGDP PotentialGDPX 100%= -2(Actual unemployment Rate-Natural Unemployment Rate) 8100β8100 8100X100%=β2(5βb) 0 = - 10 + 2b 10 = 2b 10 2=b b = 5% According to Okunβs Law the output gap is equal to zero. The potential GDP equals the Real GDPLevelof$8100.Thecyclicalunemploymentequalstozero,hencetheNatural unemployment equals to Actual unemployment of5%. c.Find Potential GDP using Okunβs Law Formula 2003: RealGDPβPotentialGDP PotentialGDPX 100%= -2(Actual unemployment Rate-Natural Unemployment Rate) 8266βC CX100%=β2(4β4.5) (8266- c)100 = -2(-0.5) 826600 β 100c = c 826600 = 101c 826600 101=C c = 8184.15 According to Okunβs Law the Cyclical unemployment is 4 - 4.5%= -0.5%. The output gap is 1%, Real GDP is 1% above the Potential GDP. Therefore, the Potential GDP 100/101% X 8266 =8184.15
MACROECONOMICS4 d.Find Real GDP using Okunβs Law Formula 2004: RealGDPβPotentialGDP PotentialGDPX 100%= -2(Actual unemployment Rate-Natural Unemployment Rate) dβ8250 8250X100%=β2(4β5) (d - 8250)100 = -2(1)8250 100d β 825000 = - 16500 100d = 825000 β 16500 d=808500 100 d = 8085 According to Okunβs Law the Cyclical unemployment is 4 - 5%= - 1%. The output gap is 2%, Potential GDP is 2% above the Real GDP. Therefore, the Real GDP 100/102% X 8250 = 8085 In Conclusion, most economies suffer inefficiencies such as inflation, unemployment and government laws and hence they cannot realize full employment and utilize maximum resources and operate at potential gross domestic product, these therefore brings the existence of an output gap which is the difference between Real GDP and Potential GDP(Arthur, 2018). 2.An economy is described by the following equation Cd=14400+0.5(Y-T)-40000r, Ip=8000-20000r, G=7800, NX=1800, T=8000 a.Find the numerical equation relating planned aggregate expenditure (PAE) to output (Y) and to real interest rate(r). Planned Aggregate Expenditure = C + I + G + NX(Arthur, 2018). Where: C is Consumption Demand I is the Government Planned Investments G is the Government Expenditure NX is the Net Exports. They are deducted from the Aggregate Expenditures. T is Taxes r is Interest Rates
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MACROECONOMICS5 Y is the Output (Real GDP) Given Cd= 14400+0.5(Y-T)-40000r, Ip = 8000-20000r, G = 7800 T= 8000 NX= -1800 P A E=Cd+Ip+G+NX PAE = (14400 + 0.5(Y-8000)-40000r) + (8000-20000r) +7800 β 1800 =24,400 - 60000r +0.5Y b.The real interest rate is 0.133, find short-run equilibriumoutput. =24,400 - 60,000(0.133) + 0.5Y =16,420 + 0.5Y -16420= 0.5Y Y =(32,840) c.Potential output,y*,equals 40,000. What real interest rate should be Reserve Bank set to bring the economy to fullemployment? PAE =Y* Equate and find the real interest rate. 40000 = 24400 - 60000r + 0.5(40000) 40000 = 44400 - 60000r 40000-44400= -60000r -4400=-60000r -4400/-60000=r 0.073 x 100 r =7.33% According to Vines and Wills (2018) in order to bring the economy to equilibrium at full employment potential, the Reserve Bank must set the real interest rate. This particular case it must be set at 7.33% . 3.The demand for car in a country is given by D=12 000-200P, where P is the price of a car. Supply domestic car production is S=7000+50P. a.Assuming economy is closed; find the equilibrium price and production ofcars.
MACROECONOMICS6 In a Closed economy at Equilibrium Condition, DEMAND = SUPPLY 12000-200P=7000+50P 12000-7000=50P+200P 5000=250P P=5000/250 Price= 20 Production of Cars = 7000 + 50(20) = 7000+ 1000 =8,000 b.The economy opens to trade. The world price of cars is 18 units. Find the domestic quantities demanded and supplied, and the quantity of imports or exports. Who will favor the opening of the car market to trade, and who will opposeit? When the World Price of Cars is 18 Units, the Domestic Quantities Demanded becomes 12000-200(18) 12000- 3600 8400 When the world price of Cars is 18 Units, the Domestic Quantities Supplied becomes 7000 + 50(18) 7000 + 900 7900 Total quantities imported will be 8400-7900 =500 The domestic Consumers will be in favor of the opening of the car market to trade because at this price they will be willing to import more quantities cars as compared to high cost of production and prices of cars locally. On the other hand, the Domestic producers will be against the opening of the car market to trade because at this price it would lead to reduction in production and consequently lead to reduced profits. c.The government imposes a tariff of one unit per car. Find the effects on domestic
MACROECONOMICS7 quantitative demanded and supplied, and on the quantity of import or export. Who will favor the imposition of the tariff and who will opposeit? Government tariff imposition has an effect on the price and it increases the price of car from 18 to 19 units. Domestic Quantities Demanded = 12000-200(19) 12000-3800 8200 Domestic Quantities Supplied = 7000 + 50(19) 7000 + 950 7950 Total Quantities Imported= 8200- 7950 =250 The Domestic Producers will favor the imposition of a tariff duty this is because it reduces the number of quantities imported hence encourages the domestic production thereby leading to increase in sales volume and profit margins. On the contrary, the domestic consumers will be against tariff imposition because this would interfere with their importation power and other logistics hence they would prefer buying locally produced and available cars(Slopek, 2018). 4.Use the following economic data to calculate private saving, public saving and national saving. a.Householdsaving=20,businesssaving=40,governmentpurchasesofgoods service=10,governmenttransfersandinterestpayments=10,Taxcollection=15, GDP=220. Private Savings = House hold savings + Business Savings(Suri, 2018). = 20 + 40 = 60 PublicSavings=TaxCollectionsβGovernmenttransfersandinterestPayments (Morimoto, 2017). =15 -10 = 5
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MACROECONOMICS8 National Savings = Private Savings + Public Savings = 60 + 5 = 65 b.GDP=600, Taxcollection=120,Governmenttransfersandinterestpayments=40, Consumption expenditures=450, Government budgetssurplus=10 GDP=Consumption Expenditures + Tax collections + Private Savings β Transfer payments (Government Transfer and Interest Payments) Y = C + T + Sp + TR Private savings = Y β C βT + TR = 600-120-450+40 = 30 + 40 = 70 Public Savings = Tax collection β (Private Savings β Transfer Payments) also called Government Spending. =120-70-40 =10 Public Savings is also equal to Government Budget Surplus which is10 National Savings = Private Savings + Public Savings(Abasimi, 2018). = 70 + 10 = 80
MACROECONOMICS9 References Abasimi, I. &. (2018). Determinants of National Saving in Four West African Countries. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 67-73. Arthur, W. B. (2018).Self-reinforcing mechanisms in economics. In The economy as an evolving complex system.CRC Press. Ball, L. L. (2017). Okun's Law: Fit at 50.Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 1413-1441. Coibion, O. G. (2017). The cyclical sensitivity in estimates of potential output (No. w23580). National Bureau of Economic Research. Morimoto, K. H. (2017). Debt policy rules in an open economy.Journal of Public Economic Theory, 158-177. Slopek, U. D. (2018). Export Pricing and the Macroeconomic Effects of US Import Tariffs. National Institute Economic Review, R39-R45. Suri, A. &. (2018). Analysis of Trends in Gross Domestic and Household Savings and its Components in India.Studies in Business and Economics, 181-193. Vines, D. &. (2018). The financial system and the natural real interest rate: towards a βnew benchmark theory model.Oxford Review of Economic Policy,252-268.