Dr. Madeleine Lininger Culture Care Diversity and Universality Theory

Running head: DR. MADELEINE LININGER THEORY
DR. MADELEINE LININGER CULTURE CARE DIVERSITY AND UNIVERSALITY
THEORY
Name of the student
Name of the university
Author note

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Executive summary:
Madeleine Leininger's Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality Care is designed
for clients with specified communities, nurses who appreciate and respect the quality with
culturally responsive nursing may trigger significant improvements in healthcare practices.
Sharing a cultural identification includes understanding of the values and ideals of
transcultural nursing, coupled with an appreciation of recent research findings. Therefore
where client expectations and principles are carefully and competently integrated into the
health care programs, socially responsive clinical care occur. Caring is the real essence of
caring. The nurse is directed by culturally skilled nursing to have optimum wholistic,
culturally oriented treatment. Such activities often allow the individual, in a familiar,
welcoming and positive cultural background, to provide about oneself and others. Continuous
development and extension of new technology and other awareness in nursing and general
sciences was combined in action if they are appropriate. This report will shed light on the
basis of the theory, applicability, contrast the theory, and find out the antecedents of the
theory.

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Table of Contents
Introduction:...............................................................................................................................3
Discussion:.................................................................................................................................3
Comparison of the concept to others with similar properties and dimensions to establish its
boundaries:.............................................................................................................................5
Description of some of the antecedents to the concept and of some of the consequences:...6
Development, description, and analysis of exemplars or model cases:.................................8
Development, description, and analysis of contrary cases and their comparison with
normative cases:.....................................................................................................................9
Conclusion:..............................................................................................................................10
References:...............................................................................................................................11

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Introduction:
Madeleine Leininger's Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality Care draws
the idea that different cultures have different patterns of caring and different principles of
health or illness, beliefs and behaviour. It includes respecting various cultures with respect to
nursing and health care procedures, with the intention of providing patients with effective
nursing services in accordance with their cultural values, beliefs and diseases (Holland,
2017). This theory is focused on the premise that diverse societies interpret, learn and
conduct caring in different ways, but there are some commonalities in caring across all
societies across the world. Leininger also points out that although human care is universal
across cultures, care may be expressed by numerous expressions, acts, habits, behaviors and
definitions (WEHBE-ALAMAH, 2015). The theory is as well as focused on the premise that
nursing care is socially acceptable or beneficial only because the nurse understands the client
and the details, gestures and social characteristics of the clients are shared by the nurse for the
clients in an effective and substantive manner. The most crucial concepts of the theory
provide health, which is the condition of well being described and constituted culturally,
environment that involves incidents with physical, sociopolitical significance, ecological,
and nursing is a professional, humanistic career that reflects on ultra occurrences to protect or
restore patient wellbeing or well-being in a way that is culturally relevant and advantageous.
Discussion:
Definition, identification, and description of the different
dimensions and components of the concept:
Definition of the theory can be stated by defining the each concept incorporated in the
theory. Cultural care is a particular form of learning that is utilized by the society,

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organization, or person to strengthen challenges they encounter, and their everyday life,
safety, and illness, or to cope with death. Diversity in cultural treatment is a person's own
interpretation of how to provide treatment that is accepted within a group within a family.
Universality in cultural treatment is standard care across several specific communities, with
the same understanding or principles (Bonvillain, 2019). Cultural and social contextual
element called the everyday life practices that affect the values of the person's society,
political opinions, literacy, technology, and background that alter people's cultural responses
within the community (Gee, 2015).
Leiniger is persuaded that in many societies the idea of a individual is not culturally
accepted as an individuals. Madeleine created the Sunrise Model in a rational way to
illustrate the interconnectedness between the principles in her philosophy of Culture Care
Diversity and Universality. The model is a theoretical visual reference representing several
expected variables influencing culturally congruent treatment for individuals of various
cultures. The model acts fundamentally as a theoretical roadmap for the researcher to imagine
and focus on different variables that are expected to affect cultural treatment in the course of
exploration. Furthermore, the Sunrise Model has been used as a productive framework for
rendering cultural- medicinal facilities evaluation of the health and well being needs of
consumers. The principle is of great benefit in nursing. It is also beneficial in a manner in
which the regional disparity in clinical practice is highlighted(Sari & Prastianty, 2017). This
does not help the nurses 'practice alone, but it still helps the patient as it meets his or her
medical and personal concerns. The theory of Leininger tends to further describe the
standards of the nurse-patient partnership, as generally the nurse is the person who works and
is on the side of the patient for almost all of their time (Chan et al., 2018). The aim of
Leininger theory is for nurses to mix in social preparation and conduct a treatment style
similar to what the patient finds acceptable according to their social preferences.

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implementing the concept in the practical work is an important aspect of a nurse's treatment
program through the clinical cycle. The nursing interventions that are mutually compatible
with the interests of the individual and determine the result, determining that the social
concerns of the individual are adequately met.
Comparison of the concept to others with similar properties and dimensions to
establish its boundaries:
The Leninger Sunrise model depicts the central concept of transcultural nursing and
exhibits the foundations of culture care concepts by discussing the relation between
anthropological and nursing practices and guidelines. This concept differs from the concept
established by Giger and Davdhizar transcultural assessment model in the latter considering
each individual unique in their specific cultures. While the Leninger Sunrise model focuses
on the dimensions of financial, religious, technological, social, educational, political, and
philosophical and legal aspects, the Giger and Davdhizar transcultural assessment model
emphasizes on the six aspects common to each culture despite individual variations which
include social structure, communication, biological differences, space, time and
environmental regulation. The dimensions of the former model along with social environment
and language are believed to have a significant impact the health care services, both
professional and traditional provided by the health care systems. On the other hand, the latter
model is based on the idea that their aspects differ in the context of language and differing
ideas of social space with each individual culture. It is known that the systems delivering
conventional health care services depend on traditional principles about health, while the
professional systems are based on learned skills, research and evidence-based practices in
nursing. The concept of Leninger Sunrise model believes that the practices in nursing must

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consider the physical, cultural and spiritual requirements of the patients which help in
understanding the needs of the patients comprehensively and ultimately delivering improved
outcomes of the patients (Okaofor, 2016). This can be achieved by the concepts of
maintaining culture care, negotiating or accommodating culture care and repatterning or
restructuring culture care whereas the concepts demonstrated in the dimensions of the Giger
and Davdhizar transcultural assessment model believe that races and cultural diversity is
present in the genetic composition of the people, which makes some cultures more
susceptible to certain clinical conditions than others. It also believes that this forms the basis
of tolerance to pain and deficiencies and nutritive preferences of some cultures above the
others. The concepts of the two models also differ in the ideas of social organisation as the
Leninger Sunrise Model focuses on the diversity in language and social environment in
guiding nursing practices whereas the Giger and Davdhizar transcultural assessment model
emphasizes more on the grouping of cultural groups based on families, responsibilities and
beliefs (May, 2019). While the former model is more inclined towards the social and cultural
structure in guiding transcultural nursing practices, the latter concept focuses on the
perception of the individual on the society and its various internal and external factors
(Melies, Afaf, 2012).
Description of some of the antecedents to the concept and of some of the
consequences:
From the above discussion, it can be implied that the cultural competencies in nursing
are developed eventually to improve the capacities of nurses in delivering quality health care
services to patients representing different cultural backgrounds. The antecedents of this
concept include cultural encounters, cultural diversity and cultural desire. The consequences
of this concept are three beneficiaries including nurses, patients and health care organizations
(Cai, 2016). Antecedents are defined as the events which take place prior to the concept

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occurs. In the concept of Leninger Sunrise model of cultural competence, the first antecedent,
cultural encounter involves the interplay between the nursing professionals and their clients
or patients coming from diverse cultural backgrounds. This interconnection may be direct
such as face-to-face or indirect methods of communications. This is an essential antecedent as
continuous interactions provide scope for the nursing professionals to develop knowledge of
the diverse cultures refining their previous beliefs and avoiding stereotypes. Cultural diversity
is another necessary antecedent as it highlights the importance of increasing cultural
competence among nursing professionals. This antecedent is perceived as variations in the
race, ethnicity, color, national origin, education, socio-economic status, religion, occupation
and related features of each cultural group (Giger, 2016). Nurses are required to portray
cultural competence to meet the attributes of health care and expectations of the patients from
diverse cultures (Smith, 2013). The third antecedent includes cultural desire and is motivated
by the antecedent, cultural encounters. Cultural desire describes the want to exhibit cultural
competence and not the necessity for it. It represents the inner desire and willingness of the
nurses to learn transcultural nursing practices and being exposed to patients from diverse
cultural backgrounds and be culturally competent in their practices.
On the other hand, consequences can be referred to as events that are followed or
caused due to the manifestation of the concept. In the concept of cultural competence
described by the Leninger model, the consequences that can be identified include nurses,
patients and the health care organizations. The first consequence consisting of nurses benefit
from their cultural competence by acquiring cultural proficiency and additional knowledge on
the different cultural groups through repeated encounters with patients from diverse cultural
groups. They obtain the respect and trust of their patients and facilitate a cooperative
relationship with them by delivering culturally competent services (Melies, Afaf, 2012). The
second essential consequence includes the patients or clients that get benefit from the cultural

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competence nursing practices as it improves disparities in health care experienced by specific
cultures. Besides, the clinical condition of the patient is directly equivalent or congruent to
their diagnoses and treatment plans and have also demonstrated enhanced health outcomes
(Betancourt, Corbett & Bondaryk, 2014). The third consequence involves health care
organizations for which a workforce with cultural competence delivers better health care
services and thereby reduces the costs incurred in providing care. It also lowers malpractice
claims, enhances the efficacy of services and improving the quality of the care provided.
Cultural competence in the health care organization is useful in advancing the reputation of
the entire team (Truong, Paradies & Priest, 2014).
Development, description, and analysis of exemplars or model cases:
The theory's motivation stems from all of the author's knowledge and field
observation. The development of philosophy is shaped greatly by World War II. Immigrating
from different communities author lastly come to the United States during this time. When
she worked with people with various ethnicities of specific health problems, she
observed how medical treatments were provided to them, as well as how well-being and
stability were sustained.
The watershed moment emerged during the early 1950s. Madeleine took charge of
adolescents of immigrant backgrounds who came from different cultural backgrounds. He
convinces herself throughout her career that nurses do not understand the essential role of
community in healing and care. The author analysed the significance of different culture on
the basis of the reaction of treatment and established the importance of different culture in
future research and medical approaches. Back then, popular and common treatment methods

9DR. MADELEINE LININGER THEORY
failed to fulfil her clients 'needs. She then chose to establish an academic doctoral program to
understand more about diverse societies and ethnicities. As a result Leininger's theory is often
focused on anthropology and nursing sciences (Fradkin et al., 2015). During the
conceptualization of uniting society and treatment together, she encountered several
challenges, primarily attributable to the absence of research to help her and the lack of
interest from professional practitioners and other professionals in the area of wellness.
However, the need became increasingly evident as she continued with her analysis and the
theory became developed as a notable, important and dominant principle of nursing at the
right time after five decades of study and observation (McFarland & Wehbe-Alamah, 2019).
Development, description, and analysis of contrary cases and their comparison
with normative cases:
With the globalization of the world economy, the amount of clients with various
health-related characteristics, cultural traditions, healthcare requirements and aspirations from
diverse cultural contexts has risen across all the developed countries. Cultural competence is
the capacity to adapt to cultural heterogeneity within medical systems, is therefore highly
anticipated. However, throughout theory, the definition of cultural competence is ambiguous.
The concepts "culture" and "competence," originating from the theory, and serves as abstract
ideas about any definition, without agreement (Foley & Davis, 2017). There are incoherences
and disagreements about the conceptual interpretation of intellectual debates. Terminologies
in this field, like cultural competence, cultural competence, cultural stability, cross- or
transcultural nursing, are often applied interchangeably or as personal choice due to the
literature's lack of specific meanings. When a study instrument is intended to evaluate
existing activities or when plans are formulated, an unclear definition of cultural competence
serves as the key obstacle to achieving cultural competence. Where the standard of treatment

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of the patient is in doubt, the position of the nurse as a caregiver is compromised, as his
occupation it is important for recovery and curing, since there can be no remedy without
medication (Parisa et al., 2016).
Conclusion:
Madeleine Leininger's Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality Care is
systematic, specific, holistic complementing the modern days technique and approach of
treatment and recovery. Few drawbacks include the small number of recent qualified nurses
able to conduct research that require it to provide successful cultural based treatment.
Research resources are also required to enable ongoing review of care activities. As a student
and beginner nurse it has supported many nursing professionals immensely. Not only is it
useful as a framework to action, but it also considered to values the traditions of the patients,
principles and convictions of any individual, and this is what we all deserve, whether we are
well or struggle from a disorder (Melies, Afaf, 2012). Nonetheless, for a certain number
of nurses the transcultural nursing principle is not widely esteemed. Any services lose access
to the practice of recognizing the basic values, attitudes, and practices of caring for
communities, which in effect influences standard of treatment.

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References:
Betancourt, J. R., Corbett, J., & Bondaryk, M. R. (2014). Addressing disparities and
achieving equity: cultural competence, ethics, and health-care
transformation. Chest, 145(1), 143-148.
Bonvillain, N. (2019). Language, culture, and communication: The meaning of messages.
Rowman & Littlefield.
Cai, D. Y. (2016). A concept analysis of cultural competence. International Journal of
Nursing Sciences, 3(3), 268-273.
Chan, E. A., Wong, F., Cheung, M. Y., & Lam, W. (2018). Patients' perceptions of their
experiences with nurse-patient communication in oncology settings: A focused
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Foley, A. S., & Davis, A. H. (2017). A guide to concept analysis. Clinical Nurse
Specialist, 31(2), 70-73.
Fradkin, C., Wallander, J. L., Elliott, M. N., Tortolero, S., Cuccaro, P., & Schuster, M. A.
(2015). Associations between socioeconomic status and obesity in diverse, young
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In Cultural Awareness in Nursing and Health Care (pp. 23-48). Routledge.

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May, R. (2019). Understanding Each Other: Communication and Culture. Communication in
Nursing-E-Book, 52.
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