Research Paper on Magnetophoresis
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Added on 2021-06-15
Research Paper on Magnetophoresis
Added on 2021-06-15
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Magnetophoresis 1MAGNETOPHORESIS UNDER DIFFERENT MAGNETIC FIELD GRADIENTSA Research Paper on Magnetophoresis ByStudent’s NameName of the ProfessorInstitutional AffiliationCity/StateYear/Month/Day
Magnetophoresis 2ABSTRACTThe objective of this proposal is to evaluate the effect of magnetic field and viscosity on the intensity of magnetophoresis induced connection for the LGMS, low gradient magnetic separation. Magnetophoresis is the process through which the particle of magnet move with respect to their fluid surrounding while responding to a magnetic field externally applied. Some of the ways in which magnetic nanoparticles are used for the purposes of separation include MNPs that are surface-functionalized are dispersed initially into solution possessing compounds targeted, hence the magnetic nanoparticles can be attached onto the compounds above-mentionedby non-specific or specific bending. The sudden migration of the dye in the solution of MNPs after its exposure to an external magnetic field further shows that convection is produced in the solution of MNPs during magnetophoresis. This convective flow induces the process of mixing and enhances further the dispersion of MNPs inside the solution and homogenized the suspension. The viscosity of the fluid strongly determines the velocity of the magnetic particles towards the magnet, hence the collection volume after a specific moment. In high-viscous fluids, the balance between magnetic force and drag leads to the low velocity of the particles, which in practical solution may regulate the collection volume.
Magnetophoresis 3CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONBackgroundMagnetic nanoparticles which are abbreviated as MNPs have emerged as one of the nanomaterials that are most volatile with high environmental and biomedical application potentials. Some of the ways in which magnetic nanoparticles are used for the purposes of separation include MNPs that are surface-functionalized are dispersed initially into solution possessing compounds targeted, hence the magnetic nanoparticles can be attached onto the compounds above-mentioned by non-specific or specific bending. Subsequently, the compounds that are MNP-tagged are directed to a specific solution or withdrawn from the solution in a controlled way through magnetic field applied externally. This arrangement enables the separation of compounds according to their magnetic properties method referred to as Magnetophoresis that entails the MNPs motion which is controlled by magnetic field externally applied according to the surrounding fluid. There are many benefits involved when using the MNPs in promoting the biological components separation than the convention separation processes. Nevertheless, since MNPs are tiny, their collection from the media surrounding imposed by a huge hindrance because of the excitement of their pathway of magnetophoretic by viscous drag and thermal energy. Hence, the magnetic field of a high gradient is used in order for the MNPs to achieve a huge force of magnetophoresisto overwhelm the opposing forces and energy of randomization and attain reparation in a time scale that is reasonable. This process is referred to as HGMS which is an abbreviation of high gradient magnetic separation[ CITATION And12 \l 1033 ].
Magnetophoresis 4The LGMS, low gradient magnetic separation is a separation process that was recently implemented by Yavuz who verified the viability of magnetic field of low gradient produced by a permanent magnet in the gathering of 4 nm nanocrystals of superparamagnetic magnetite. The LGMS is more advantageous than the HGMS due to its simplicity and cost-effectiveness and also accelerated the collection of MNP and reduction of separation duration. The current stage ofresearch efforts is directed to the study of the fundamental principles which describe transport the behaviour of MNPs under LGMS[ CITATION Bar12 \l 1033 ]. The morphology of the aggregation of MNP through LGMS has been explained and investigated by incorporating interaction or magnet into the standard DLVO theory which is an abbreviation of Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek. Furthermore, the transient behaviour of aggregation of MNP upon the use of exterior magnetic field has been simulated and studies. Hydrodynamic effect is a phenomenon in which there is emergence of convective flow as a result of the two-way transfer of momentum between the surrounding fluid and the magnetic particles. The hydrodynamic effect is noted specifically in the magnetic particles magnetophoresis under inhomogeneous magnetic field gradient. Hydrodynamic effect plays a significant role in governing the dynamic behaviour of the low gradient magnetic separation process. Owing to the momentum transfer between the surrounding fluid and moving magnetic particles, continuous sweeping flow is produced within the whole of the solution of magnetic particle that is subjected to LGMS. Hydrodynamic effect plays a significant role in dictating the low-field-gradient magnetophoresis separation kinetics[ CITATION Ben10 \l 1033 ].
Magnetophoresis 51.2 Problem StatementThe underlying principles of the hydrodynamically driven low gradient magnetic separation (LGMS) still remains unclear. In order to design magnetic separator, the understanding towards the underlying principles of hydrodynamically driven LGMS is a must. The hydrodynamic effect has been identified to be useful in accelerating the magnetic separation rate of magnetic particles. Real-time magnetic separator is dealing with fluid with wide range of viscosity such as biological fluids like molecules of biologically active compounds, cancer cells, parasites, viruses, and bacteria. Therefore, it is extremely important to understand the underlying principle of hydrodynamically driven magnetophoresis for solution of different viscosity, which is now still remained unexplored by the researchers[ CITATION Bar12 \l 1033 ]. 1.3 ObjectivesThe objectives of this project are:To experimentally evaluate the effect of magnetic field and viscosity on the intensity of magnetophoresis induced connection for the LGMS, low gradient magnetic separation. To evaluate the effect of magnetic field and viscosity on the intensity of magnetophoresisinduced connection for the LGMS, low gradient magnetic separation through simulation.
Magnetophoresis 6LITERATURE REVIEWCHAPTER 22.1MagnetophoresisMagnetophoresis is the process through which the particle of magnet move with respect to their fluid surrounding while responding to a magnetic field externally applied. Magnetophoresis process has found numerous applications in the mining industry and mineral processing. Currently, every conventional technology operating on separation driven by magnetophoresis, which is implemented widely for engineering uses, are majorly functioned in the columns of separation described by high gradients of the magnetic field. This procedure is commonly referred to as HGMS, high gradient field separation. The theoretical calculation carried out by the use of magnetic, viscosity, geometry, and fluid flow properties show that the gradient of the magnetic field of the order 104 to 105 T/m is required for effective capture and quick elimination of the magnetic particles dispersed[ CITATION Cam10 \l 1033 ]. In the process of HGMS, the gradient of the magnetic field is normally produced by magnetic field distortion which is normally imposed by the electromagnet through packing materials that are magnetizable which fill the column of bed that is packed. The generated gradient of magnetic field in this method is highly localized and exceedingly intense, which grants specifically near the fibres of steel wool where there is trapping of particles. Nevertheless,this strategy is not appropriate in numerous magnetic nanoparticle applications in solution like biomedical applications since they strictly require no chain formation even under strong fields like hyperthermia treatment or magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent. The approach preferred in such cases is the incorporation of the permanent magnet, which is situated outside
Magnetophoresis 7the suspension of the particle for a distal motion regulation of the particle in non-contact mode. This approach is referred to as low gradient magnetic separation, which has been applied broadlyby chemist and engineers dealing in chemicals to recollect the magnetic receptive materials in the elimination of contaminants like microalgae, toxic organic compound, heavy metals, and dye[ CITATION Cam09 \l 1033 ]. However, the implementation of LGMS in the real-time application is very technically challenging since MNPs undergoes a magnetic field gradient (ΔB< 100 T/m) that is much lower hence rendering the MNPs isolation to be rapid beyond the possibility bound. Hence new strategies are required so as to bring LGMS into practicability realm. The LGMS strategies should have the ability to incorporate different physical effects which are appropriate to the MNPs magnetophoresis rate of separation that is theoretically expected. The current study presents two kinds of effects that are different which have the ability to promote the separation rate of magnetophoresis of LGMS, these effects include hydrodynamic effect and cooperative effect[ CITATION Cam11 \l 1033 ]. 2.2 Phenomena that affect the mechanism of LGMS2.2.1 Particle AggregationThe size of the magnetic particles plays a significant role in controlling the kinetics of LGMS as shown in the equation below: (2.1)From the equation above, the magnitude of Fm experienced by a magnetic particle is linearly proportional to the cube of r. Therefore, the balance of force between Fd and Fm shows that the
Magnetophoresis 8magnetophoretic velocity which influences the time of separation, changes direction with respectto r2. Hence in the process of LGMS, particles with large sizes are separated initially before thoseparticles with smaller sizes when they are under the influence of same magnetic field. There are numerous literatures relating to the efficiency of MS to the size of magnetic particles. Recently, Lin proved that 180mm magnetic particles can be labelled successfully in less than two minutes within a magnetic bioseparator of average magnetic field gradient of about 90T/m[ CITATION Jia08\l 1033 ]. When a similar experiment was performed by the use of magnetic particles of sizes 30nm, the maximum duration of MS was noted to be 60 minutes, which is approximately 30 times slower compared to the process of MS that used magnetic particles of sizes 180nm. Therefore, the magnetic particles of large sizes are preferential for fast screening or detection applications. Under this situation, the interaction between antigens (from targets) and antibody (from magnetic particles) would result in the formation of magnetic particles. The outcome of the studies above shows the significance of selectin magnetic particles of appropriate sizes for successful implementation of MS process in biomedical diagnosing[ CITATION Zei12 \l 1033 ]. Apart from the sizes of the particles, the separation kinetics of magnetic separation process is also dependent on the magnetic particles concentration. This occurrence is endorsed tothe corporative nature of the system of magnetic particle in which the magnetic particles tend to collectively move and aggregate towards the source of the magnet upon exposure to an exterior magnetic field. The aggregation of the particles is initiated by the magnetic interaction between the moments of the magnetic dipole by every magnetic particle[ CITATION Zbo15 \l 1033 ].2.2.2 Hydrodynamic Effect
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