Eyewitness Testimony and Henderson Instructions

This assignment delves into the reliability of eyewitness testimony and the effectiveness of Henderson instructions in improving juror evaluations. It analyzes research papers exploring factors influencing eyewitness identification accuracy, including target-lure similarity and post-identification feedback. The papers also investigate how confidence ratings impact judgment, highlighting the complexities of eyewitness evidence evaluation.

Major Research Report for
Social Psychology (SPSS)

Table of Contents
Title........................................................................................................................................................ 3
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................................... 3
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................3
METHODS............................................................................................................................................... 4
DISCUSSION..........................................................................................................................................11
CONNCLUSION .....................................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................................14

Title
“To analyze the effects of confidence and post-identification feedback on belief of eyewitness
evidence”
ABSTRACT
The focus of the current project report is analyzed the impact of confidence and post
identification feedback on belief of eyewitness evidence. This project report emphasises on
eyewitness identification error which is associated with 75% of DNA exoneration. This reports
are all about conducting an experiment that facilitates an individual in order to collect important
information in concluding the report within a given period. The focus of this project report is to
clarify al the principles of investigative process conducted police in comparison with various
legal process to be followed by police officers in order to collect all evidences from the
suspected individual. The data collected by the police officers will help judge to make important
decisions about the crime committed by an individual (SPSS, 2012). The seriousness of the
crime will be assessed by using various parameters such as age of an individual, what are
situations in which the crime has occurred. The judicial decision making process will depend on
all the evidences collected by an individual in order to complete its desired research study with
higher level of accuracy maintained by them as it is important in order to grab the right time to
give sentence to the defaulters or criminals in order to avoid al the crimes in the society.
INTRODUCTION
Current research study is al about emphasizing on the basic problem faced by an entity
which needs to be evaluated in the overall research. This study explains each and everything
about the effects of the current identification process adopted y the police officers in
interrogating the suspected individuals who have arrested in a suspect of committing a fraud or
crime. The complaint files against all the persons will help police officers in order to organize
investigation research to collect important information to solve the case and give punishment to
the real culprit who have committed a crime (Brainerd, Nakamura, Reyna and Holliday, 2017).
This part ocular approach is regarded as one of the essential factor in the overall jury decision
making in which decisions are taken by the judge who have experience by giving opportunity of
being heard to all both defendant and claimant on a particular case. Police verification process
also play an important role in identifying all the suspects by emphasises on different hints
collected by an individual.
Effects of investigation process of identification of evidences or interrogating
eyewitnesses is the basis research problems whose efficiency will be assessed in the overall
research project (Wells, 2016). The researcher will emphasis in the higher expectations and
needs of an individual in order to grab higher opportunity of resolving the case as early as
possible to save the time of legal officials. The resolving all he cases play an important by
providing justice to the aggrieved party to the case is important process which involves deeply

evaluation of all the matters included in the case as the police verification play an important role
in communicating important investigation with the higher authority as they will take important
decisions based on the collected facts. The current research study will focus on four important
criterion's that acts like an important pillars in defining the overall research in the right direction
to facilitate the research who will accomplish all the tasks associated with the given research
report. The conclusion of the particular research report will help in answering all the problems
initially faced by an individual (Luecht, 2016). It has various parameters such as low eyewitness
confidence and neutral administrator comment, low eyewitness confidence and confirmatory
administrator comment, Moderate eyeLuecht, K. M., 2016.witness confidence and neutral
administrator comment and lastly it emphasises on Moderate eyewitness confidence and
confirmatory administrator comment. The results are assessed on a specific confidence interval
of maximum 95% and minimum 75% confidence interval limit in order to test the efficiency of
the overall data collected by an individual in order to accomplish its desired aims and the
objectives prepared in the initial of the report. Thee are various variables tested in the overall
research report will help an individual in order to come to the conclusion of the report which
helps in finding solutions to all the current problems faced by an entity. The research conducted
y an individual is to find certain matters which will be assessed in order to satisfy all the needs
and the expectations of the people as these variables are verified by taking consent of various
respondents.
METHODS
Research method play a significant role in proving right direction to a particular report as
their main aim is to accomplish all the desired goals and the objectives after analyzing the
resources held in an entity. The analysis in the research report is important in order to get
competitive advantage in the market by resolving all the doubts and queries currently faced by
an individual through a particular research report as the main motive of the researcher is to
collect data and information in order to achieve the desired aims and the objectives framed initial
of the research study (Kaminski and Sporer, 2017). The research methods are selected by an
individual according to the overall nature of the report as varied nature of the research report will
facilitate the researcher in order to select the best appropriate method of the research in
accomplishing all desired goals and the objectives of a particular report framed by an individual.
The selection of quantitative methods will help the researcher in order to test the
statistical accuracy of the collected data used for the purpose of overall analysis as their desired
aim is to apply statistical tools in accomplish all the desired aims and the objectives within a
given period (Horry and Brewer, 2016). In the current psychological research study experimental
research method will be used by an individual in order to observe the overall process in order to
identify the final outcomes which helps an individual in order to collect important evidences for
the beneficial of the researcher. In the experimental research the outcomes will be observed by
the researcher which increase the overall reliability of the data collected by the researcher for

resolving the desired aim of the research as the results of the current research study will help in
amending the existing processes of identification in order to improve the overall legal systems in
which real process are followed in order to accomplish desired aims and the objectives in a
particular period.
Participants
There are 10 variables selected for the overall research study which helps in assessing the
current accuracy of all the data collected by the researcher during the journey of research which
helps in generating higher outcome in the near future in order to achieve desired aims and the
objectives of the research study conducted y an individual for the betterment of the business to
resolve the current issues faced by the society as legal process will directly impact on the normal
performance of an individual by emphasizing on the different criterion's such as gender, ethnic,
guilty, influence of eyewitness on overall identification process, confidence interval,
administrator (Dillon and et.al., 2017). These all the parameters will test the data by analyzing
the responses of all the respondents to the current analysis whose accuracy will be tested in order
take important decisions in improving the overall status of the current research study by
resolving all the tasks and duties in achieving desired aims and the objectives of the research
report. It is essential to analyze all the data about the respondents. The assessment of data
collected from all the respondents is essential as the consent of all the respondents is important in
order to provide ultimate direction to a research report. The data is collected randomly from al
the respondents in order to accomplish the aim's and the objectives of a research report that helps
in generating higher outcomes produces from a particular research study. Random selection of
data will help in providing equal chance to all the respondents available at the time f generating
their comments to support the aim of the research report.
Basic materials used in completing overall research is financial resources which is
regarded as the essential component by appointing personnel who will carry out the overall
research according to the desired aims and the objectives framed by an entity within a particular
time period as the role of business entity is to achieve desired aims and the objectives within a
given time frame (Jones and et.al., 2017). Use of financial resources will give strength in order
to carry out overall research study as their major aim is to consider various needs and the
expectations of an entity who are conducting overall research by considering factors which s
essential in order to carry out the research in the smooth manner. It is important for the
researcher to consider all the factors that is important for an entity as optimum utilization of
resources in accomplishing all the goals and the objectives of the research study. Human
resources are also used by an entity owner in order to cover all the strength's ad weaknesses of an
individual to remove al its deficiency which in turn suppressing all the skill and the capabilities
of an individual in order to grab higher market opportunities by extending its current research for
the beneficial for an individual.
RESULTS
Descriptives

Descriptive
Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
IV - Confidence
Manipulation (Low = 75%;
Moderate = 95%)
100 1 2 1.54 .501
Valid N (listwise) 100
Frequencies
Statistic
s
"How
confident
was the
eyewitne
ss at the
time of
her
identificat
ion?"
(percenta
ge)
N Valid 100
Missing 0
"How
confident
was the
eyewitnes
s at the
time of her
identificati
on?"
(percentag
e)

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cu
mu
lati
ve
Pe
rce
nt
Valid
40 1 1.0 1.0 1.0
60 1 1.0 1.0 2.0
75 43 43.0 43.0 45.0
88 1 1.0 1.0 46.0
95 54 54.0 54.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
Crosstabs
Case
Processing
Summary
C
a
s
e
s
Valid Missing T
o
t
a
N Percent N Percent N Percent
IV - Confidence
Manipulation (Low = 75%;
Moderate = 95%) * "How
confident was the
eyewitness at the time of
her identification?"
(percentage)
206 100.0% 0 0.0% 206 100.0%

IV -
Confidence
Manipulation
(Low = 75%;
Moderate =
95%) * "How
confident was
the
eyewitness at
the time of
her
identification
?"
(percentage)
Crosstabulati
on
Count
"How confident
was the
eyewitness at
the time of her
identification?"
(percentage)
Total
40 60 75 85 88 95
IV -
Confidence
Manipulation
(Low = 75%;
Moderate =
95%)
Low 1 1 96 1 0
Moderate 0 0 1 0 1
Total 1 1 97 1 1
Univariate Analysis of Variance

ANOVA
IV -
Confidence
Manipulation
(Low = 75%;
Moderate =
95%)
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups .406 1 .406 1.627 .205
Within Groups 22.712 91 .250
Total 23.118 92
Between-
Subjects
Factors
Value Label N
IV - Administrator Comment
Manipulation
0 Neutral 39
1 Confirmatory 54
IV - Confidence
Manipulation (Low = 75%;
Moderate = 95%)
1 Low 43
2 Moderate 50
Descriptive
Statistics
Dependent
Variable: "Did the
eyewitness tell the
officer how
confident she was
that the person
she picked from
the lineup was the
person who
robbed her?"

IV - Administrator Comment
Manipulation
IV - Confidence
Manipulation (Low = 75%;
Moderate = 95%)
Mean Std. Deviation N
Neutral
Low 1.00 .000 15
Moderate 1.00 .000 24
Total 1.00 .000 39
Confirmatory
Low 1.00 .000 28
Moderate 1.00 .000 26
Total 1.00 .000 54
Total
Low 1.00 .000 43
Moderate 1.00 .000 50
Total 1.00 .000 93
Descriptive
Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
IV - Confidence
Manipulation (Low = 75%;
Moderate = 95%)
100 1 2 1.54 .501
Valid N (listwise) 100
Frequencies
Statistic
s
"How
confident
was the
eyewitne
ss at the
time of
her
identificat
ion?"
(percenta
ge)

N Valid 100
Missing 0
"How
confident
was the
eyewitnes
s at the
time of her
identificati
on?"
(percentag
e)
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cu
mu
lati
ve
Pe
rce
nt
Valid
40 1 1.0 1.0 1.0
60 1 1.0 1.0 2.0
75 43 43.0 43.0 45.0
88 1 1.0 1.0 46.0
95 54 54.0 54.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
Estimated Marginal Means
1. IV -
Administrator
Comment
Manipulation

Dependent
Variable: "Did
the eyewitness
tell the officer
how confident
she was that the
person she
picked from the
lineup was the
person who
robbed her?"
IV - Administrator Comment
Manipulation
Mean Std. Error 95%
Confidence
Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
Neutral 1.000 .000 1.000 1.000
Confirmatory 1.000 .000 1.000 1.000
2. IV -
Confidence
Manipulation
(Low = 75%;
Moderate =
95%)
Dependent
Variable: "Did
the eyewitness
tell the officer
how confident
she was that the
person she
picked from the
lineup was the
person who
robbed her?"
IV - Confidence
Manipulation (Low = 75%;
Moderate = 95%)
Mean Std. Error 95%
Confidence
Interval

Lower Bound Upper Bound
Low 1.000 .000 1.000 1.000
Moderate 1.000 .000 1.000 1.000
3. IV -
Administrator
Comment
Manipulation * IV
- Confidence
Manipulation
(Low = 75%;
Moderate = 95%)
Dependent
Variable: "Did the
eyewitness tell the
officer how
confident she was
that the person
she picked from
the lineup was the
person who
robbed her?"
IV - Administrator Comment
Manipulation
IV - Confidence Manipulation
(Low = 75%; Moderate =
95%)
Mean Std. Error 95%
Confidence
Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
Neutral Low 1.000 .000 1.000 1.000
Moderate 1.000 .000 1.000 1.000
Confirmatory Low 1.000 .000 1.000 1.000
Moderate 1.000 .000 1.000 1.000

T-Test
Group Statistics
IV - Administrator Comment
Manipulation
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
"How much influence do you
think the police officer had
on the eyewitness'
confidence in her
identification decision?"
Neutral 44 6.05 1.842 .278
Confirmatory 56 7.59 2.113 .282
Independent
Samples Test

Levene's Test for
Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of
Means
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed)
"How much
influence do you
think the police
officer had on the
eyewitness'
confidence in her
identification
decision?"
Equal variances
assumed .299 .586 -3.834 98
Equal variances not
assumed -3.898 96.898
Correlations

"Do you think
the eyewitness
made an
accurate
identification?
"
D
o
y
o
u
t
h
n
k
t
h
e
d
e
f
e
n
d
a
n
t
s
g
u
il
t
y
?
"
"Do you think the
eyewitness made an
accurate identification?
Pearson Correlation 1 .685**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 100 100

"Do you think the defendant
is guilty?"
Pearson Correlation .685** 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 100 100
**. Correlation is
significant at the
0.01 level (2-tailed).
DISCUSSION
Current research study has adopted Statistical tools such as SPSS in order to assess the
accuracy of the collected data which is essential in order to take important decisions on the basis
of results generated with the help of various statistical tools applied by the researcher in testing
the statistical accuracy of all the data (Horry and Brewer, 2016). This particular report
emphasises on utilising various statistical test by using different variables includes T test,
Descriptive frequencies, Analysis of variance that is ANNOVA in one direction to test the
accuracy of the collected data that helps in taking important facts and figures used for the
analysis purpose in order to provide right direction to an entity in order to achieve desired aims
and the objectives of the current research study. The higher accuracy of all the data analyzed
using various statistical tools which helps in providing unique conclusion to the current research
study as their desired aims to accomplish various aims and the objectives in a given period to
achieve all the goal and the objectives. The statistical results will help an individual in reaching
conclusion to the overall research report.
Descriptive statistic
The current results generated after applying statistical tools in which data will be
analyzed by determining mean, median, mode and standard deviation measure in testing the
overall accuracy of all the data collected by an individual in order to ascertain about the market
trend and patterns of the external market (Luecht, 2016). Standard deviation of the above data is
0.5 and mean of the data set is 1.54 which shows that confidence intervals data of 75 and 95%
will not show closeness with the mean value of the overall data set. So, respondents behavior
will be tested by increasing the variation in the data set that increases reliability of data.
Cross tab
Cross tabulation techniques used to determine the presence of all the respondents from
whom important data has generated in order to help the researcher in achieving their desired
aims and the objectives (Cooper, Pullig and Dickens, 2016). The results state that total 206
respondents have 100% provided their consent and there is no information is missing in the
analysis.
One way ANNOVA

The total results of the analysis of variance shows the total difference of 92 and sum of
square of 23.81 among the variables used for the purpose of analysis in determining all the goals
and the objectives in less period (Kaminski and Sporer, 2017). The mean of all the parameter
value defined in the analysis remains the same which states that an entity has not applied extra
efforts in achieving desired aims and the objectives within a given period. It includes different
parameters such as Administrator comment manipulation, Confidence manipulation and
Administrator comment manipulation which states that all statistical values such as mean and
standard deviations which shows that there is less closeness of data points in the analysis.
T Test
How much influence do you think the police officer had on the eyewitness' confidence in
her identification decision? Is the question which is analyses by applying this particular
technique which states that this is analyzed on two important parameters such as neutral or
confirmatory in assessing all the responses of different respondents whose consents are taken
into considerations for the analysis purpose (Brainerd, Nakamura, Reyna and Holliday, 2017).
The mean value of confirmatory parameter in higher than compared to another factor used in the
analysis sis neutral. The higher value of mean and standard deviation shows that out of total 206
respondents majority of the respondents will speak in the favor of the current questions which
about ascertaining the influence of police officers on all the eyewitness who contributed in
resolving he matters frequently by explaining about he hidden facts and figures in order to reach
the final outcome of the overall research study.
Correlation
Spear man correlation bi variate is used to determine the relationship among the two
variable used in the analysis in order to know the overall direction in order to make important
decisions in the busiest for the betterment of the business. Two variable used for the correlation
in determining the relationship among these two variable includes identification made by
eyewitness and defendant is guilty (Brace, Snelgar and Kemp, 2012). The results show that It has
1: 0.685 relationship which tells that identifications made y the eyewitness is very helpful in
solving all the cases accurately but at the same time it is not mandatory that all defendants are
guilty which says that both positive relationship as identification by the eyewitness will help
judges in order to make important decisions in the overall research report in accomplishing
desired aims and the objectives within a given period. The two tailed direction of the current
relationship among two of variable states that it has 0.01 is significant level which will be
helpful for an individual in order to accomplish all the desired aims and the objectives framed by
an entity at the initial phase of the overall research report.
CONNCLUSION
It can be concluded from the research report that as per the statistical tool's and
techniques it can be said that there is positive impact of eyewitness in the identification process

organized by an entity in order to collect important evidences to support the overall study with
the legal evidences which is essential for improving performance of an entity within a particular
time. The statistical accuracy of all the collected data states about the positive outcomes
generated by an entity in relation to all the parameters used effectively in improving the legal
procedure which is important in order to eliminate errors found in the overall data set. The data
set is assessed in order to make important decisions in the current project report in which
researcher will be held liable for the actions made by them in concluding the overall research
project (Pallant, 2013). The collected data speaks about the efficient data set used by an
individual in improving overall performance of an entity in order to increase trust and
confidence among variety of respondents falls in the external business environment in order to
achieve desired aims and the objectives framed by an entity owner in the initial research study
which gives clear cut idea to an individual in completing their research study in the best possible
manner by considering all the facts and figures in the best suitable way for the current project
report. ANNOVA technique used in the given research report commented in the favor of the
existing problem of the research by clarifying all the doubts and queries by showing one way
direction of the research project report.

REFERENCES
Dillon, M. K., ad et.al., 2017. Henderson Instructions: Do They Enhance Evidence Evaluation?.
Journal of Forensic Psychology Research and Practice. 17(1). pp.1-24.
Jones, A. M., ad et.al., 2017. Comparing the effectiveness of Henderson instructions and expert
testimony: Which safeguard improves jurors’ evaluations of eyewitness evidence?. Journal of
Experimental Criminology. 13(1). pp.29-52.
Wells, W., Wells, W., Campbell, B., Campbell, B., Li, Y., Li, Y., Swindle, S. and Swindle, S.,
2016. The characteristics and results of eyewitness identification procedures conducted
during robbery investigations in Houston, TX. Policing: An International Journal of Police
Strategies & Management.39(4). pp.601-619.
Horry, R. and Brewer, N., 2016. How target–lure similarity shapes confidence judgments in
multiple-alternative decision tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 145(12).
p.1615.
Cooper, M. J., Pullig, C. and Dickens, C., 2016. Effects of Narcissism and Religiosity on Church
Ministers With Respect to Ethical Judgment, Confidence, and Forgiveness. Journal of
Psychology & Theology. 44(1).
Luecht, K. M., 2016. The effects of post-identification feedback and exposure duration on
eyewitnesses. The University of Alabama in Huntsville.
Brainerd, C. J., Nakamura, K., Reyna, V. F. and Holliday, R. E., 2017. Overdistribution
illusions: Categorical judgments produce them, confidence ratings reduce them. Journal of
Experimental Psychology: General.146(1). p.20.
Kaminski, K. S. and Sporer, S. L., 2017. Discriminating between correct and incorrect
eyewitness identifications: The use of appropriate cues. Journal of experimental psychology:
applied. 23(1). p.59.
Brainerd, C. J., Nakamura, K., Reyna, V. F. and Holliday, R. E., 2017. Overdistribution
illusions: Categorical judgments produce them, confidence ratings reduce them. Journal of
Experimental Psychology: General. 146(1). p.20.
Wells, W., Wells, W., Campbell, B., Campbell, B., Li, Y., Li, Y., Swindle, S. and Swindle, S.,
2016. The characteristics and results of eyewitness identification procedures conducted
during robbery investigations in Houston, TX. Policing: An International Journal of Police
Strategies & Management. 39(4). pp.601-619.
Horry, R. and Brewer, N., 2016. How target–lure similarity shapes confidence judgments in
multiple-alternative decision tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 145(12).
p.1615.
Pallant, J., 2013. SPSS survival manual. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).

Brace, N., Snelgar, R. and Kemp, R., 2012. SPSS for Psychologists. Palgrave Macmillan.
SPSS, I., 2012. Statistical package for the social sciences. Data analysis software packages.
Version.21.