Malaria in Africa: A systematic Review of its Environmental Determinants

Malaria in Africa: A systematic Review
of its Environmental Determinants

Table of Contents
Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................3
Background : ...................................................................................................................................3
Aims and Objectives .......................................................................................................................5
Methodology ...................................................................................................................................6
Implications for public health..........................................................................................................8
Reference:......................................................................................................................................10

Abstract
Sub-Saharan Africa suffers the largest burden of malaria incidence especially for pregnant
women and children under the age of 5. Malaria is influenced by a large number of
environmental factors impacting its spread, frequency of transmission, disease outcome and
seasonality.
Aim: The aim of this report is to provide the overview of Malaria disease in Sub- Sahara
Africa and also provide a clear interaction of environmental determinants as well.
Introduction: Malaria is consider a life- threatening disease which is caused by the parasites
that is further transmitted by the people when a female Anopheles mosquito bite. As per the
WHO report, in 2017, there are around 219 millions cases of malaria in more than 85
countries (Twohig and et.al., 2019). Although several campaigns against malaria have
resulted in extensive intervention coverage across sub-Saharan Africa, malaria still persists.
It is essential to understand the relationship between the effect of the environment and
malaria burden.
Objective. This paper aims to identify, collate and analyse the environmental risk factors for
malaria transmission throughout sub-Saharan Africa, to provide an understanding of their
interactions, aid environmental manipulation for its prevention, and to discuss their relevance
to policy makers as well.
Methods. A systematic search on malaria and environmental determinants was carried out
focusing on sub-Saharan Africa by using database.
Background :
Malaria in human is caused by Plasmodium falciparum infection and four other plasmodium
parasites, with about 600,000 deaths and over 100 million febrile episodes per year.
According to World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, the WHO African region holds
the largest burden of malaria incidence, with a report of around 200 million cases in 2017.
Malaria in Africa particularly affects the sub-Saharan region, with Nigeria, Democratic
Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso, Uganda, United Republic of
Tanzania, Ghana, and Cameroon being the 10 countries that carry the highest burden of
disease (Disease and Mortality in Sub- Saharan Africa, 2017). Although an estimated 20