Review of Management Accounting Research

This document provides a comprehensive review of recent research in management accounting, covering topics such as environmental management accounting, knowledge transmission across generations, and risk management in financial institutions. It includes articles from various journals and publications, offering a broad perspective on current developments in the field.

MANAGEMENT
ACCOUNTING

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
Task 1...............................................................................................................................................1
1. Management accounting and its differences between financial accounting:..........................1
2. Importance of management accounting information:............................................................2
Different types of management accounting:...............................................................................3
M1 Benefits of management systems under the cited company context:...................................4
D1 How MA system and MA reporting integrates within the firm process:..............................4
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
M2 Application of techniques:....................................................................................................6
D2 Interpretation of data:............................................................................................................6
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................6
a). Budgets and its advantages and disadvantages:....................................................................6
b). Process of preparing budgets:................................................................................................8
C). Pricing strategies:..................................................................................................................9
M3. Analyse the use of various planning and their application:.................................................9
D4. Planning tools helps the firm to attain sustainable advantages:...........................................9
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11
Books and Journals:..................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Management accounting system is the main tool which is used by the company to attain
the business long term objectives. Now, this has been observed that the IMDA tech wants to
attain its objectives which can mostly achieved by using management accounting system. With
the help of management accounting, IMDA tech can produce electronic gadgets in a most
effective manner (Quagli, 2011). Now, management of IMDA tech due to lack of financial
information, it faces various decisions that is why it is not to make decisions effective. But, after
implementing management accounting tools, company is able to frame better strategies so that
the fime decisions could be attained.
Task 1
A).
1. Management accounting and its differences between financial accounting:
Management accounting helps the firm to generate information internally and it also
covers sourcing, analysis, communication and implement of financial and non-financial
information decisions in order to build and procure value for firms (Management Accounting,
2017). As, this covers accounting, finance and management by taking help of business skills and
other essential techniques that the management accountant is required to add genuine value to
any firm (Hutaibat, K.A., 2012). They are the well qualified person which do works across the
firm, not only in finance, but also on the overall field which are needed to make business
operations effective. They implement information of various types which could lead to form
business strategy and able to gain the sustainability.
Difference between management accounting and financial accounting:
Financial accounting Management accounting
Frame reports which is totally based on the previous
performance; in line with reporting needs.
Gather information like as
profits, cash flow and due
debts to manufacture trend
reports within a time frame
and statistics in order to inform
imperative, regular
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management and firm
decisions.
Frame the essential financial information which are required to
be use by the other department for their work execution.
Under this, the financial with
non financial information to
frame an entire view of the
firm. They implement
management accounting to
attain the business success.
Financial management is the narrower concept than the
management accountant which only covers financial
information.
Management accounting is the
broad concept which covers
the financial and non financial
information that are required to
know by the firm management
and top level authorities in
order to frame their decisions
(Zadeh, 2011).
Financial accounting reports are after complying various
regulatory standards which have been set by these regulatory
bodies.
Under this, there is not set of
standard which have to be
followed by the firm while
making this report.
2. Importance of management accounting information:
The management accounting information is becomes the integral portion of the
management of IMDA tech. As, this guides and suggest management at each step. This is not
only enhance the efficiency of the firm management but also employees of the firm (Hopper and
Bui, 2016). The most important advantage of this are mentioned hereunder:
Identify of Aim: With the help of information available, management accountant
identify its targeted goals and also to find out the way by which this could attain the goals.
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Assist under the form of plan: MA assist top level authorities to frame the plan in order
to make their business objectives. But before going to make any plan, the manager is required to
have the proper analysis of the present and future market scenario.
Great services to customers: With the help of MA, company is able to limit the cost of
the product so that the final outcome can render to the customer at a cheaper rate.
Easy to take judgement: The top level management of the company is able to take the
decisions. This is only possible after implementing management accounting practice effectively.
Assessment of work execution: The standard costing and other management accounting
tools enables the firm to assess the performance of it.
These are the benefits that can only be achieved after implementing management
accounting system under firm. With the help of this, the company needs to make business
decisions so that the pre-set objectives could achieve.
B). Different types of management accounting:
There are various kinds in the management accounting which are used under firm in
order to get the sustainable development. The company needs to make their business operations
effective in order to gain the business pre-set objectives. These are mentioned hereunder:
Cost accounting system: This helps the firm to lower the cost of the product and assess
the costs which are used for making the product. Now, this is the major part under which the
company is able to attain the firm objectives. This does not only consider the cost but also assist
the management for making strategies for attaining firm objectives. Basically, it is divided into
five parts which are:
An input measurement
An stock valuation tool
A cost collection method
A cost flow hypothesis
A capability of opting inventory cost flows at definite intervals.
Inventory management system: The company needs to opt inventory management
system in order to optimum use of resources. As, this is the continuous procedure of shifting
products into out of locations. Firms control their stock on a regular basis because they place
new orders for goods and dispatch orders out to consumers. This is the most imperative thing
that the firm top management gain a appreciation of each activity which is covered under
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inventory management process (Giovannoni, Maraghini,and Riccaboni, 2011). With the help of
this system, IMDA tech is able to manage their inventory management system in order to
optimize the resources in an effective manner.
Price optimising system: It is the procedure of identifying that price level where the
consumer is ready to ply to them. Firms fluctuating the supply chain is devoted vast amount of
time towards price optimisation to assure that their goods would need to offer fast at an
appropriate price while making a healthy profits. If any product price is so high, then this could
not sell at large scale, and just because the price of the products and services constantly vary, it is
the continuous task for most of the firm.
M1 Benefits of management systems under the cited company context:
MA helps in making the systems more strong and affirm, which helps in attaining IMDA
tech objectives. By using MA practices, cited company can produce electronic gadgets at a
cheaper rate which will help the firm to attract more customers.
D1 How MA system and MA reporting integrates within the firm process:
Management accounting system integrates with the MA reporting because, company can
not run their operations effectively without integrating each other. Under a given circumstances,
IMDA tech is producing electronic gadgets which can possible by using operational report.
TASK 2
Absorption costing: Under absorption costing method, all the costs which are related to
production of goods whether these are related to fixed or variable (Figge and Hahn, 2013).
Under this method, management analyse the method for measuring cost of a product by
considering indirect or indirect overheads along with the direct costs.
Marginal costing: Fluctuation under total costs of production operates for framing one extra
unit of an item. This is calculated in a point where break even point is reached. This consists
the variable costs covering of labour and material costs plus an forecasted point of fixed
costs.
Computation of Net profit through using absorption costing
PARTICULAR ￡Amount £Amount
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Sales
Less: COGS
Opening stock
Cost of production
Closing stock
(Under)/Over absorbed fixed prod. O/h
Gross Profit
Less: Other expenses
Variable sales expenses
Fixed cost expenses
NIL
40000
-15125
7875
10000
52500
(24875)
(5000)
19875
17875
Net profits 2000
Working 1: Whole production cost
Direct material ￡8
Direct labour ￡5
Variable cost ￡2
Fixed cost ￡5
Total ￡20
Working note 2: Calculation inventory value and production value
Opening inventory Production Closing inventory
0 2,000*20 = £40000 500*20 = £10000
Working note 3: assessing of under / over absorbed fixed production expense
Actual fixed production: ￡15000
Fixed overhead: ￡10000
Total £5000(under absorbed)
Compution of Net profit / loss from as per marginal costing
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Net profit using marginal costing ￡Amount £Amount
SALES
Less: Variable costs
Opening stock
Business costs
Closing stock
Variable costs
Contribution
Less Fixed costs
Fixed Production expenses
Selling cost
Net loss
0
30000
(7500)
15000
10000
52500
(22500)
(7875)
22125
(25000)
(2875)
Marginal costing
Working 1: Calculate variable production cost £
Direct material 8
Direct labour 5
Variable production O/h 2
Total variable cost 15
Working 2: Computation of value of inventory and production
Opening inventory Production Closing inventory
0 2000*15 = 30000 500*15 = 7500
M2 Application of techniques:
Under the cited question, company is required to use management accounting techniques
so that the optimum results could be attained. This also makes the operations so smooth which
brings the operations effective.
D2 Interpretation of data:
The profits achieved as per marginal costing and absorption costing represent the
different value. Which ultimately helps in making the business sustainable. Under absorption
costing, the company earn 2000 profits but as per marginal costing, company uses -2875.
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TASK 3
a). Budgets and its advantages and disadvantages:
Budget is the forecasting of financial plan for a certain period of time. This may covers
forecasted sales volumes and revenues, assets, liabilities, resource quantities and much more.
This reflects strategic plans of firm units, and a units. A budget is the total of resource allocated
for a specific aim and the statement of planned expenditure along with the proposals for how to
cover them. To run a company effectively, company uses various budgets strategies, some of
them are as follows:
Production budget: This is the budget which can be used for estimating costs about all
producing goods that the company is producing. This helps the firm to know about the product
cost and then make strategy in order to attain the objectives (Bennett, Schaltegger and Zvezdov,
2011). This has been seen that the management of IMDA tech is required to consider their
production budget in it operations so that they would get to know about the costs related to the
production of the goods.
Benefits of production budget: Production budget is helpful for estimating the production
related requirement of the firm so that the company acts accordingly. These kinds of stuff assist
the firm to lower the costs related to the production by effectively utilising the available
resources. The advantages relating to the cost of production can be attained after making
production budgets.
Disadvantages of production budget: The production budget which is prepared by the
accounts department is not always represents the fair value. This is entirely based on the
predictions which might wrong sometimes. Hence, the data which have been collected by the
firm on the basis of such production budgets will make the wrong interpretation. Hence, the
exact value can't be created by the firm.
Cash budget: This is a prediction of cash inflows and outflows for a firm over a particular time,
and this budget is implemented to assess whether the firm has enough cash to run the operation.
With the help of this, company would get to know about the cash inflows and then make the plan
to spend inflows in a better manner (Bagautdinova, Kundakchyan and Malakhov, 2013).
Advantages of cash budget: There are various advantages of opting cash budget, but there are
mostly two advantages which are described here. First, with the help of cash budget, company
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can control its spendings. Second, by implementing cash budget, company cut approximately
80% of the time spent reconciling its budgeting at month end.
Disadvantages of Cash budget: Each company makes cash budgets in its entire budgeting
process. This review anticipated cash receipts and cash disbursement for the budgeted period.
Sometimes, this may lead to have wrong budgeted estimates for the future events. Cash budget
once made, then it can't be altered. This is the major disadvantage of cash budget.
b). Process of preparing budgets:
Here, are the steps which are need to adhere when preparing a budget:
1. Update budget assumption: The company needs to assume about the firm's business
environment which is made on the basis of past records.
2. Review bottlenecks: Identify the capacity level of basic bottleneck which limiting firm
from producing further sales, and elaborate how this affect any extra revenue growth.
3. Available funding: Company needs to determine the amount of funding which is
available at the time of budget period, that might reduce the growth plans.
4. Step costing points: Identify the step which happen during likely range of business
activity in the forthcoming business period, and elaborate the amount of costs and also
know about the activity level where they will happen.
5. Frame budget package and allow the management to issue the amount which is required
for budget package.
6. Getting revenue forecast: The company would attain the profits estimation from the sales
managers, authenticate it with the company's managing director, and after that disperse it
to various divisional managers (Alleyne and Weekes-Marshall, 2011). They implement
the revenue information for making their own budget.
7. Getting divisional budgets: Getting budgets from entire divisions in order to check the
errors, and compare to the bottleneck, funding and step costing restrictions. Arrange the
budget accordingly.
8. Update budget model accordingly.
9. Review the budget: Management team review the budget. Make restraint issues, and any
restrictions caused by funding limitations.
10. Issue the budget: Make a bound version of budget and disperse it to the authorised
person.
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C). Pricing strategies:
Pricing is the most imperative factors of the marketing mix, as this is only component of
marketing mix, that produces a turnover for the firm. Pricing strategies are adopting a number of
pricing strategies, this will usually be depends on the corporate objectives (Ahmad, 2013). There
are few kinds of pricing strategies. Which are penetration pricing, skimming, and competition
pricing, Product line pricing, bundle pricing, premium pricing, psychological pricing, optional
pricing, cost plus pricing, cost based pricing, value based pricing. Some of them are defined
hereunder:
Penetration Pricing: Under this, organisation fix a low price to enhance sales and market stake.
Once market stake has been captured the firm, in that case , enhance their market price.
Skimming pricing: Firm fix starting high price and after that gradually lower the price in order
to make the product available to a wider market. The main aim is to skim profits of the market
gradually.
Competition pricing: Fixing a price in comparison with the rivals. In fact, a firm has three
options and these are helpful for making the price lower, constant the price and more than the
contenders.
M3. Analyse the use of various planning and their application:
Planning tools are used by the firm in order to attain the firm pre-set objectives so that the
firm could attain their pre-set objectives. The company needs to consider various budgeted plan
in order to effectively utilise their business operations. These planning tools helps the firm to
attain their pre-set objectives.
D4. Planning tools helps the firm to attain sustainable advantages:
Different planning tools are used by the firm in order to attain business pre-set objectives
which also need to get the sustainable advantages over the other rivals.
TASK 4
A). Balance scorecard approach is the major approach which is used in order to identify the
financial problems and also takes certain actions which can be achieved so that the financial
problems can be attained (Abrahamsson, Englund and Gerdin, 2011). By considering these
technique, many firms tended to control their operations which are totally based on the financial
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measures. As, financial measures are essential, these are helpful in reporting about past
happenings. Management system which authorises firm to fix, track and also attain its major
strategies and pre-set objectives. After making the business strategies, then these would be
implemented and tracked via four legs of BSC. Such four legs are used by the firm to attain four
different firm perspectives. These are: financial leg, internal leg, customer leg and knowledge
leg. These are essential for attaining pre-set targets and managers to be plan, implement, and
attain their firm strategies. These are described hereunder:
Customer leg: By using this leg, company would assess customers' satisfaction and their
performance requirements and also assess about it products or services.
Financial leg: Tracks firm financial needs and performance.
Internal business process leg: Assessing company's critical to customer process needs and
assessment.
Knowledge, Education, and growth leg: Concentrates on how company educate their
employees, how they enhance and capture their knowledge, and how they implement it to sustain
a competitive edge throughout the markets.
These are required to be measured, analysed, and enhanced together regularly for
responding the financial problems ( Hammad, Jusoh, and Ghozali, 2013). If company ignore
any one from the above, in that case, this would create a situation where someone is sitting on a
four -legged stool with the broken leg, and suddenly he lose his balance and fall flat on his face.
CONCLUSION
From the above mentioned report, this has been seen that the management accounting
tools have been used in order to make the business sustainable. Under this report, this net profits
as per marginal and absorption costing has been drawn, which reflects that by using these
techniques, company could maximise their business profits. Under this report, the company uses
various planning tools which are used in order to make their business operations effective. Under
this report, the IMDA tech also address various financial problems and then acts accordingly.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals:
A. Hammad, S., Jusoh, R. and Ghozali, I., 2013. Decentralization, perceived environmental
uncertainty, managerial performance and management accounting system information in
Egyptian hospitals. International Journal of Accounting and Information Management.
21(4). pp.314-330.
Abrahamsson, G., Englund, H. and Gerdin, J., 2011. Organizational identity and management
accounting change. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal. 24(3). pp.345-376.
Ahmad, K., 2013. The adoption of Management accounting practices in Malaysian Small and
Medium-sized Enterprises. Asian Social Science. 10(2). p.236.
Alleyne, P. and Weekes-Marshall, D., 2011. An exploratory study of management accounting
practices in manufacturing companies in Barbados. International Journal of Business
and Social Science. 2(10).
B Douglas Clinton CMA, C.P.A. and CFM, C., 2012. Roles and practices in Management
accounting: 2003-2012. Strategic Finance. 94(5). p.37.
Bagautdinova, N., Kundakchyan, R. and Malakhov, V., 2013. Development of management
system of manufacturing companies on the basis of management accounting elements.
Bennett, M., Schaltegger, S. and Zvezdov, D., 2011. Environmental management accounting. In
Review of management accounting research (pp. 53-84). Palgrave Macmillan UK.
Figge, F. and Hahn, T., 2013. Value drivers of corporate eco-efficiency: Management
accounting information for the efficient use of environmental resources. Management
Accounting Research. 24(4). pp.387-400.
Giovannoni, Maraghini,and Riccaboni, 2011. Transmitting knowledge across generations: the
role of management accounting practices. Family Business Review.
p.0894486511406722.
Hopper, T. and Bui, B., 2016. Has management accounting research been critical?. Management
Accounting Research. 31. pp.10-30.
Hutaibat, K.A., 2012. Interest in the management accounting profession: accounting students’
perceptions in Jordanian universities. Asian Social Science. 8(3). p.303.
JOSHI, P.L., BREMSER, W.G., DESHMUKH, A. and KUMAR, R., 2011. Diffusion of
management accounting practices in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries. Accounting
Perspectives. 10(1). pp.23-53.
Quagli, A., 2011. Goodwill accounting as a missing link between financial and management
accounting: literature review and research agenda. Financial reporting.
Zadeh, 2011. Accounting for decision making and control. Issues in Accounting Education.
26(1). pp.258-259.
Zaleha Abdul Rasid, S., Rahim Abdul Rahman, A. and Khairuzzaman Wan Ismail, W., 2011.
Management accounting and risk management in Malaysian financial institutions: An
exploratory study. Managerial Auditing Journal. 26(7). pp.566-585.
[Online]
Management Accounting 2017 [Online]. Available Through: <https://www.imanet.org/insights-
and-trends/management-accounting-quarterly?ssopc=1>. [Accessed on 23rd September 2017]
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