Budgetary Approaches: Impact and Analysis

This assignment delves into the contrasting effects of imposed and participative budgetary approaches within organizations. It examines how an imposed approach, where top management unilaterally determines the budget without staff input, can lead to a lack of employee ownership and potential for errors. Conversely, it analyzes the participative approach, which involves active contributions from all staff levels, fostering a sense of responsibility and potentially improving budget accuracy. The assignment uses a fictional scenario involving Paulo to illustrate these concepts and their implications.

Running head: AN EVALUATION OF BUDGETS
An Evaluation of Budgets
Student’s Name:
University Name:
Author Note

1AN EVALUATION OF BUDGETS
Table of Contents
Part A.........................................................................................................................................2
Answer to Part a.....................................................................................................................2
Answer to Part b.....................................................................................................................2
Answer to Part c.....................................................................................................................2
Answer to Part d.....................................................................................................................3
Answer to Part e.....................................................................................................................3
Answer to Part f.....................................................................................................................4
Answer to Part g.....................................................................................................................5
Answer to Part h.....................................................................................................................5
Answer to Part i......................................................................................................................6
Workings................................................................................................................................7
Part B..........................................................................................................................................8
Part C..........................................................................................................................................9
Part D.......................................................................................................................................12
References................................................................................................................................15

2AN EVALUATION OF BUDGETS
Part A
Answer to Part a
Sales Budget:
Particulars January February March Total
Sales Volume (in units) 76630 61300 68970 206900
Unit Selling Price $6,300 $6,300 $6,300 $6,300
Projected Sales (in $) $482,769,000 $386,190,000 $434,511,000 $1,303,470,000
Answer to Part b
Production Budget:
1st Quarter
Particulars January February March Total April
(in unit) (in unit) (in unit) (in unit)
Projected Sales Volume 76630 61300 68970 206900 91960
Add: Closing Stock of Finished Goods 36780 41382 55176 55176
Less: Opening Stock of Finished
Goods 49000 36780 41382 49000
Projected Production Volume (in
units) 64410 65902 82764 213076
Answer to Part c
Direct Material Purchases Budget:
Particulars January February March Total April
Part
714
Part
502
Part
714
Part
502
Part
714
Part
502
Part
714
Part
502
Part
714
Part
502
Projected
Production
Volume 64410 64410 65902 65902 82764 82764
Material
required
p.u. 5 6 5 6 5 6

3AN EVALUATION OF BUDGETS
Total
Material
Required
32205
0
38646
0
32951
0
39541
2
41382
0
49658
4
10653
80
12784
56
Add: Closing
Stock of
Raw
Materials 61300 73560 68970 82764 91960
11035
2 91960
11035
2
Less:
Opening
Stock of
Raw
Material 76630 91956 61300 73560 68970 82764 76630 91956
Direct
Material
Purchased
(in units)
30672
0
36806
4
33718
0
40461
6
43681
0
52417
2
10807
10
12968
52
Material
Cost p.u. $92 $123 $92 $123 $92 $123 $92 $123
Projected
Direct
Material
Purchased
$28,2
18,24
0
$45,2
71,87
2
$31,0
20,56
0
$49,7
67,76
8
$40,1
86,52
0
$64,4
73,15
6
$99,4
25,32
0
$159,5
12,796
Answer to Part d
Direct Labor Budget:
1st Quarter
Particulars January February March Total
(in unit) (in unit) (in unit) (in unit)
Projected Production 64410 65902 82764 213076
Direct Labor Hours p.u. 9 9 9 9
Total Direct Labor Hours 579690 593118 744876 1917684
Direct Labor Cost per hour $50 $50 $50 $50
Budgeted Direct Labor Cost $28,984,500 $29,655,900 $37,243,800 $95,884,200
Answer to Part e
Manufacturing Overhead Budget
1st Quarter
Particulars January February March Total

4AN EVALUATION OF BUDGETS
Total Direct Labor Hours 579690 593118 744876 1917684
Variable Overhead per labor
hour:
Indirect Labor $64.37 $64.37 $64.37 $64.37
Power $6.13 $6.13 $6.13 $6.13
Maintenance $37.78 $37.78 $37.78 $37.78
Other Manufacturing Cost $45.98 $45.98 $45.98 $45.98
Total Variable Manufacturing
Cost $89,420,332 $91,491,674 $114,901,169 $295,813,175
Fixed Overhead:
Supervision $42,912,800 $42,912,800 $42,912,800 $128,738,400
Depreciation $3,831,500 $3,831,500 $3,831,500 $11,494,500
Rates & utilities $3,166,400 $3,166,400 $3,166,400 $9,499,200
Maintenance $34,861,121 $34,861,121 $34,861,121 $104,583,362
Other Fixed Overhead $15,326,000 $15,326,000 $15,326,000 $45,978,000
Total Fixed Manufacturing
Overhead $100,097,821 $100,097,821 $100,097,821 $300,293,462
Budgeted Manufacturing
Overhead $189,518,152 $191,589,494 $214,998,990 $596,106,636
Answer to Part f
Ending Finished Goods Inventory Budget
1st Quarter
Particulars January February March
Total Production Volume 64410 65902 82764
Material Cost p.u.:
Part 714 $460 $460 $460
Part 502 $738 $738 $738
Total Material Consumed $77,163,180 $78,950,596 $99,151,272
Total Direct Labor Cost $28,984,500 $29,655,900 $37,243,800
Total Manufacturing Overhead $189,518,152 $191,589,494 $214,998,990
Total Production Cost $295,665,832 $300,195,990 $351,394,062
Production Cost p.u. $4,590.37 $4,555.19 $4,245.74

5AN EVALUATION OF BUDGETS
Ending Finished Goods
Inventory 36780 41382 55176
Budgeted Finished Goods
Inventory $168,833,866 $188,502,784 $234,262,708
Answer to Part g
Cost of Goods Sold Budget:
1st Quarter
Particulars January February March Total
Budgeted Absorption Cost of
Opening Inventory $3,070 $4,590.37 $4,555.19 $3,070
Opening Stock of Finished Goods 49000 36780 41382 49000
Opening Stock Value $150,430,000 $168,833,866 $188,502,784 $150,430,000
Add: Total Production Cost $295,665,832 $300,195,990 $351,394,062 $947,255,884
$446,095,832 $469,029,856 $539,896,846 $1,097,685,884
Less: Closing Finished Goods
Inventory $168,833,866 $188,502,784 $234,262,708 $234,262,708
Budgeted Cost of Goods Sold $277,261,966 $280,527,072 $305,634,138 $863,423,176
Answer to Part h
Budgeted Income Statement:
1st Quarter
Particulars January February March Total
Total Sales Revenue $482,769,000 $386,190,000 $434,511,000 $1,303,470,000
Less: Cost of Goods Sold $277,261,966 $280,527,072 $305,634,138 $863,423,176
Gross Profit $205,507,034 $105,662,928 $128,876,862 $440,046,824
Less: Selling & Admin Expenses $100,002,150 $79,997,900 $90,004,750 $270,004,800
Budgeted Net Profit/(Loss) $105,504,884 $25,665,028 $38,872,112 $170,042,024

6AN EVALUATION OF BUDGETS
Answer to Part i
Cash Budget:
1st Quarter
Particulars January February March Total
Cash Flow from Operating
Activities:
Collection from the month's
sales $376,559,820 $301,228,200 $338,918,580 $1,016,706,600
Collection from last month's
sales $154,486,000 $96,553,800 $77,238,000 $328,277,800
Cash Sales $9,655,380 $7,723,800 $8,690,220 $26,069,400
Purchase of Direct Material ($73,490,112) ($80,788,328) ($104,659,676) ($258,938,116)
Direct Labor Cost ($28,984,500) ($29,655,900) ($37,243,800) ($95,884,200)
Variable Manufacturing
Overhead ($89,420,332) ($91,491,674) ($114,901,169) ($295,813,175)
Supervision Cost ($42,912,800) ($42,912,800) ($42,912,800) ($128,738,400)
Rates & utilities ($3,166,400) ($3,166,400) ($3,166,400) ($9,499,200)
Maintenance ($34,861,121) ($34,861,121) ($34,861,121) ($104,583,362)
Other Fixed Overhead ($15,326,000) ($15,326,000) ($15,326,000) ($45,978,000)
Selling & Admin Expenses ($100,002,150) ($79,997,900) ($90,004,750) ($270,004,800)
Net Cash Flow from Operating
Activities $152,537,786 $27,305,678 ($18,228,916) $161,614,548
Cash Flow from Investing
Activities:
Purchase of Land ($3,831,500) ($3,831,500)
Net Cash Flow from Investing
Activities $0 ($3,831,500) $0 ($3,831,500)
Cash Flow from Financing
Activities:
Dividend paid ($154,486,000) ($154,486,000)
Loan Taken $0
Loan Repaid $0
Interest paid on Loan $0
Cash Flow from Financing
Activities: ($154,486,000) $0 $0 ($154,486,000)
Net Increase/(Decease) in
Cash Balance ($1,948,214) $23,474,178 ($18,228,916) $3,297,048
Add: Opening Cash Balance $3,831,500 $1,883,286 $25,357,464 $3,831,500

7AN EVALUATION OF BUDGETS
Closing Balance $1,883,286 $25,357,464 $7,128,548 $7,128,548
Workings
Total Opening & Closing Raw Material Inventory:
Particulars January February March April
Part
714
Part
502
Part
714
Part
502
Part
714
Part
502
Part
714
Part
502
Total Sales Volume 76630 76630 61300 61300 68970 68970 91960 91960
Material Required
p.u. 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6
Stock Maintaining
Level 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
Opening Stock 76630 91956 61300 73560 68970 82764 91960
11035
2
Closing Stock 61300 73560 68970 82764 91960
11035
2
Fixed & Variable Maintenance Cost:
Direct Labor Hours
Total
Maintenance
Cost
1479000 $90,729,900
1685900 $98,546,200
1547900 $93,335,300
1410000 $88,124,500
Variable Maintenance Cost
per hour $37.78
Fixed Maintenance Cost $34,861,121
Part B
Particulars
Without New
Facility
% of
Total
Cost
With New
Facility
% of
Total
Cost
Varianc
e Remarks

8AN EVALUATION OF BUDGETS
Direct Material Cost $255,265,048 27% $191,448,786 19% 25.00% Favorable
Direct Labor Cost $95,884,200 10% $71,913,150 7% 25.00% Favorable
Variable Manufacturing
Overhead $295,813,175 31% $295,813,175 29% 0.00% Favorable
Fixed Manufacturing
Overhead $300,293,462 32% $450,440,193 45% -50.00% Adverse
Total Production Cost $947,255,884 100%
$1,009,615,30
3 100% -6.58% Adverse
The situation presented in the question is that the production manger of the firm,
Paulo wants to build a new highly automated manufacturing facility on the land to be
purchased in February. According to Paulo the new manufacturing facility will not only make
the assembly process automatic but also make the process more technical rather than labor
intensive. He also has forecasted that the implementation of the manufacturing facility will
reduce the direct material cost and the direct labor cost by 25% but the fixed manufacturing
overhead will increase by 50% due to the increased cost of investment.
Now as can be found in the above table, the business proceedings in case of two
situations have been shown that is with the implementation of the new facility and without
the facility. As can be observed the direct material cost decreases from $255,265,048 to
$191,448,786 with the implementation of the facility thus representing a favorable variance
of 25%. The direct labor cost with the implementation of the new facility also decreases from
$95,884,200 to $71,913,150 and also represents a favorable variance as predicted by Paulo.
The variable manufacturing overhead remains constant with the implementation of the new
facility. This indicates that the new manufacturing facility impacts the variable manufacturing
overhead in a favorable way. In case of the fixed manufacturing overhead the total amount
increases from $300,293,462 to $450,440,193. This means that as correctly proved by Paulo
the fixed manufacturing overhead increases representing an adverse variance of 50%. Now as

9AN EVALUATION OF BUDGETS
shown in the above table all these components are considered while calculating the total cost
of production. It is seen that the total cost of production increases from $947,255,884 to
$1,009,615,303 with the implementation of the new project. Thus the installation of the new
manufacturing facility as planned by Paulo would not be such a good idea as it would lead to
indirect loss of the company. This is because when more cost is incurred, the total revenue
earned by the company becomes less, therefore automatically resulting in an indirect loss.
The production manager Paulo should consider installing facilities which match the
reduction rate by which the direct material cost and the direct labor cost decreases with the
rate of increase in the fixed manufacturing overhead. This means that either the percentage
decrease in the direct material and labor cost should be so high that it covers up for the
percentage increase in the fixed manufacturing overhead or the percentage increase in fixed
manufacturing overhead should be so low that it does not affect the total production cost
adversely (Caamaño-Alegre et al., 2013).
Part C
Sales Budget Variance:
Particulars Actual Budgeted Variance
Quarterly Sales Volume 184100 206900 -22800
Unit Selling Price $6,300 $6,300 $6,300
Total Sales Revenue $1,159,830,000 $1,303,470,000 ($143,640,000)
Remarks Adverse
The sales budget variance as produced represents an adverse result of ($143,640,000).
This means that the estimated or budgeted total sales revenue of the entity differs with the
actually incurred sales revenue by the stated amount of variance in the table. Paulo as a
production manager should be utterly concerned as to how such a variance could occur

10AN EVALUATION OF BUDGETS
between the predicted and the actual figure incurred. This may be due to reasons like a fall in
the general market price or change in the pattern of the tastes and preferences of the
consumers or sudden increase in the number of competitors in business resulting in fall in the
total amount of sales because the consumers are now provided with a whole lot of choices in
the same domain of products (DRURY 2013).
Material Price Variance:
Particulars Part 714 Part 502 Total Cost
Actual Material Used 667700 1040700
Standard Price p.u. $92 $123
Standard Cost for Actual Quantity $61,428,400 $128,006,100 $189,434,500
Actual Material Cost $52,214,140 $81,699,770 $133,913,910
Material Price Variance ($9,214,260) ($46,306,330) ($55,520,590)
Remarks Favorable Favorable Favorable
The material price variance as shown in the above table represents a favorable result.
This means that the estimated or budgeted material cost is more or less matching with the
actual cost incurred for materials. This indicates that there have been no abnormal happenings
in this case and that the budget has been prepared accurately.
Material Usage Variance:
Particulars Part 714 Part 502 Total Cost
Actual Material Used 667700 1040700
Standard Price p.u. $92 $123
Standard Cost for Actual Quantity $61,428,400 $128,006,100 $189,434,500
Budgeted Material Cost $98,014,960 $157,250,088 $255,265,048
Material Usage Variance $36,586,560 $29,243,988 $65,830,548
Remarks Adverse Adverse Adverse

11AN EVALUATION OF BUDGETS
The material usage variance as shown in the above table represents an adverse
outcome. This means that in case of material usage estimations, there must have been some
error committed on the part of the management. The term material usage refers to the
quantity of materials to be used by the company which has already been stipulated by the
management of the company. Now in case of disparity between the budgeted and the actual
figures, Paulo should investigate and identify as where are the exact points where materials
more than that was stipulated was used and the reasons behind it. He should also check the
budget for any error or disproportions (Hofstede 2012).
Direct Labor Rate Variance:
Particulars Amount
Actual Direct Labor Hours 1188030
Standard Rate per labor hour $50
Standard Labor Cost for Actual
Labor Hours $59,401,500
Actual Direct Labor Cost $50,491,300
Material Price Variance ($8,910,200)
Remarks Favorable
The term direct labor rate refers to the rate at which labor is hired. The labors have a
generalized rate which is often fixed by labor unions. In case of any disparities between the
budgeted labor rate and the actual rate, the reasons may be demands by the labor union to
increase the particular rate. But as can be observed from the above table the material price
variance represents a favorable outcome. This means that the budget regarding the direct
labor rate has been prepared more or less accurately.
Direct Labor Efficiency Variance:
Particulars Amount

12AN EVALUATION OF BUDGETS
Actual Direct Labor Hours 1188030
Standard Rate per labor hour $50
Standard Labor Cost for Actual
Labor Hours $59,401,500
Budgeted Labor Cost $95,884,200
Material Price Variance ($36,482,700)
Remarks Favorable
The term direct labor efficiency refers to the efficiency of the labor that is how
efficient they are in executing the particular tasks assigned to them. The direct labor
efficiency variance represents a favorable outcome. This means that there has been more or
less no disparity between the budgeted amount and the actual amount indicating the fact that
the labor is working as expected which is a very positive symptom of a healthy and
sustainable business (Edmonds et al., 2016).
Part D
An imposed budgetary approach refers to that approach of preparing the budget in
which the input or estimation of the staff other than the top level management is not taken
into consideration. Imposed budgetary approach as the name suggests is imposed on the staff
of the organization without any further reference from the general staff or officials in the
organization. The flow of communication in case of an imposed budgetary approach is
always downwards that is the plan of the budget is communicated by the senior level
management to the rest of the organization. The advantage in the utilization of such an
approach is that the management of the company totally independent in terms of decision
making and is not answerable to anybody in regards to the preparation of budget. However as
the approach is management centric therefore the other employees may not feel the urgency

13AN EVALUATION OF BUDGETS
to sincerely approach the mistakes that have been committed while the budget has been
prepared (Mutiganda 2013).
In case of Paulo he might be very much concerned as to how the disparities in budget
could take place. But Paulo will not feel the need to urgently find a solution for the problem
as he assumes no responsibility for the preparation of the budget.
On the other hand a participative budgetary approach refers to a particular approach in
which all the staff of the organization is involved. The flow of communication in case of a
participative budgetary approach is upwards. This is because inputs or estimations calculated
by the general staff is submitted to the supervisors who in turn figure out their own
estimations and submit them to the middle management who after rigorous calculations and
consideration of each and every input of the staff, prepare a final budget and submit it to the
highest level of authority, the Board of Directors who after reviewing the prepared budget,
approve it. In case of a participative approach towards the preparation of budget though the
management has to consider a whole lot of suggestions which makes the entire process a little
slow, it motivates the employees and make them feel important. As the management
considers each and every little details provided by the employees, they become more
concerned with the task and try to omit any error while calculating the estimations (Bassoli
2012).
In such an instance the actions undertaken by Paulo would have been the same as in
the case of an imposed budgetary approach, only this time he would feel the need and
urgency to find out and rectify the mistakes more strongly as he is directly related and has
participated actively in the preparation of the budget.

14AN EVALUATION OF BUDGETS
References
Bassoli, M., 2012. Participatory budgeting in Italy: An analysis of (almost democratic)
participatory governance arrangements. International Journal of Urban and Regional
Research, 36(6), pp.1183-1203.
Caamaño-Alegre, J., Lago-Peñas, S., Reyes-Santias, F. and Santiago-Boubeta, A., 2013.
Budget transparency in local governments: an empirical analysis. Local Government Studies,
39(2), pp.182-207.
DRURY, C.M., 2013. Management and cost accounting. Springer.
Edmonds, T.P., Edmonds, C.D., Tsay, B.Y. and Olds, P.R., 2016. Fundamental managerial
accounting concepts. McGraw-Hill Education.
Hofstede, G.H. ed., 2012. The game of budget control. Routledge.
Mutiganda, J.C., 2013. Budgetary governance and accountability in public sector
organisations: An institutional and critical realism approach. Critical Perspectives on
Accounting, 24(7), pp.518-531.