This report analyzes the concept of budget and its purposes, including forecasting future incomes and expenses, detecting deviations in actual performance, and taking corrective actions.
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Running head: MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING Management Accounting Name of the Student: Name of the University: Author’s Note:
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1MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING Executive Summary: This report is aimed at analyzing the concept of budget and its purposes. Budget is the process of forecasting the future incomes and expenses and making plans accordingly to achieve the organizational goals. It also helps in detecting the deviation of actual performance of the business from the expected performance, and it helps in taking certain corrective initiatives. In this report, some of such concepts and conventions of budgets and budgetary analysis has been discussed and the technical aspects of the budget have been illustrated.
2MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING Table of Contents Introduction:....................................................................................................................................3 Technical Aspect of the budget:......................................................................................................3 Non-technical Aspect of the budget:...............................................................................................3 Conclusion:......................................................................................................................................6 References and bibliography:..........................................................................................................7 Appendix:........................................................................................................................................8
3MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING Introduction: Budget is the process of estimating the future incomes and expenses based on some historical data and analyzing the actual performance to identify any deviation and to take certain corrective actions. It is a part of the business planning and strategy building process. It helps in estimating the future incomes and expenses, and to apply a control over the actual performance of the business. Mostly the technical aspect of the budget, which involves the computations, and calculations of various future numerical figures for incomes and expenses can be cited. Budget not only means the technical computations and analysis it has some other aspects also. Some of such aspects of the budget and budgetary analysis have been discussed in the following paragraphs (Adongo and Jagongo 2013). Technical Aspect of the budget: The technical aspect of the budget means application of various tools and techniques for estimation and forecasting of the future incomes and expenses. It also sets a benchmark for the performance or a target for the company to be achieved in near future by their business activities. After the actual work has been performed, it analyses the actual performance in comparison with the benchmark as set in the budget. Therefore, all those analysis and future income and expenses projections are the technical aspect of the budget (Kaplan and Atkinson 2015). Non-technical Aspect of the budget: Budget is a managerial tool that can be applied for applying a control over various activities of the business. It serves various purposes of the business as well as the management of the business organization. Beside the technical aspect of the budget and the computations and
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4MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING calculations of the future expected numerical figures, there are various other benefits and use of the budget and budgetary control system (Rieckhof, Bergmann and Guenther 2015). Every business organization has some mission and vision to be achieved by its strategies and efficient management. To achieve those missions and vision every organization need to formulate certain strategies for their business operations as well for their management. Budget and budgetary control is such a tool, which can help in both the strategy building and planning and management of the organization. The most important aspect of the budget and budgetary control is the analysis of the actual performance and helping in taking corrective measures. It sets astandardorthebenchmarkmuchbeforestartingtheactualwork.Italwayshelpthe management to check their performance and keep the track of their performance. They can always check whether they are going through the right track or not. It helps them to revise and reschedule their plans and programmes, which will help them to achieve their budgeted targets (Adongo and Jagongo 2013). Some author considers the budget and the budget process as only a political process. Most of the government entities and government bodies prepares and declares an annual or some periodic budgets for their future spending and expected revenues. It helps the government to make their plan about various social activities and developmental activities to be taken by them in future (Rieckhof, Bergmann and Guenther 2015). It can be observed that in most of the countries, the budget is prepared and declared by the government of the respective country and political chaos centers around such declaration of budget by the government. In this context, it can be made very much clear that, budget is not only a political process it is an advanced managementaccountingtools,whichcanbeappliedineverybusinessorganizationfor
5MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING estimating the future performance of the organization and to apply a control over the activities of the organization (Rieckhof, Bergmann and Guenther 2015). In business organization, the use of budget and the budgetary control can be observed mostly. Most of the manufacturing organization prepares various budget based on their key functions. For example, for estimating the future sales, a sales budget can be prepared, for estimating the purchase and required production for meeting the target sales, a production budget can be prepared. In the same way, for projecting the futures cash inflows and cash outflows, the cash budget can be prepared. For better understanding of the concept of budgets and budgetary control and extract of a functional budget showing the computation of opening and closing inventory, cost of goods sold and required purchases (Kaplan and Atkinson 2015). The functional budgets meet the requirements of individual functions and departments and apply a control over the respective departments only. For applying a control over the organization as a whole and to project the future performance of the organization as a whole a master budget is prepared which includes all the results of those individual budgets (Rieckhof, Bergmann and Guenther 2015). The non-technical aspect of the budget mainly addresses the qualitative requirement of the management accounting information. It helps the management in decision-making and controlling process by providing adequate cost and management information. Therefore, though the technical aspect of the budget is more important, the non-technical aspect also have a greater importance in overall business management. It is has a great importance on the management of the business and achieving the overall objectives of the business organizations. It must be
6MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING applied with due care and in accordance with the functionality of the business organization (Rieckhof, Bergmann and Guenther 2015). Conclusion: From the above discussion and analysis, it can be concluded that, budget is an advanced tools of cost and management accounting, which can be applied in every organization to set benchmark and targets for their future course of actions and when the actual work is performed it can help in analyzing the actual performance. It helps in detecting any deviations in actual performance and suggests in taking corrective actions. Therefore, its scope cannot be limited to the political aspect only. Lastly, it can be recommended for business organizations adopt such budgetary control in their business practices for an effective and efficient management of their business activities.
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7MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING References and bibliography: Adongo, K.O. and Jagongo, A., 2013. Budgetary control as a measure of financial performance of state corporations in Kenya.International Journal of Accounting and Taxation,1(1), pp.38- 57. Collis, J. and Hussey, R., 2017.Cost and management accounting. Macmillan International Higher Education. DRURY, C.M., 2013.Management and cost accounting. Springer. Kaplan, R.S. and Atkinson, A.A., 2015.Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning. Kokubu, K. and Kitada, H., 2015. Material flow cost accounting and existing management perspectives.Journal of Cleaner Production,108, pp.1279-1288. Lanen, W., Anderson, S. and Maher, M., 2013.Fundamentals of cost accounting. McGraw-Hill Education. Rieckhof, R., Bergmann, A. and Guenther, E., 2015. Interrelating material flow cost accounting with management control systems to introduce resource efficiency into strategy.Journal of Cleaner Production,108, pp.1262-1278. Tie, X., Zhang, Q., He, H., Cao, J., Han, S., Gao, Y., Li, X. and Jia, X.C., 2015. A budget analysis of the formation of haze in Beijing.Atmospheric Environment,100, pp.25-36.
8MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING Appendix: Given Information: Purchase Budget Showing cost of goods sold and inventory: