Table of Contents INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1 TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1 Meaning and requirement of types of management accounting..................................................1 Different methods of management accounting reporting............................................................2 Benefits of management accounting systems..............................................................................3 System and reports of management accounting integrated with organization............................3 TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3 Marginal and absorption costing..................................................................................................3 TASK 3...........................................................................................................................................6 1. Advantages and disadvantages of different types of planning tools used in Budgetary Control.........................................................................................................................................6 2. Use of different planning tools and their application for preparing and forecasting budgets..8 3. Evaluate how planning tools for accounting respond appropriately for solving Financial problems.....................................................................................................................................10 TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................10 1. Organizations are adapting management accounting systems to respond financial problems ....................................................................................................................................................10 2. Management Accounting can lead organizations to sustainable success by responding to financial problems......................................................................................................................12 CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................13 REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14
INTRODUCTION Management accounting is a internal accounting that use by managers for manageandmaintainorganizationthroughevolution.Managersoforganization evaluate and analyze books and accounts that helps in make planning, organizing, directing and controlling. On the bases of financial performance they make effective strategies for development and increase efficiency (Chenhall and Moers, 2015). It is very important and it makes by management for short term and long term that helpful in get quick information for decision making. This report will be cover that requirement of management accounting, methods use in it, planning tools of this accounting, helps of these tools for solve financial problems. TASK 1 Meaning and requirement of types of management accounting. Management accounting is very helpful in make financial report by managers that useful for decision making because ABC ltd. Evaluate and analyze all report and books than take decision for meet objective. Data of books and statement that is prepared so all these documenting s evaluate by managers regarding cost, profit and saving. So it is very important for ABC ltd for manage all works and activities and increase profit. Following requirements of management accounting :- Cost accounting systems:- this system of accounting is very useful for make estimate of cost. Through this ABC ltd evaluate gap between cost and profit because organization do all works for earn profit and increase revenue. It is a technique and tool of reduce production cost of products and fix selling price. Cost accounting system of past present and future evaluate by managers for making decision about budget, investment and expand business so that is important for all types of organization. Inventory management system:- this system of accounting majorly use by manufacturing organization for trace all activities about stock. Management of ABC ltd get all information about inventory and movement of stock and products. It includes product from manufacturing to warehouse and warehouse to shipping. These things make easy to management of inventory and making decision for increase profitability. Through this system organization easily track whole supply chain and analyze quantity of products running in work in progress (Bromwich and Scapens, 2016).
Job costing system:- it is very important for those organizations that produce products according to demand of customers. Different types of peoples demand different product design and quality so organization face difficulty in costing because it creates difficulties for organization. So through this system it easily calculates all cost and revenue of products according to per item. ABC ltd evaluate revenue on per product because it main purpose is increase revenue and profit always earn more than it cost. On the bases of this system management of organization take decision easily and make strategy. Price optimizing system:- this system of accounting is use by all types of organization and through this it evaluates that customer reaction according to price of products. So ABC ltd easily make decision about price and cost of products. Customers always wants to quality products at low price and if price of product decrease so their demand increase and organization attract customer through this easily. So management of organization easily evaluate all things about customers and then provide according to their choice and demand at reasonable price. Process costing method:- this costing method use by organization that produce mass products and organization face difficulties to calculate per unit cost. Products pass from many process during production so each process contain cost separately. This method make easy to calculate cost of process. Different methods of management accounting reporting. Management accounting is a technique of evaluation of all financial reports and take decision for expand business and increase investment. Through this it makes budget on the bases of tax, revenue and expenses. Following are different methods:- Financial report:- this report includes many types of books and records that keep by ABC ltd of whole financial year. It includes balance sheet, cash flow statement and profit and loss account and income statement as well. Management of organization use this account for evaluation and knows about all operation. Pro forms cash flow:- this statement helps in keep all data and information about flow of cash in ABC ltd as per financial year. Cash flow statement includes all transaction that related to cash. Cash inflow and outflow is two part of this statement if cash comes organization through sales of products and return on investment that it
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includes cash inflow and if cash goes out from organization through give dividend and purchase of raw material so it includes in cash outflow so management of organization easily evaluate and make decision about invest (Bobryshev, 2015). Sales report:- this report is very useful for all ABC ltd because this report includes all data about sales of products. Through this it evaluates that sales increase sources that helps in increase source and also analyze whole seller and retailer. Management accounting make decision about efficient source of sales. It also motivates through provide incentives and bonus to different sellers. That helps in motivate to them. Benefits of management accounting systems. Management accounting is very important for organization because through this it easily evaluates all cost and financial activities for making effective and efficient decision about increase profit and expand business. Job costing system helps in calculates easily cost of different products because without this system it is very lengthy process. Cost accounting system helpful for evaluate cost and reduce cost that helps in increase profit. Price optimization system is important for evaluate customers reaction and know about their interest with price of products. All things are important for management accounting because management of ABC ltd compare easily profit is more than cost or not. It also makes decision according to situation for investment and expand business (Nielsen, Mitchell and Nørreklit, 2015). System and reports of management accounting integrated with organization. Management accounting system is tool of control on cost and effectively manage all activities that increase profit and revenue of organization. Through systems of this accounting managers making effective decision for profitability. So they make decisions after comparison of past present and future estimates of cost reports. Overall it useful for making decision. Management accounting reports use by organization and through reports like cash flow statements, financial reports and income statement they compare all cost. Through this it easily evaluates that profit earn by organization proper or not according to cost incur in production and shipping.
TASK 2 Marginal and absorption costing. Marginal cost:- Marginal costing is a principle that considered all variable cost in product cost and all fixed costs are contained in period cost. It only related with cost of inventories that incur in production of products by individual so through ABC ltd calculate cost incur by one employee in produce products. Absorptioncost:-Absorptioncostingiscontainedallcostthatisincurredin production. So it includes variable and fixed cost because both are related to production. It is divided as per distribution, selling and administration. It also provides fair and accurate profit and also provide net profit per unit (Van der Stede, 2015). production cost per unit Cost of Direct material10 Cost of direct labour20 variable production overhead5 Fixed production overhead costs5 40 Total production cost Units produced18000 cost per unit40 Total production costs720000 Total cost of sales Direct material10 Direct labour20
variable overhead costs5 Fixed overhead cots5 18000*40720000 less closing stock2000*4080000 Cost of sales640000 profit or loss statement for the month January Marginal costing (Budgeted) DetailsAmount(£) Sales800000 Less: Direct material18000*10180000 Direct labour18000*20360000 variable cost of production18000*590000 630000-630000 Add :- opening cost0 Less: closing inventory2000*3570000560000 contribution240000 Less fixed costs100000 Profit149000 profit or loss statement for the month January Marginal costing (Actual) DetailsAmount(£) Sales800000 Less Direct material19000*10190000 Direct labour19000*20380000 variable cost of production19000*595000 665000 Add :- opening cost0
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Less: closing inventory3000*35105000560000 contribution24000 Less fixed cost of production100000 Profit.140000 Interpretation:- from the above table I interpreted that actual profit is less than expected profit because organization has budget and plan for produce 18000 units of products and it produces 19000 units of products that these things direct effect it profits and overall cost of production increase that net profit decrease. So budget is very important accurately that helps in manage all cost and profit of organization. Financial report Profit or loss statement for the month January Absorption costing (Budgeted) DetailsAmount(£) Sales16000*50800000 Less Direct material18000*10180000 Direct labour18000*20360000 variable cost of production18000*590000 Less fixed cost of production18000*590000 720000720000 Add opening inventory Less: closing inventory2000*40 0 80000 640000640000 Standard profit adjustment :- under 160000 10000
absorption profit150000 profit or loss statement for the month January Absorption costing (Actual) DetailsAmount(£) Sales16000*50800000 Less Direct material19000*10190000 Direct labour19000*20380000 variable cost of production19000*595000 Less fixed cost of production19000*595000 760000760000 Add :- opening inventory Less: closing inventory3000*40 0 120000640000 Stndard profit160000 Adjustment: underabsorption-5000 Profit – actual155000 TASK 3 1. Advantages and disadvantages of different types of planning tools used in Budgetary Control Budgetary control is the tool which identify the actual performance of the entity by comparing the actual and expected result.Budgetary control is defined that how well managers uses and makes the budgets to monitor and control the different costs' and expenses in the business for a specific accounting period. In other words, budgetary control is a technique for managers of the firm that they set their financial goals with
budgets, managers can compare the actual performance with expected performance and adjust budget accordingly as it is needed. Activity based budgeting Activity based is the budgeting method firms can use this method to prepared their budget. Activity Based Budgeting method define the overall cost of business activity it is also included the overhead activities of the business and also contains the associated costs of the business. It is a tool which maintain all the financial records and analyses the activities that increase the costsof the business. Each department of the business has incurred the costs of different activities by measuring the number of units of cost driver for the expected activity level. Budgets are prepared by the manager of the firm they make the budget on the basis of results. Advantages It provides real value of costs for the manufacturing of the particular products. Activity-based budget focuses on managing activities of the firm to reduce costs. This technique identifying a business indirect cost activities. It helps to identify the profits margins of the particular product. It discovers the processes that are unnecessary and have wasted costed. It provides accurate value of costing and this method is easy for applying It helps to Identify the activities and their cost drivers. It helps toforecast the number of sales and number of unit orders for the budget period Disadvantages This process is costly as well as time-consuming it includes the more time for collection of date and take time for preparation of data. The collection of data is sometimes is accurate it leads the cost. The collection and sources of data is not suddenly available from accounting reports. This requires more research in order to collection the data. Sometimes this not be important for small organization because the overhead is small in ratio to total operating costs Zero based budgeting
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Zero based budgeting is another tool of budgeting which describe that the budget is starts from the zero base which means the budget of all expenses and cost are Equitable individually in each period (What is Zero Based Budgeting (ZBB)?,2018). In other words, the zero based budget is starts form the Zero base and each activity within an organization is analyzed ad identify for its needs and costs. Advantages This process helps to identify the decision units. This process is determining and allocate available resources. This process focuses on uses of resources. helps to eliminating the waste. it leads to employee involvements so it helps to collect more information. Disadvantages This process is costly because it leads paper work Its only focus on short term planning not focus on long term planning Small business cannot use this method because it costly and time-consuming Incremental Budgeting incremental budgeting is also another way of making the budget. It is a budget which is based on the preceding period's. This budget compare the expected budget to actual budget to identify the cost of activity. It is most common approach that every firm can use this approach to identify the overall cost activity of the business. Furthermore, where businesses are not spent too much amount for formulating budgets. So firms commonly use this method in their business to generate the profits. Advantages This method is very easy to adopt and also this is the easiest method as compare to other methods. Funding will continue in this method because it requires the limit fluctuations in allocation of funds Disadvantages This budgeting method does not encourage innovation because it only considers the previous year data. This method is not identified the real expenses.
The previous problem in budget is build the problem in current year budget. 2. Use of different planning tools and their application for preparing and forecasting budgets. Cash Budgeting Cash budgeting is a budget which identify the income and cash expenditure that is includesrevenue and capital items. Cash Flow Budget should be prepared on the basis of cash inflow and cash outflow. When cash is high which means the inflow of cash is also high and in other side the cash flow is low so the outflow of cash is high. So mainly cash budgeting is focuses on inflows and outflows of cash.It shows that the high cash flows arising of the operational budgets. Furthermore, The main motive of any entity is to maximize profits and generate high profit margin so firm makes proper financial planning to achieve the objective and goal. Cash budget is effectively managed Working Capital in the financial report of the firm also it is effectively managed by preparation of cash budget. There are three types of cash budgeting. Adjusted income method Adjustedcashbudgetiscalculatedformanagingthesalesandrevenue. managers adjust the annual cash in flow and outflow by calculating the receipts and payments. This method helps toidentify the sales revenues and cost figures. So firm can use this method to maintain their cash flows also eliminating non-cash items like depreciation. Adjusted balance sheet method Adjusted balance sheet is calculate liabilities and assets of the firm. Company makes the balance sheet to identify the weight of assets and liabilities. Increase in liabilities and assets is affect the performance of business. Also, affect the owner's equity and can be foretasted by the adjusted balance sheet method. Receipts and payments Receipts and payments it describes that high cash inflow is included in Receipts and high cash outflow is contains in payments. Sales budget. Sales Budgeting is identified the sale of particular product it refers to a primary forecast of sales. When sales is high its generate the high income and when sales Is low
its generate the low income. So the amount of profit is includes in sales budget as well as included in income statements that is used to built out the projected income statement for the business. Further, it also helps to compare the actual sale with expected sales. So sales budget is forecast the income statement and contains planning for different variables such as direct costs of goods sold and indirect costs of marketing. Therefore, firm forecast the Sales in order to identify the cost of production, so sales has been foretasted and firm makes the budgets in many forms and to achieve the objective of the firm. 3.Evaluate how planning tools for accounting respond appropriately for solving Financial problems. The planning tools is helps to makes the budget appropriately because these different budget tools helps to identify the overall cost of the business also, budget is help to manage the money effectively its identifies the cost of the production which helps to meet the objectives and goal of the firm, moreover, these methods also identifies the problems such as the need of funds in particular departments, raise finance or cash flow difficulties etc. so firm identify their problems and solve the problem to makesthecomparisonbetweenactualandexpectedperformanceofthefirm. Furthermore,theplaningtoolhelpstoimprovedecision-making,increasestaff motivation etc. so firm uses these techniques in their business to solve the overall problem which helps to generate the high profit margin. TASK 4 1. Organizations are adapting management accounting systems to respond financial problems In order to cope up with the financial problems organizations are adapting various ways such as benchmarking, key performance indicators and budgetary targets. Benchmarking It is the process of measuring the performance of the Company's products and services. It helps to identify the internal opportunities for the sake of improvement. It refers to discovering what is the best performance being achieved in the Company (Quattrone, 2016). This provide information that can be used to identify gaps in the
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organizationprocesses.Itisthepracticeofcomparingbusinessprocessesand performance metrics in order to respond financial problems. There are four types of benchmarking - Internal Benchmarking – It is the comparison of business process to the similar processes inside an organization. Competitive Benchmarking – This benchmarking do comparison of products and services with the competitors. Functional Benchmarking – It is the comparison of similar or identical practices within the same functions outside the contiguous industry. Generic Benchmarking – It is broadly conceptualizes the unrelated business processes and functions that are adept in the similar ways heedless of the industry. Key performance indicators It is the quantifiable measure used to evaluate the success of an organization. The Companies are using Key performance indicators at multiple levels in order to evaluate their success and for reaching their desired targets. There are two types of key performance indicators namely, High level and Low level (Salterio, 2015). The high level KPI's is focused on the overall performance of the business whereas Low-level KPI's is focused on the processes in departments like marketing, sales, human resource and production. Forecasters are unable to predict the future costs and revenues which results into budget variances. It can be occurred from controlled or uncontrolled factors. Itis helpful in measuring the overall effectiveness of the organizations and helpful in identifying the financial problems in order to achieve the organizational goals. Budgetary targets to identifies variances and problems It refers to the periodic measure that are taken by corporations in order to quantify the difference between the projected budget and actual figures. It can either be favourable or unfavourable for the organizations. Favourable budget variance refers to positive variance or gains of the business while unfavourable budget variance describes the negative variance or losses of the organizations (Schaltegger and Burritt, 2017). Unfavourable variance requires the more serious solutions in order to identify the ways of improvement. It is necessary to substitute the products that are cheaper. Budget
variances caused due to frequent bad assumptions and improper budgeting to derive an usual easy budget target. Through discovering budgetary variances financial problems get resolved. 2. Management Accounting can lead organizations to sustainable success by responding to financial problems ManagementAccountingdevelopareportingstrategythatintegratesthe sustainable issues of the organizations in order to ensure that relevant financial and non financial information is disclosed in the organization. It is the process of identifying, measuring and reporting information about the economic events of the organizations. It produces reports that includes data on sustainability impacts which helps to introduce budgeting and taking major pricing decisions, investment appraisals and helps in doing strategic planning (Otley, 2016). Accounting techniques such as scenario planning of natural resource availability and life cycle costing helps to integrate suitability matters into decision making process of the organization. Management accounting techniques are developed to support decision-making and controlling the activities regarding the environment legislation and changing consumer behaviour which influence the needs for environmental information (Nielsen, Mitchell and Nørreklit,2015). It analysis and uses the financial and non financial information in order to improve corporate sustainability.
Financial problems are as follows - Funding–Thecompaniesneedenoughfundsforfulfiltheircapital requirements. Thus, enterprise face difficulty while taking decisionsabout which way they should opt to do financing in their business. Repaying cash –The major financial problem of firms is to raise their funds. Thus, they borrow money from financial institutes or bank. There interest rate is so high so company face difficulty in repaying their debts. Funding long term initiatives– Investors feels conscious to invest their money in firms as they have fear for tying up cash for long duration. Cash flow– Managing Cash flow is also one of the severe financial problem. The business bank accounts is in terrible conditions. Keeping track record of clients receivables is hard task for industries. Economics Cycle– The economics crisis has potential impact on industries. Recording transactions accurately– Firms have to do accurate record keeping. For long term monitoring of profits it is essential to correct financial data.
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CONCLUSION It is concluded from the above project report thatManagement Accounting is the process of preparing management reports and accounts that provides accuracy in financial and statistical information. The report also summaries that the Management accounting is very crucial for the organization because through it organization evaluates the business costs and perform financial activities in order to take managerial decisions like expansion of the business. It is also concluded that theZero based budgeting is another tool of budgeting which describe that the budget is starts from the zero base which means the budget of all expenses and costs are Equitable individually in each period whereas Activity based budgeting is the tool which maintains all the financial recordsandanalysestheactivitiesthatincreasethecostsofthebusiness.Itis determined that the Benchmarkinghelps to identify the internal opportunities of the business for the purpose of the improvement.