Management Accounting Concepts and Practices

This assignment explores the field of management accounting through a review of academic literature. It covers topics such as qualitative management accounting research, management control systems, environmental management accounting, risk management, strategy and performance measurement, and the impact of lean manufacturing on management accounting. The assignment requires an in-depth understanding of various concepts and their practical applications within organizations.

Management
Accounting

TABLE OF CONTENT
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................3
TASK 1 .............................................................................................................................................................3
P1 (i) What is management accounting. Differentiate between management accounting and financial accounting. 3
(ii) Importance of management accounting information as a decision making tool...............................4
P2 Describe the systems of management accounting.............................................................................4
TASK 2 .............................................................................................................................................................5
P2 (i) Income statement under marginal costing for the year end September 2010..............................5
(ii) Income statement of absorption costing for the year end September 2010......................................5
TASK 3 .............................................................................................................................................................6
P4 (a) What are the types of budgets and their advantages and disadvantages.....................................6
(b) The process of preparing budgets......................................................................................................7
(c) Explains what are pricing strategies...................................................................................................7
TASK 4 .............................................................................................................................................................8
P5 (i) What is balanced scorecard and how can be used to identify the financial problems .................8
(ii) How it can be used to improve financial governance and development of effective strategies.........8
CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................10
INTRODUCTION
Management accounting is a combination of finance and management, that includes business tools
and techniques, it also added the real values of any business organisation. It helps managers in order to take

financial and non-financial decisions. The practice of management is extends in three areas, such are as: -
Strategic management, risk management and performance management. There is a huge difference in
management accounting and financial accounting; management accounting is being focused on overall
activities of the company. Although financial accounting is relates with providing details regarding products,
divisional, operations, plans and individual activities. Management accountants are able to work across the
organization, they are working not only just in finance but also in articulating business strategies & policies,
implications of big financial decisions or monitoring risk (Ward, 2012). The information is provided by
financial managers is helpful in developing dynamic solutions in order to improve business. Management
accounting is helpful in making budgets and collects information regarding cash inflow, outstanding debts
and revenues. On the other hand, financial management procedures, the useful data and information that is
related with other business functions ie. Department managers. The responsibilities of these accountants is
to providing comprehensive data of planning and forecasting, mentoring and reviewing cost inherent and
performing variance analysis.
TASK 1
P1 (i) What is management accounting. Differentiate between management accounting and financial
accounting.
Management accounting is the process of manages accounts and financial statements of the
organsiation. It is also helpful in supplying information exactly and timely and also proviides statistical data
of the organisation to the managers so that they can easily take day to day or short term decisons. It involves
the tools and techniques of financial management that are helpful in formulating strategies and policies. The
reports of management accounting that are only useful for internal environment, and they are confidential. In
Imda Tech Limited, management accounting is helpful in analysis the corporate as well as competitive
environment, evaluate strategic options. It reviewing risk control and evaluate auditing by which managers
can easily make financial strategies. It is able to communicate effective and gives suggestions on product
developments and manufacturing (Kaplan and Atkinson, 2015). Management accounting manages the price
and cost for competitive advantage and is able to set up or executes projects. It is helpful in reduces risk and
uncertainties in organisation by applied forecasting theories. It is assistive in evaluation of overall business
environment, internal as well as external environment by calculating capital expenditures.
Difference between Financial accounting and management accounting:-
Financial Accounting Management accounting
Financial accounting is concerned with prepare the
financial reports and statements of outsiders, such
as:- creditors, investors, suppliers, stakeholders,
customers and lenders.
Management accounting is also known as managerial
accounting, and it is the accounting that helps
managers in order to formulate strategies, planning,
forecasting and policies.
It is based on various principles, assumptions
and convention like consistency, realisation,
matching, materiality and going concern etc
(Burritt, Schaltegger. and Zvezdov, 2011.).
It is able to provide both quantitative and qualitative
information’s and data as well that is being assessed
and captured by accounting managers.
The statements of financial accounting are made for
one financial year that enables financials positions,
performance and profitability of the company.
It is answerable for day to day and short term
financial decisions that can be helpful for internal
uses only.
The format of financial accounting is specified and
provides only monetary information as well
It’s format is non-specified and its provide both
monetary as well as non-monetary information to the
managers.

(ii) Importance of management accounting information as a decision making tool.
The significance of management as decision making tool, it is helpful in providing needed data
whether the organisation is in profit or loss. Management accounting information is helpful for making
decisions that short term or as well as long term also (Parker, 2012). In Imda Tech Limited, it is working as
a powerful tool that makes business more successful. The information is used by managers to determines
that what product to be sold and how to sell it. Meanwhile it is helpful in relevant cost analysis, activity
based analysis and make or buy decisions of the company. Management accounting is the process that is use
in businee welfare in order to the development of financial accounts and statements. Along with this, it
forces managers to weekly intrepretation of all financial activities in business orgabsiation so that firm can
maintain their all accounts and balance sheet as well. It also assisitive in evaluate the revelant cost of the
price and detemine the sales revenue and profit. The process management accounting is also helpful in
make or buy decisions of the business so that maangers can easily improves the quality of their product and
services. It also helpful in taking relevant decisions in order to compete forthcoming factors of external
market.
P2 Describe the systems of management accounting
There four main systems of management accounting, which are as follows:-
 Cost accounting system: - This system is also known as costing system or product costing system. It
is used a framework in order to estimate the price of their products for cost control, profitability
analysis and inventory valuation. Cost accounting is procedure of summarising, allocating,
classifying, analysing, collecting and recording the alternative course of action that are helpful in
controlling costs (Otley and Emmanuel, 2013). In standard costing method, all production cost are
applied or charged to the charged for the inventory by using standard prices and cost. In normal
costing is uses historical methods of costing, in that overhead is charged or applied by the inventory,
and in actual costing method a new type of product process that can be used as inventory.
 Inventory management system :- The system is helpful in manages stock and inventory of the
business organisations. It is able to deals with when order to and how order to. The main aim of
inventory cost accounting is to minimize the inventory cost in order to generate high returns. If Imda
Tech, hold more than the average level of stock, it is an substantial opportunity cost because the
investments are tied up in these inventories. There are some explicit costs that holding inventory,
such are as:- insurance cost and standard cost. Basically, it is an on-going process of moving
products and parts into and out from organisation’s location. Many companies manage their on daily
basis so they can easily place new orders and projects.
 Job costing system :- Job costing system is the procedure of accruing information about the price is
associated with a specific production or job (Granlund, 2011). The information is helpful in
determining the correctness of a company's evaluation system, that is able to quote cost that allow for
a reasonable profit.
 Price optimising system :- In that system, the price of the product is assessed, means it involves on
which price product will be sell out in market or what is its wholesale rate.
M1
Management accounting is helpful in providing the financial data and records to the managers, so
that they can easily use it at the time of needed. It is also helpful in reduces expenses by reviewing the cost
of economic resources and other business operations and activities. It also improves cash flow of the
company by making annual budgets.Management accounting is a system by which managers can manages
the accounting reports and statements of business organisatin. It relates with day to day accounting

operations and assisitive in making short term financial decisions. It collects all the financial statements and
reports by company can able to assess its financial performance and position in market.
TASK 2
P2 (i) Income statement under marginal costing for the year end September 2010
Particulars Amount (in GBP)
Sales (35 X 1500 units) 52500
Less - Variable cost :-
Labour (5 * 1500 units) (7500)
Material ( 5 * 1500 units) (12000)
Variable production OH (2*1500 units) (30000)
Variable selling and distribution expenses
(52500* 15%)
(7875)
Contribution 22125 GBP
Less – Fixed cost :-
Fixed production OH (5*1500) (7500)
Fixed selling and distribution expenses (10000)
Net profit / loss 4625 GBP
(ii) Income statement of absorption costing for the year end September 2010
Particulars Amount (in GBP)
Sales 1500 units
Revenue (1500 units *35) 52500
Cost of goods sold :-
Opening inventory (A) NIL
Production (B) 40000
Available for sale (A+B) 40000

Less :- Closing stock (500*20) (10000)
COGS :- 30000
Over and under absorbed overheads NIL
COGS at actual 30000 GBP
Gross profit on sales :-
(sales – COGS at actual) (52500 – 30000) 22500
Less :- Selling & distribution expenses
Fixed (10000)
Variable (15% * 52500) (7875)
Net profit / loss -4625 GBP
Interpretation of the results
From the above both the income statement veries from each other. The profit is more if the income
statement is prepared by using the marginal method as compare to the absorption costing method. This is
because the absorption costing is calculated by the deduction of variable cost as well as fixed cost. Whereas,
in the marginal method the statement is prepard by deduction of variable cost only. It does not include the
deduction of fixed cost. As above it can be seen that the income statement under the marginal costing has
stated the profit of 4625 GBP and the the income statement under absorption costing has stated the loss of -
5375 GBP
M2
Tools and techniques of financial statements are able to resolve the profit statement of the company.
These techniques are able to forecast all the financial positions of the company, by which any company can
achieves their targets and goals. Marginal and absorption cost, both techniques are able to find income and
balance sheet statement of the company, so that the accurate need of cash can be identifies. They gives
Performa of profit and loss statement in the end of the financial year, after that if any changes are required
so that they can be implemented. It is helpful in daily or short term decisions of the company. Any company
can achives its grwoth and sucess with the help of these tools and techniques and manage the overall
business activities of the organisation. Although, managers can also analse the risk and uncertainities with
the help of of tools and techniques of managemnet accounting.
TASK 3
P4 (a) What are the types of budgets and their advantages and disadvantages
Budgets are helpful in making financial decisions of company. There are 5 main types of budgets.
Such are as follows :-
 Operational budgets: - These budgets are helpful in covers overall revenues and expenses that are
surrounding the day to day activities of the business. Operation budgets describe goods and services
of a firm, that expects to use in a budget period and it also involves the income and profit generating
activities of the business organisation (Fullerton, Kennedy and Widener, 2013). Revenues signifies
the sales of goods and services whereas the expenses defines the cost of products & administrative
and overhead costs, they are directly concerned with the process of products and services. The main

advantage of the operational budget that it is helpful in managing current expenses and projecting
future expenses, and the disadvantage of operational budget, that is not capable to managing savings.
 Cash budgets:- Cash budgets are generally create for cash inflow and out flow in an business
organisation for the next year. A cash budgets is essential cause it allows managers to timely
identifies periods with cash shortage and overages, by which can they can easily take necessary
actions. It involves four different components, such as :- net changes in cash, new financing, cash
disbursement and cash recipients. It expects to Imda Tech, ability in order to take more cash than is
able to pays out. The main disadvantage of cash budget, that it is cannot mnages the current expenses
of the organisation.
 Master Budgets: - A master budget is a inclusive projection of the management expects in order to
conduct all phases of business above the budget period, usually a financial year. The budget also
summarizes probable activities with budgeted income statement, cash budget and budgeted balance
sheet. Mostly master budgets involve interconnected budgets from the several departments. Master
budget cannot be able to identifies the current cash flow and outflow in the overall buisness
environment.
 Sales budgets:- Sales budgets describes the sales in an business organisation to produces goods and
services in units and dollars for a financial year(Qian, Burritt and Monroe, 2011). It describes the
quantities of products of a firm, that expect to sell and revenue acquired from those sales and all
expenses accrued during selling. But sometimes it cannot be able to give proper estimation of
overall sales of the year, due to lack of managerial discipline.
(b) The process of preparing budgets
There are these steps that are helpful in making effective budgets, such are as follows:-
 Update budget information – When the managers are trying to prepare budget, they have to collect
the proper and accurate information by using financial statements and reports, so that they can easily
create the outline or format of the budget as well.
 Create budget packages :- After that managers have to create budget package, so that is makes easier
the budget process. They have to determine whether any step cost will be acquired during the budget
process. The likely range of business procedure in the forthcoming budget period, and also describes
the amount of these costs and at which activity levels they will be sustained.
 Update the budget model :- It refers to ease up all the issues and challenges, that are coming in
budget making process. These issues can be reduces by using of latest and updated technologies
(Soin and Collier, 2013). A budget should be make accordingly the needs of organisation as well
their employees also fulfils. It is also obtain with department budgets and revenue forecasts.
 Budget implementation:- After budget formulation, budget is ready to be implement. Amending the
budget as the financial year progress.
(c) Explains what are pricing strategies
Pricing strategies is the forecasting of price determination of a product. A business is able to use
various varieties of pricing strategies in order to selling a product or services. The price of the product can
be can be set to develop profitability for each and individual unit of product can be sold in overall market. It
can be used to protect prevailing market from new competitors; it is helpful in increasing the market share
within a market. Pricing is one the important and highly demanded element in the marketing mix theory (van
der Steen, 2011). It helps customers to carry an image of the morals that the firm has offer through their
products. Along with this, Pricing strategics are also helpful in selling of products and services, because

customers only prefer to consume that kind of products which give them satisfaction. In competitive market,
prices are formulated according to the customers requirements and their needs. Inda tech uses different types
of pricing strategics, such as – Premium pricing, penetration pricing, economy pricing and prices skimming.
Premium pricing relate with an unique and effective price of the product. It uses when product is something
different and inovatitive. Further more, penetration pricing method uses when managers wnats to capture the
overall market with their pricing offers. Economy pricing strategy involves a particular brand or a product
and it is a very familiar startegy. In pricing skimming strategy, product offers some schemes and discounts
in order to achieve competitive advantage.
M3
Different planning methods of budgets are helpful in forecasting the financial situation of the company.
Planned budgets are always successful, because they have proper idea of how to spend cash of different
commercial activities, of the business. They gives support to the managers, in order to make another
specific policies for the next financial year, it is also supplying flexible cash flow in the company. It is also
accommodating in pinpoint of shortfalls and increases the instant changes in net cash. It gives an proper
format of sales revenue and expenditure to the business organisation. Budget forecasting is helpful in
making long term decision s for the organisation as well as day to day operations also, by using this
company can easily grow its market share in the overall capital market place. Planning tools and techniques
makes easier the decision making process of the company and develop effective communication skills
among team members. So as managers and employees both can able to communicate easily in order to take
effective decisions. Planning tools are also able to identifies issuses and challenges & give relevant
solutions.
TASK 4
P5 (i) What is balanced scorecard and how can be used to identify the financial problems
The balanced scorecard refers to the strategic management and planning tool that is used
comprehensively in the business, industries and as well as government and non-government organisations. It
is aligned with worldwide business activities in order to make the visions and strategy of the organisation,
developing external and internal communications and monitoring the overall business unit. In Imda Tech
limited, it predicts with day to day activities that are involved in strategic management, and give properties
products, services and projects (Li and et. al., 2012). A balanced scorecard effort to interpret the vague and
pious hopes of a company’s mission that is able to manage the business enhanced at every level. It is an
approach, that is to be take a universal view of an organization and co-ordinate MDIs so that effectiveness
are experienced by all over departments.
Benefits of balanced scorecard in order to identifying the financial problems: -
A proper balanced scorecard is helpful in all dynamic challenges in order to measuring performance.
Senior executive managers can realise that their organization’s measurement system effectively impact on
the behaviour and attitude of employees. It provides some realistic facts and data by which managers can
easily identifies the problems of financial management. BSCs reviewing the overall business performance,
internal as well as external and giving suggestion according to with that (Pitkänen and Lukka, 2011). It is an
analysis of overall organisation strategies and position, by which all financial challenges and issues of Imda
Tech limited, can be easily solved in order to make effective measurement. It provides managers a
comprehensive framework, so that they can easily take decisions makes policies with their long term
mission and vision.

(ii) How it can be used to improve financial governance and development of effective strategies.
Balanced scorecard is helpful in making effective performance strategies, and it makes easier the
process of making strategies and decisions in an business organisation. It is an planning of an business’s
financial success and growth because it assistive in defining and communicate what that organisation wants
to achieve and what are the necessary steps to do it (Cuganesan, Dunford and Palmer, 2012). Unfortunately,
less than 10% policies are effectively implemented in Imda Tech limited, whether success is often defined
mostly in terms of dollar raised that is a narrow or short term outlook in order to measuring a strategic
planning. To make an effective and comprehensive strategic plan, companies should develop a balanced
scorecard. It is a tool that improves financial perspectives of the company, internal process, learning and
growth of the organisation.
It also reduces the chances of risk and uncertainties of financial department, suggest them better and
effective performance measurement techniques. It also makes easier the process of decision making and
managers capable to create innovative techniques by using them the chances of risk and uncertainties can be
reduces. The process of financial development is generates from the financial conditions and financial
positions of the company in capital market, it gives support to the managers by applying strategic
management techniques (Cadez and Guilding, 2012). It provides an objective way to see that plans are
working or not, it also focuses on employees attention in order to take review about what matters most to the
success. In that, the most crucial element is success and profit, so that managers have to worked on it, to
develop their market share and financial statements by using budgetary tools and techniques.
M4
Management accounting is helpful in resolving the financial problems of the company; it gives proper
suggestions and guidance in order to making decisions and strategies. It is the combination of finance and
management, so that if management accounting works effectively, the problems regarding finance are automatically
solves. It provides the better suggestions to the managers; by using them they can solve their day to day operations
as well as their long term activities. It is the process of reducing risk and generating high profit in capital market.
Management accounting makes business capable to compete with their external competitors and also reduces the
chances of internal conflict. All the financial and non financial problems of the employees can also be reduces by the
financial management process. The term finance and maangement both are the two sides of a coin becasue without
any financial activity, the management of the organisation cannot be manage.
CONCLUSION
From the above mentioned, it has been concluded that management accounting is a essential tool for an
business organisation. It is helpful in assessment of overall financial conditions ad position of the company in capital
market, whereas financial accounting is related with financial report and statements that are prepared for outsider such
as creditors and investors. Absorption and marginal cost, both are able to provide accurate and exact information of
income and balance sheet statements, so that managers can evaluates the cash inflow and outflow. Budgets are also
necessary to take long terms as well as day to day financial decisions. There are such types of budgets:- cash,
operational, sales, financial and master budgets. Financial tools and techniques are helpful reducing all financial risk
and uncertainties by assessing the overall analysis of internal and external business environment.

REFERENCES
Books and Journal
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leading German companies. Australian Accounting Review. 21(1). pp.80-98.
Parker, L.D., 2012. Qualitative management accounting research: Assessing deliverables and
relevance. Critical perspectives on accounting. 23(1). pp.54-70.
Otley, D. and Emmanuel, K.M.C., 2013. Readings in accounting for management control. Springer.
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lean manufacturing environment. Accounting, Organizations and Society. 38(1). pp.50-71.
Qian, W., Burritt, R. and Monroe, G., 2011. Environmental management accounting in local
government: A case of waste management. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal.
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Soin, K. and Collier, P., 2013. Risk and risk management in management accounting and control.
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365.
Van der Steen, M., 2011. The emergence and change of management accounting routines. Accounting,
Auditing & Accountability Journal. 24(4). pp.502-547.

Li, X., and et. al., 2012. A comparative analysis of management accounting systems’ impact on lean
implementation. International Journal of Technology Management. 57(1/2/3). pp.33-48
Pitkänen, H. and Lukka, K., 2011. Three dimensions of formal and informal feedback in management
accounting. Management Accounting Research. 22(2). pp.125-137.
Cuganesan, S., Dunford, R. and Palmer, I., 2012. Strategic management accounting and strategy practices
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