Management Accounting Research Analysis

This assignment provides an in-depth analysis of management accounting research, including recent themes, directions for future studies, and case studies on environmental management accounting. It also touches on performance outcomes, strategic management accounting, and the impact of enterprise systems on management accounting. The assignment aims to understand the role of management accounting in businesses and organizations, providing a comprehensive overview of the topic.

MANAGEMENT
ACCOUNTING

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1 Management Accounting and its different requirement........................................................1
P2. Different methods used for management accounting reporting............................................3
TASK 2 ...........................................................................................................................................5
P3 Calculating cost with Absorption and marginal cost.............................................................5
Total £100(over absorbed)...............................................................................................................6
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................9
P4. Advantages and disadvantages of different types of planning tools for budgetary control..9
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................9
P5. Comparison between organisations that adapt management accounting system to solve
financial problems. .....................................................................................................................9
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

From: Management Accountant
To: Finance Director
Subject: Details related to management accounting for making an effective decision in
organization.
INTRODUCTION
Management accounting is an essential process that helps in formulation of important
financial information that is carried out in particular business structure. The management account
plays a essential role in this regard as they have to perform all these operations in effective and
efficient manner in order to accomplish final goals and objectives of the company. Every
business organisation have to operate in dynamic environment which keeps on changing with
time and thus companies have to keep in pace with these changes. Management system have to
inculcate modern and advanced technology system which will results in carrying out the work
process in adequate way. The company selected in this report is Austin Fraser, an international
recruitment consultancy that imparts that services related digital technology, automation, life
sciences and many other. The report highlights the various types of management accounting as
well as benefits of it which is enjoyed by the business organisation. It also focuses on usage of
marginal and absorption costing.
TASK 1
P1 Management Accounting and its different requirement.
Management accounting is the dynamic system that is adopted for maintaining important
financial statements like balance sheet, P&L account and other important components. These
components help in finding out the profits and loss for particular financial year hence, proper
steps could be taken so that management accounting process could be performed. These
preparation of financial statements helps in presenting information about financial position of the
company in accurate manner (Albelda, 2011). There are several tools that is introduced in
business organisation in order to plan the whole system in prospective way. In order to furnish
financial condition it is necessary for the financial manager of Austin Fraser to present financial
information in effective way so that proper results can be calculated. These statements delivers
the information regarding sales volume, cash, inventory level, stock and many other activities.
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On the other hand, these information are materialistic in nature that contain some aims and
objectives to be achieved hence are known as financial information. It uses can be determined on
three key areas of business which are discussed below: '
 Performance management: management accounting is directly linked with managing
performance of individual that are working in single business organisation. On the other
hand, it assist in enhancing skills and knowledge of every employees so that they could
contribute to best of their abilities and capacity (Vakalfotis, Ballantine and Wall, 2013).
 Strategic management: Strategies are formulated for achieving the future tasks of the
company so that ultimate goals which were framed get accomplished in effective and
efficient manner. Therefore, Austin Fraser will require financial and non financial
information to come to its conclusion and form proper strategies for the company. It is
essential to manage strategies in strategic manner so that it outcomes could be determined
(Arroyo, 2012).
 Risk management: Risks are considered as part and parcel of every business
organisation and it is of different nature and types. There are proper system that is
framed to face all these types of risks in proper manner so that effective results can be
accomplished. For example, management have to maintain adequate inventory level in
their system so that proper resources could maintained at significant level in order to
meet demand and supply process. There some risks have to be faced and some can be
ignored therefore, it is necessary to maintain risk level and evaluate its impacts according
to it and take steps to face it.
Different types of management accounting system that is prepared in Austin Fraser
organisation and are as follows:
 Cost accounting process: This system is focused upon controlling cost of the company
in order to ascertain the profits and valuation of inventory that take place in the
organisation system. It is very much useful to carry out this procedure in effective way.
The financial manger introduce effective costing system so that overall cost could be
ascertained (Suomala, Lyly-Yrjänäinen and Lukka, 2014).
 Inventory accounting system: In this accounting, inventory management is performed
at significant level. Austin Fraser have to carry out this process so that proper inventory
system could be maintained. This company have introduced inventory control software
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that keep a full record on the stock level so that no wastage could occur and there is no
proper utilisation of resources that take place (Becker, Messner and Schäffer, 2010).
 Managerial accounting: This accounting system is maintained on order to take
decisions in relation to managerial accounting. On the other hand, it also involve taking
proper decision in relation to improving overall operation and working procedure.
 Job costing system: It is a type of cost that is incurred while carrying out various job
process. There is proper system that is generated in order to perform all job
responsibilities in accurate manner. Every organisation is having different types of job of
various nature and types, therefore it is essential to consider this job costing system in
order to present overall information in proper format (Parker, 2012).
 Profit maximization system: Every business organisation exists for earning huge profits
in the form of high outcomes and revenues. Their main objective is to increase their
profits so that final results could be achieved. On the other hand, it is also important for
the Austin Fraser, which is a small organisation have to adopt several tools and
techniques so that optimum profits can be attained.
From the above discussion, it has been concluded that management accounting is a
proper system that complete financial information could be ascertained that results in carrying
out the work process in adequate way. The other aim for this process is that it also Austin Fraser
to achieve set objectives and aims in efficient way. There are several requirements for
management accounting that has to be fulfilled in efficient way so that the final vision and
mission could be met out. Austin Fraser have to inculcate the managerial system in order to meet
its requirements in effective and adequate way.
P2. Different methods used for management accounting reporting
Management accounting reporting is an essential process that has to be involve number
of interrelated activities and has to be performed in for carrying out the whole work process in
reaching the set objectives and aims. There are number of methods that are utilized for
management accounting reporting in Austin Fraser and is described below as follows:
 Account receivable accounting system: in accordance to this system proper inventory
system is maintained by the business organisation (Bennett, Schaltegger and Zvezdov,
2013). This accounting record involve recording of all receivable that is done by the
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Austin Fraser from customers in the form of process, consideration that is the form of
money, kinds that assist in maintaining the cash process in proper way.
Use: This system help Austin Fraser to keep record of every transactions that is related to
their customers in relation to amount that is needed to acquire from the customers as well
as amount that have to be achieved from their consumers. Hence, weekly record has to be
maintained in correct order that will supply proper information to the management
system of the company (Otley and Emmanuel, 2013).
 Budget reporting system: Budgets are formulated in order to maintaining record of all
cost that has been allocated in different sections that are present in single business
organisation. Budgets helps in forming standard level so that actual level can be
compared with it and any deviation that occur must be solved in proper time.
Use: As being a small scale organisation Austin Fraser have to make optimum utilisation
of all funds in proper way so that best utilisation can take place. There are several uses t
hat are attached in budgets formation.
 Performance reporting system: It is very important to record the performance level of
every employees that are working in the company. This is very much important as it
helps the manage to keep record of performances of every individual and find out the key
areas that require improvement (Van der Meer-Kooistra and Vosselman, 2012). As
employees are known as important resources of Austin Fraser in order to align their
personal objectives with organisation's final aims so that it will help the company to
reach set targets in particular time period. It is very much important to keep record of
performance of each and every individual so that problems is it there, can be solved.
Use: This is a important system that is applied in Austin Fraser as it is a consultancy firm
that employee large number of employees and proper system must be introduced to carry
out the whole process in efficient manner so that final goals can be achieved.
 Job cost reporting system: This type of report is formed by the manager of Austin
Fraser in which all expenditures that are incurred by the company while carrying out
certain plan of actions that may include carrying out some particular project or
performing some particular activity in order to accomplish set goals and objectives.
Therefore, manager have to maintain this process in efficient way so that proper
evaluation of procedure can be done. Firms always aim in introducing cost effective
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techniques that will allow the organisation to reduce overall cost at significant level
(Macintosh and Quattrone, 2010).
Use: manager of Austin Fraser keeps a complete record of all job cost in correct format
so that they could identify profitability and other conditions that may arise in the
particular financial year. On the other hand, he always aims in earning high amount of
profits and outcomes so that time and cost could be focused on optimum utilisation.
 Accounts payable reporting system: It is completely opposite of accounts receivable in
which all details regarding payments that has to be maintained which focuses on making
payments to the particular supplier from the goods and products are purchased. Hence,
this enable the manager to keep complete records in efficient manner so that no problems
could be raised while carrying out the complete work process.
Use: Austin Fraser have a proper accounting system that is maintained in order to keep
complete information and details regarding accounts payable service provider. This helps
them to maintain proper payment system so that complete work process must be
conducted in performing whole work structure in accurate mode. Financial manger
maintains proper books of accounts that contain all details regarding credits and other
parties to whom payment have to be done.
From the above discussion, it has been concluded that there are different methods that are
adopted in order to keep the record of management system so that it could deliver proper
information and details regarding financial and non financial aspects that is consider to be
indispensable in fulfilling final set tasks and objectives.
TASK 2
P3 Calculating cost with Absorption and marginal cost.
Mainly there are two costing method which is used by the management of Austin Fraser,
so that they can calculate the different cost and with the help of such income statement can be
made. Basically, those two method are as marginal and absorption costing (Bodie, 2013).
Marginal Costing: It is being considered as the opportunity cost which is incurred in
firm by having an production of one or more unit in effective way. Moreover, various changes
are there in production which is due to the increase and decrease in unit as well. Generally, it is
such which is used by break even point that is accounted and also attained. Hence, Cost is that
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which is absorbed and also having an variable cost too. Even though, it is such which do help in
allocating the different resources as well and having an achievement in effective way. Therefore,
it can be used by determining the marginal costing and also lead to have an change of cost and in
quantity too. This costing helps in finding out the relation that exist between inputs and costs that
have to be properly considered.
Absorption costing: It is considered as having an necessary in having an costing method
and it is used by company Austin Fraser. Basically, it is used to calculate the cost that is incurred
by the production in the department and also include the direct and indirect expenses too.
Basically, direct cost is that which leads with direct connection related to the production of
product as well, with raw material and labour cost etc.. Moreover the indirect cost do consider
the various expenses that is incurred indirectly and also support the production of product too
(Boyns and Edwards, 2013).
Absorption costing
Working 1: Calculate full production cost
Direct material £6
Direct labour £5
Variable cost £2
Fixed cost £3
Total £16
Working 2: Calculate value of inventory and production
Opening inventory Production amount Closing inventory
0 700*19 = £13300 100*16 = £1600
Working 3: Under/ Over absorbed fixed production overhead
Actual fixed production: £2100
Fixed overhead: £2000
Total £100(over absorbed)
Administration cost: In this budget cost the £800 and Actual cost is £700
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Selling cost: In this budgeted cost is £400 and Actual cost is £600
Net profit using Absorption costing £ £
Sales
(-) Cost of Sales:
Initial stock
Manufacturing (Production)
End stock
(Under)/ Over absorbed fixed prod.
O/h
Gross Profit
Less Expenses
Variable sales expenditure
Fixed administration expenses
Fixed selling expenditure
Over absorption
Net Profit
0
11200
(1600)
600
700
600
(100)
21000
(9600)
11400
(1800)
9600
Working 1: Calculate variable production cost £
Direct material 6
Direct labour 5
Variable production O/h 3
Variable production cost 14
Working 2: Calculate value of inventory and production
Opening Stock Production End inventory
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0 700*14 = 9800 100*14 = 1400
Net profit using Marginal costing £ £
Sales value
Less: Variable costs
Opening stock
Manufacturing
Closing stock
Contribution
Less Fixed costs
Variable Production expenses
Administration cost expenditure
Selling cost
Net Profit
0
9100
(1300)
2000
1300
600
21000
(7800)
13200
3900
9300
Above, statements is such which also conclude the absorption method and also having an
effective marginal costing (Van der Stede, 2011). Moreover the Austin Fraser is that firm who
used the absorption cost method which do show the better result in entity. Basically, in this
criteria- profit is be like approx. £9600 and having an marginal cost that is around the £9300.
Even though, there is a gap £300 and it is considered as the fixed cost in firm too. Generally, it is
interesting to know that these methods are included as internation accounting standards. These
standards are applied with all business organisation so that proper accou8nting system must be
conducted in correct and proper manner.
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TASK 3
P4. Advantages and disadvantages of different types of planning tools for budgetary control
Budgetary system: It refers to proper recording of all cost and expenses that are incurred
by the business organisation in particular financial year. Maintenance of budgets helps the
management system to allocate funds in key areas and helps in reducing the wastage that may
occur while conducting particular work process. Hence, preparation of budgets aids in allocating
the overall finance or funds of the company in proper manner (DRURY, 2013).
Budgetary control system: It is a complex process that involve introducing number of
budgetary control tools and techniques so that any wastage of resources can be reduced to
significant level. It is very much important to introduce effective tools so that correct results can
be achieved. It is performed in set process that is described below:
 Discussion with superiors: It is a initial step in which employees have to perform
discussion with their managers so that proper conclusion can be formulated. There are
certain effective cost structures that have to be estimated in correct process. It is
important to create the healthy relationship between employees and employer so that both
with together efforts they could attain their final results (Lukka and Vinnari, 2014).
 Recording of performance: Strategies that have been formulated after the discussion that
has taken place between superior and subordinates so that effective decision can be made
in regarding formulation of budgets for particular financial year. Each individual is
different from each other on the basis of certain criteria hence distinct system of
performance evaluation procedure must be present.
 Comparison between standard and actual performance level: In this step, comparison is
done between actual and standard performance so that deviations can be find out and
actual steps can be taken to remove it in order to reduce the problem of hindrances.
Forecasting Tools: This tools helps the manager to predict the forecasting of the
business operations and transactions so that proper plans can be maintained well in advance. This
assists the manager of the company to prepare themselves to face number of challenges and
issues that may arise in future time. As business have to work in dynamic environment that
involves number of complex activities that have to be carried out in proper time period. Its
advantages and disadvantages are described below:
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Advantages: Adoption of forecasting tools helps the management to prepare themselves
in order to face all challenges and issues that may arise in future time period (Harris and Durden,
2012).
Disadvantage: There are number of conditions that result for incurring losses for the
company. If proper adoption of forecasting tools are not done than, achievement of goals could
not take place.
Scenario Tools: This tools helps in locating the uncertainties for the business
organisation that may occur while conducting business operations and transactions. Therefore, it
is very much necessary to examine all these aspects and make proper decisions as per the
requirement. Its benefits and disadvantages are described below:
 Advantages: Risk management system will results in effectively managing the strategies
in order to accomplish set targets.
 Disadvantage: the major drawback is that, if there is less usage of tools and techniques
than set results could not be achieved.
Contingency planning tools: Business environment is dynamic in nature that involve
number of change tools in order to maintain all its complexities. There are number of
contingencies that may arise in business life (Herzig and et. al. 2012). Contingencies are some
thing that arises at any time hence, it is very much essential to face all these contingencies so that
no harmful effects could be done. Austin Fraser have to develop such contingency planning tools
so that proper steps must be taken at right and accurate time.
Advantages: In adoption of contingency planning tool, the management of all the extra
cost must be maintained so that wastage must be reduced.
Disadvantage: company have to operate in dynamic environment hence, Austin Fraser
find it difficult to carry out the forecasting process.
TASK 4
P5. Comparison between organisations that adapt management accounting system to solve
financial problems.
Financial issues and aspects are known as problem and issues that affect the overall path
which leads to achieve set objectives and aims of the company. There are number of financial
aspects that get arise so that proper steps must be taken for accomplishing benefits in order to for
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maintaining high financial status of the company. There are numerous techniques that are
adopted by the management of company in order to remove the financial issues, therefore it is
important to formulate proper steps to avoid such issues. Some are described below:
 Benchmarking: It include setting up standard performance and actions so that actual
work can be measured with it, in order to compare both the work process and deviations
could be identified. On the other hand, it is properly maintained in order to earn high
profits and results. It is adopted to create final benchmarks that help every individual to
perform while considering all this and make efforts to perform in accordance to it (Kihn,
2010).
 KPI(Key Performance Indicator): As the name suggests, it has been find out that there
are number of key indicators that have to be allocated in proper and conducive manner so
that it have to be maintained in effective way. The main focus of it is on enhancing the
current performance level and status of workers so that it must be concentrated on
reaching ultimate objectives and goals (Vasile and Man, 2012).
 Financial Governance system: It consists of set of standard that are set by the
government and have to be properly implemented in the organisation system. It is
compulsory for the companies to follow all the set rules and regulations in the system and
non compliance of it, will results in the generation of problems in front of management.
This will hinder the overall financial performance of the company and results in creation
of bad image and goodwill of the firm.
Austin Fraser have adopted all the above techniques and helps in solving the financial
problems that is occurred in several managerial key areas. For instance, by adopting KPI that is
used to measure the performance level of the workers that are working in that company on the
other hand, set standards are prepared so that actual performance can be easily measured with it
in order to find out deviations and develop steps to remove it (Kotas, 2014). Apart from it,
benchmarking also helps in setting the particular criteria through which all performance have to
be compared so that real performance could be accomplished.
Difference Between the Two companies which are described below:
Austin Fraser Morgan Hunt
As company is small organisation the issues
and complexities are not major and hence have
As company is operating large scale
organisation, manager have to develop
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to be effectively maintained. On the other
hand, correct system must be developed so that
proper conduction of work process should be
done.
particular norms and strategies in order to face
such issues that may arise in future time of
business life. There are several factors and
elements that are present in business
environment and impacts the business
operation in several ways therefore, manager
have to perform environmental scanning
function to determine its negative and positive
impacts on the business organisation.
Company adopts different tools of
measurement as compared to large scale
business organisation (Ward, 2012). For
example, SMART tools are formulated to face
financial issues and aspects.
Morgan Hunt have adopted Key performance
indicator as a tool of measuring the
performance level of employees and workers
so that proper training and development
process could be imparted in adequate way.
CONCLUSION
From report conclusion is, management accounting is that which is used by the company
in great way. Even though, it also used as the accounting method and also being used by Austin
Fraser to have preparation of different account too. Generally, different accounting method are
there which do help in providence and also lead to have an important data and information that
does help them to make an appropriate decision and plan with risk etc. Various planning tools
are used just to ignore the problems of finance and also lead to gain business operation. Effective
management accounting does help firm to attain its gaols and objectives. Business organisation
also adopts different management tools so that financial problems are identified and can be
solved so that final outcomes could be accomplished.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Albelda, E., 2011. The role of management accounting practices as facilitators of the
environmental management: Evidence from EMAS organisations. Sustainability
Accounting, Management and Policy Journal. 2(1). pp.76-100.
Arroyo, P., 2012. Management accounting change and sustainability: an institutional approach.
Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change. 8(3). pp.286-309.
Becker, S.D., Messner, M. and Schäffer, U., 2010. The evolution of a management accounting
idea: the case of beyond budgeting.
Bennett, M.D., Schaltegger, S. and Zvezdov, D., 2013. Exploring corporate practices in
management accounting for sustainability (pp. 1-56). London: ICAEW.
Bodie, Z., 2013. Investments. McGraw-Hill.
Boyns, T. and Edwards, J.R., 2013. A history of management accounting: The British
experience(Vol. 12). Routledge.
DRURY, C. M., 2013. Management and cost accounting. Springer.
Harris, J. and Durden, C., 2012. Management accounting research: An analysis of recent themes
and directions for the future. Journal of Applied Management Accounting Research.
10(2). p.21.
Herzig and et. al. 2012. Environmental management accounting: case studies of South-East
Asian Companies. Routledge.
Kihn, L.A., 2010. Performance outcomes in empirical management accounting research: Recent
developments and implications for future research. International Journal of
Productivity and Performance Management. 59(5). pp.468-492.
Kotas, R., 2014. Management accounting for hotels and restaurants. Routledge.
Lukka, K. and Vinnari, E., 2014. Domain theory and method theory in management accounting
research. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal. 27(8). pp.1308-1338.
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Macintosh, N. B and Quattrone, P., 2010. Management accounting and control systems: An
organizational and sociological approach. John Wiley & Sons.
Otley, D and Emmanuel, K. M. C., 2013. Readings in accounting for management control.
Springer.
Parker, L.D., 2012. Qualitative management accounting research: Assessing deliverables and
relevance. Critical perspectives on accounting. 23(1). pp.54-70.
Suomala, P., Lyly-Yrjänäinen, J. and Lukka, K., 2014. Battlefield around interventions: A
reflective analysis of conducting interventionist research in management accounting.
Management Accounting Research. 25(4). pp.304-314.
Vakalfotis, N., Ballantine, J. and Wall, A.P., 2013. A literature review on the impact of
Enterprise Systems on management accounting.
Van der Meer-Kooistra, J. and Vosselman, E., 2012. Research paradigms, theoretical pluralism
and the practical relevance of management accounting knowledge. Qualitative Research
in Accounting & Management. 9(3). pp.245-264.
Van der Stede, W.A., 2011. Management accounting research in the wake of the crisis: some
reflections. European Accounting Review. 20(4). pp.605-623.
Vasile, E. and Man, M., 2012. Current dimension of environmental management accounting.
Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 62. pp.566-570.
Vasile, E. and Man, M., 2012. Current dimension of environmental management accounting.
Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 62. pp.566-570.
Ward, K., 2012. Strategic management accounting. Routledge.
Online
Advanced Management Accounting. 2017.[Online]. Available through:
<http://www.bristol.ac.uk/efm/courses/undergraduate/units/level3units/
efim30003.html>.
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