Management Accounting: Methods and Systems

This document provides an introduction to management accounting and its essential requirements. It explains various methods used for management accounting reporting and includes a calculation of income statements using absorption and marginal costing approach. The document also discusses the benefits and drawbacks of planning tools of budgetary control and the use of management accounting system to solve financial problems.

Management Accounting

Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................3
TASK 1..........................................................................................................................................................3
P1. Management accounting and essential requirement of these systems............................................3
P2 Explanation of various methods used for management accounting reporting...................................5
M1.Evaluation of advantages of management accounting......................................................................5
D1. Integration with the organisational process of management accounting system and reporting......6
TASK 2..........................................................................................................................................................6
P3.Calculation of income statements by using absorption and marginal costing approach:...................6
M2.Application of various range of MAS techniques for production of financial reporting documents:
...............................................................................................................................................................10
D2.Interpretation of financial reports i.e. income statements..............................................................11
TASK 3........................................................................................................................................................11
P4. Benefits and drawback of planning tools of budgetary control.......................................................11
M3. Various planning tools for preparing and forecasting the budgets................................................12
TASK 4........................................................................................................................................................12
P5. Management accounting system to solve the financial problems...................................................12
M4. Management accounting in solving the financial problems...........................................................14
D3. Planning tools in response to solve the financial issues..................................................................14
CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................................15
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................................16

INTRODUCTION
Management accounting is a procedure of recognizing, analyzing, recording and
generating financial data that will be beneficial for managers to make informed decision about
the activities of the corporation. The business can use the management accounting system
(MAS) in the fields of budget preparation, decision-making, measuring efficiency etc. It will
offer the managers within an organization with monetary and also non - monetary to increase
the efficiency and effectiveness of its labor force. MAS 'main goal is to frame overarching
goals, create long term plans, and distribute wealth within an organization (Strauss, Kristandl
and Quinn, 2015).
To better understand of this report selected Creams Ltd which is dealing into ice creams,
waffles and other things. This study describes the concept management accounting and
numerous kinds of MAS together with different approaches which an organization may use for
external reporting. Different advantages that a corporation can receive by the use of MAS are
also described together with different project resources that an organization can use to manage
its expenditure using its management techniques. This report presents a comparison between
two organizations on how businesses embrace financial accounting systems to address their
money difficulties.
TASK 1
P1. Management accounting and essential requirement of these systems.
Management accounting: Management accounting is described as incorporating the
relationship into managerial decisions, departmental efficiency measurement and management
systems and offering economic monitoring and analysis resources to appropriate actions in
formulating and implementing a business vision.
Management accounting system: Accounting management systems are part of internal
management. It is used to get the administration with essential details that can be used in
routine business decision-making. A production department will use these methods to support
in the going to cost and management of their procedure. Such as, Creams Ltd use these systems
in order to analysis of different systems in appropriate manner. There are discussed various
systems in broad manner such as:
Inventory management system: This is a type of accounting method associated with
the management of production costs and also the efficient volume assessment of inventory. This
accounting scheme essentially provides the corporations with a process for assessing total

inventory levels of factories that can be raw materials or manufactured goods. In other words, it
is important to stay as long as possible of the costs of inventory levels within command. They
use this accounting method in the form of Creams limited company and it assists them in
managing the process of purchasing the content. In addition, to taking decisions on the requisite
raw materials and beverage manufacturing (Spraakman, O'Grady, Askarany and Akroyd, 2015).
Essential requirement: This is essential for the business, because it comes with the
coordinated management of the goods and the ethical behaviour of all operations. It also means
that all goods are handled by the producer to meet customer demands.
Cost accounting system: The particular accounting system can be described as a
type of accounting system that is connected to documenting the costs of the overall process of
switching raw materials into finished products. This accounting system is primarily tailored to
the production companies. That is why since there are a broad variety of operations in the
industrial firms, and it is critical that their executives have full cost records. It is important to
monitor operating expenses as well as other operations. As regards Creams Limited Company,
their administrator is using this approach to monitor track of the price of buying raw resources
such as sugar, fruits etc.
Essential requirement: The essential requirement of cost accounting techniques
because it helps managers to determine the real expense of all activities. Based on it, the above-
mentioned company's financial agency keeping the costs of different types of activities as much
relatively low as feasible. It is also important for the identification of costs of different kinds of
activities, namely direct costs, associated costs etc.
Price optimization system: This accounting method is concerned with the
effective establishment of the costs of goods and facilities, so that profits can improve. Together
with this accounting plays a vital role in assessing the response of consumers to various pricing
trends. The price management method is therefore important to set the cost of goods and
services that will help to market the products more effectively. Also in the chosen organization
above, they are using this accounting method innocently restricted. This provides them with
details on the reaction of consumers to different demand trends and thus fixes the demand of
their beverages.
Essential requirement: The requirement of this system to supervisors can maximize
their income by giving the necessary price for all the sale of its products. This will also help the
company to decide whether it can satisfy all of its priorities by seeking the best value on the
goods it sells.

Job costing system: This accountability method can be described as a cost assessment process
incurred in specific live performances. Including this accounting method, there is a wide range
of information about the costs listed above, including such:
Direct labor- The structure for job costing contains estimates of the cost of hiring labor to
handle multiple tasks in the organization.
Direct Material- provides information on overall spending on the purchase of direct technology
for the synthesis of product lines and also this financial accounting (Armitage, Webb and Glynn
2016).
Overhead- This reporting method contains details about certain other expenses in addition to
these details relating labor and materials.
Essential requirement: The essential requirement of job costing system to incredibly
valuable costing mechanism for job orders because it could be used to meet the needs of
customers effectively. In reality, it will also be obtaining business objectives like better profits
and extremely satisfied consumers.
Thus this management accounting provides these all the details. It is important to provide in-
depth estimates of the cost of work in any given operations. Similar to the above-mentioned
Creams Limited Company, they use this accounting method to help them efficiently determine
how much expenses are required to spend in employment.
Therefore these are the forms of accounting management system and each reporting system has
its own value and important necessity for the businesses.
P2 Explanation of various methods used for management accounting reporting.
Managerial accounting reports can be described as there’re providing all the detailed
knowledge to the administrators. Along with, presented the company's financial and non
financial details. The aim of such documents is to remind supervisors of all of the corporation's
monetary and non - monetary transactions which have become the foundation for inner
planning and policy decisions. Creams limited, the aforementioned company, generate some
other type of reports that are useful to them and in business decisions Budding, Grossi and
Tagesson, 2014). All the reports are mentioned below:
Inventory management report: There are forms of documents which are related to the
provision of inventory data presented in factories and also overall costs that arise during the
inventory storage procedure. Industries could get an awareness regarding coherent system of
their accessible raw resources and ready products with the aid of this study. As regards all

above Creams limited company, they are preparing this report which provides data on the
number of raw resources obtainable in their distribution centre, including such berries, fruit
juice etc. In addition to this, it is often useful for them to gain details about how many packaged
drinks are accessible as well as on the strength of which they determine for potential
manufacturing.
Performance report: Even as title accompanies, these could be described as any type of
reporting related to offering feedback on the effectiveness of different things and persons. They
generate this document, like in the previous section-mentioned organisation, that also helps
them evaluate the quality among all their business transactions and workers specializing in
multiple actions. This document mainly helps in monitoring and tracking organization system
effectiveness (Edwards, 2013).
Cost accounting report: It may be identified as a sort of study associated with the
provision of accounting data for different types of options. Through the aid of these studies,
businesses will be informed of just how much expense their activities have to incur. Together
with this study analyze the cost-effectiveness of all operations. For example, they generate this
document in and then Creams limited company with the intention of having accurate data about
the amount of their activities. As well as costs for the procurement of raw resources, payments
for supplies, leases, salaries for workers, etc.
M1.Evaluation of advantages of management accounting
Growing management accounting systems has its own position in the works of different
processes and tasks. Many of the benefits of financial management as continue to follow:
Management accounting
system
Benefits
Inventory management
system
This method is related to the effective supervision of the
manufactured goods volume and completed goods. As in the
office documents above, Creams Ltd have restricted their
monitoring of their inventory records.
Price optimisation system This accounting system basically implementation is focused on
allocating the price of their goods and services. This accounting
system supports to assess the costs based on customer response in
the Creams limited business.
Cost accounting system This accounting method is useful in calculating the range of
different operations that are carried out on a regular basis. The

cost accounting system assists them in presenting cost information
as regards the Creams limited company part. Including a way of
efficiently allocating the budget so that expenses can be cut.
D1. Integration with the organisational process of management accounting system and reporting
It is accurate says that the accounts management system is connected to the organizational
cycle. Like in the above-mentioned business, innocent drinks are restricted they have different
aspects of financial systems and every one of them is connected to their operating method. For
instance, the cost accounting framework is relevant to financial capital being best distributed.
Like other accounting systems, the organizational method is similar. Although these documents
are also consistent with the framework from the above management team in the management
accounting performance element. Like the article on inventory management, it is connected
with the efficient management of their existing resources.
TASK 2
P3.Calculation of income statements by using absorption and marginal costing approach:
Different strategies exist for planning an organization's financial statements including
such gross expense, absorption costing, and so on. The description of these two methods is
mentioned in detail as continues to follow:
Absorption costing: It is a form of management accounting for the planning of the statements
of profits, where all the expenditures associated with manufacturing is allocated to the quantity
manufactured. In many other terms, besides all variable cost of production, the fixed cost of
production is often used throughout measuring cost of the product.
Marginal Costing: In this process, the business shall accept only adjustable production costs in
the manufacture of a particular item, and then all manufactured costs associated with fixed costs
are paid as the cost of the era.
Cost of unit under marginal and absorption costing - January
Cost of unit under marginal costing
Units of Waffles produced 10000 units
Cost Per Unit (£)
Direct materials (50,000/10,000) 5
Direct labour (30,000/10,000) 3
Variable manufacturing overhead (20,000/10,000) 2

Cost per unit under marginal costing 10
Cost of unit under absorption costing
Variable production cost per unit ( marginal
costing) 10
Fixed production over head (40,000/10,000) 4
Cost per unit under absorption costing 14
Income Statement as Per Absorption Costing for Waffles (£)
Sales revenue (25*10,000) 250,000
Less Cost Of Sales (14*10,000) (140,000)
Gross profit 110,000
Less Non production costs
Variable selling and admin expenses (30,000)
Fixed selling and admin expenses (30,000)
Gross Profit 50,000
Income Statement as Per Marginal Costing for Waffles (£)
Sales revenue 250,000
Less Cost of sale (10,000*10) 100,000
Other variable cost
Variable selling and admin expenses 30,000
Total (130,000)
Contribution Margin 120,000
Less Fixed costs
Fixed manufacturing overhead 40,000
Fixed selling and admin expenses 30,000
Total (70,000)
Net Operating Income. 50,000

Cost of unit under Marginal and Absorption costing (5000 Units Sold) - February
Cost of unit under marginal costing
Units of Waffles produced 10000 units
Units of Waffles Sold 5000 units
Cost Per Unit (£)
Direct materials (50,000/10,000) 5
Direct labour (30,000/10,000) 3
Variable manufacturing overhead (20,000/10,000) 2
Cost per unit under marginal costing 10
Cost of unit under absorption costing
Variable production cost per unit ( marginal
costing) 10
Fixed production over head (40,000/10,000) 4
Cost per unit under absorption costing 14

Income Statement as Per Absorption Costing for Waffles (£)
Sales revenue (25*5000) 125,000
Less Cost Of Sales:
Opening Stock: 0
Variable cost of production (14*100000) 140,000
Closing Stock (14*5000) - (70,000)
Total Cost of Sales (70,000)
Profit 55,000
Gross Profit 55000
Less Non production costs
Variable selling and admin expenses (30,000)
Fixed selling and admin expenses (30,000)
Net Profit (5,000)
Income Statement as Per Marginal Costing for Waffles (£)
Sales revenue 125,000
Less Cost of sales:
Opening Stock 0
Variable cost of production(£10*10000) 100,000
Closing Stock(£10*5000) (50,000)
Variable selling and admin expenses 30,000
Total (80,000)
Contribution Margin 45,000
Less Fixed costs
Fixed manufacturing overhead 40,000
Fixed selling and admin expenses 30,000
Total (70,000)
Net Operating Income. (25,000)

RECONCILIATION OF PROFIT STATEMENT
January February
Profit as per MC statement 50000 (25000)
Add: Fixed production
overhead in closing inventory
0 20000
50000 (5000)
Less: Fixed production
overhead in opening inventory
0 0
Profit as per AC statement 50000 (5000)
Using information from Table 1.2 and 1.3 to produce financial reporting documents showing
labour and material variance respectively (M2)
Unit Chocolate Doughnut: labour variance
Budgeted hours
Standard hour per-unit Budgeted output
= 3000/1000
= 3 hours
Standard cost-per-hour £15000/3000
= £5
Standard cost per-unit output (5x 3) £15.00

Actual hour per-unit = 3400/1100
= 3.1
Actual rate per-hour £17680/3400
= 5.2
standard cost per-unit output = 3.1 x 5.2
= 16.1
Note: (A) = indicates the performance is worse than the budget
(F) = indicated the performance is better than the budget
Total direct wages variance consists of wage/labour rate variance and labour efficiency
variance
Labour total variance:
Labor total variance
= actual direct labor cost £
17,680.00
= standard direct labor cost (15*1100) £
16,500.00
£
1,180.00 (A)
Labor rate variance
=(actual hour x actual rate)-(actual hour x
standard rate)
Actual hours x standard rate (5 x 3400) £ 17,000.00
Actual hours actual rate £ 17,680.00
- £
680.00 (A)

Efficiency variance
Actual unit x standard hour (1100 x 3) 3300
Actual hour 3400
= labour efficiency hours -100 (A)
Standard rate per-hour 5
Labour efficiency variance - £
500.00 (A)
Material Variance
Material total variance
Total material variance
1000 units should have cost £20 £ 20,000.00
Actual material cost £ 20,900.00
Material total variance - £
900.00 (A)
Material price variance
Material price variance
2200 kg at £10kg £ 22,000.00
Actual material cost £ 20,900.00
Material price variance £
1,100.00 (A)
Material usage variance
Material usage variance

1000 units at 2kg 2000
Actual material purchase and used 2200
Material usage variance -200 (A)
Standard price per-kilo 20
Material usage variance (£) -4000 (A)
M2.Application of various range of MAS techniques for production of financial reporting
documents:
There are different methods available in management accounting practices including such
absorption method, marginal method, cost accounting and so on that can be implemented by an
company such as Creams Ltd. These MAS strategies make the companies generate many
essential revenue recognition reports including such statements of profit, balance sheet etc. Any
of these approaches include:
• Standard costing: This method is useful in establishing the benchmark for potential business
processes and then comparing such expectations with desired achievements in order to find flaws
(deviations).
• Budgetary control: This method is being used to forecast potential financial and demands, and
is then correlated with real spending cash.
Two strategies (absorption and marginal costing) have been used in this study to generate an
individual’s spend that is a company's balance sheet report.
D2.Interpretation of financial reports i.e. income statements
According to the above equation relating to income statements, it is clear that absorption
method profit is greater in January month relative to marginal method, but in February, marginal
costing benefit is higher than absorption costing. It's because there are certain variations in the
estimation of the cost of the products produced in those two systems. Accordingly, the business
is likely to file its financial statements similar to marginal costing because it offers reliable profit
for the specified timeframe.

TASK 3
P4. Benefits and drawback of planning tools of budgetary control.
There are different kinds of budgetary management planning tools, like cash budget,
capital budget, master budget, zero-based budget, static budget etc. It is important to understand
about the budgeting process until explaining these devices. This can be described in respect of
monetary and non - monetary aspects as a comprehensive possible to assign the potential goals
and objectives. Such as the aforementioned firms operating before, Creams Ltd have restricted
the use of various kinds of planning tools and most of these are listed following which are as
tries to follow:
Cash Budget: The cash budget may be understood as a method of predicting an
organization's cash inflows and cash outflows over a stated amount of time. The primary
objective of getting ready this spending plan is to decide not just whether corporations have
enough cash. Unlike the aforementioned business above, this expenditure is planned and allows
them assess their liquidity status as well as evaluate how much cash would be required to
predetermined reference individuals associated time span.
Advantage: One of the main advantages of this spending plan is that it's ideal for
enforcement and budget management criteria. Revenues are defined by business and purpose of
expenses as well as in this plan.
Disadvantage: The downside to this strategy is that it restricts corporations' discretionary
income, as the financial plan establishes a reasonable limit to increasing the cash. Including this
estimate, and also focused on the forecast for meeting future demand.
Master Budget: This is a type of budget that is the sum of all lower-level budgets that an
company plans for their different types of different units. This expenditure is, in other terms,
linked to the organizational development strategy for the future. Various kinds of budgets will be
involved under this spending plan including such income statement, financial forecasts,
construction budget etc. Such as the chosen organization earlier, this expenditure for their
production operations activities is planned.

Advantages: Its great strength is that it assists in the efficient preparation as well as this
expenditure often has its significance in recognizing the challenges of different activities.
Disadvantages: In addition to the advantages, there have been some disadvantages on the
master budget, because this expenditure is tough to interpret and modify. Like all other projects
this financial director lack of detail.
Capital Budget: The capital budget can be described as a form connected to effectively
assigning the finance to purchase the adjusted assets such as buildings, industrial equipment, etc.
This expenditure is critical since acquiring capital resources is a costly move and must be made
without budget. They render this expenditure in the Creams limited business, in order to allow
important decisions for major financial decisions.
Advantage: This one of the current budget major advantages is that it is beneficial when
selecting expenditure carefully. It helps to manage the expenses as well.
Disadvantage: It is disadvantageous that mistaken actions will affect longevity in the
lengthy period. It's an expensive endeavor, and also planning this plan.
So these are budgetary management preparation methods which have their own advantages
and disadvantages. Under the earlier in this thread-mentioned business, Creams Ltd are restricted
in implementing above - the-mentioned budget management strategies.
M3. Various planning tools for preparing and forecasting the budgets.
Budgeting process requires different kinds of planning techniques which are useful for
budgetary control and prediction. In the above-mentioned company , for example, Creams
Ltd restricted their use of certain business plans including such cash budget, master budget, and
capital budget. All of these instruments play a vital role in the budgetary planning and
forecasting element. It's why the appropriate structure and knowledge for forecasting and
generating expenditures is extracted from budgeting process project planning.

TASK 4.
P5. Management accounting system to solve the financial problems.
It is important for the businesses to figure out the precise money issue and seek to fix it in
less time. Therefore these economic difficulties could turn into economic collapse. Management
accounting systems are very critical in this area, and are often defined.
Financial problem- It's a kind of money problem where businesses are faced with a shortage of
funding crisis. Furthermore, these results in a major problem as other organizations' systems and
tasks are often performed in a derogatory way. There are a few examples of economic issue
listed:
• Less cash inflow - It is form of issue contributing to the increase in investment and operating
costs. Because of the sales this business is beginning to decline and it is turning into a budget
issue (Nørreklit, 2017).
• High spending - Under this money problem, inventory levels for businesses are rising because
they're unable to manage the cost of product. It works out as a finance problem.
Techniques for identifying the appropriate financial issue-Several parameters are described
underneath to pinpoint the suitable financial difficulties:
KPI: Key Performance Metrics (KPIs) are the key (key) metrics for progress towards an desired
outcome. KPIs provide such a forum for strategic and cultural development, choose an objective
basis for decision-making and further concentrate insignificant things most. Time management
using KPIs involves setting goals (the optimal output level) and measuring progress toward that
result. Organizing KPIs also requires working towards strengthening supporting metrics that will
create faltering added to existing on. Major measures should be forerunners of future work.
• Ratio analysis- Using business banking transactions, this can be regarded as a continuous
method of measuring and evaluating the monetary rationale. It covers different types of net profit
ratio rates, debt-to - equity ratio, fast ratio, return on equity ratio, and more. Organizations can
quickly figure out money difficulties by evaluating and understanding certain supplies.

Benchmarking: This has to do with the contrast of corporate structures and practices with the
approaches of the other business that are in the same sectors. Despite of this, organizations are
finding out the specific financial problems and can respond to the situation. More policies and
strategies to overcome the issue can be made too though.
Financial governance - This can be described as a procedure of collecting, analyzing and
systematically evaluating company financial information. This system ultimately serves as a
control tool in the field of addressing the financial problem.
Difference between two organizations:
Tesco Sainsbury
Problem: Tesco is facing cash flow financial
problem that means outflow are more than
inflows.
Clients are changing their preference because
customer demand of different companies
products in the Tesco store.
Sainsbury is also a retail sector company that
provides finance to customer at higher rate.
Problem: Sainsbury is also facing financial
problem because of high spending and less
revenue.
Expenses are more than earnings that is
reducing profits.
Approach: Tesco use accounting management
approach to solve this problem that helps to
check wealth of customer to know the paying
capacity.
Approach: Sainsbury apply KPI approaches
that give a solution of problem by monitoring
and evaluating performance.
System: The Tesco manager has adopted cost
accounting system that helps to find all
variable or fixed cost which arises in
enterprise.
System: Tesco has adopted price optimization
method that helps to set reasonable interest rate
and legal charges.

M4. Management accounting in solving the financial problems.
The management accounting systems are quite effective in eliminating the corporate
accounting problems. This is just so since finance managerial skills have a huge influence on
multiple aspects of economic problems. They face, for instance, the question of increased
installation costs in the Bentley motors company yet this issue has been addressed by
implementing the stock control method. Like their tough marketplace, they are also a money
issue of expenditure rises because they applied cost accounting method to resolve this money
issue. Accounting management systems are therefore necessary to resolve financial problems
D3. Planning tools in response to solve the financial issues.
The strategic plans are also relevant in the same way as the management accounting
techniques in reacting to money problems. It seems that these preparation methods provide the
required bank information on the businesses. Finding the essence of money problems is
beneficial to the businesses. Along with the preparation tools, they serve as a surveillance
technique to address the critical financial difficulties. Now this feature with the above described,
Creams limited company they utilize different kinds of business plans such as capital budget,
cash budget and master budget. Such expenditures are proactive in understanding larger storage
costs from their financial problem. So conclude, it could be said that different kinds of budget
management project planning are effective in addressing the financial problems.
CONCLUSION
It is inferred according to the above study that accounting information system plays a key
role in a company organization's overall performance and survival and eventually supports in
increasing its productivity. There are many two different types of financial administration for the
preparing of financial statements, from which the organization may choose one depending on the
necessity and complexity of its business activities, including absorption costs and marginal
costing. Organization in industrial industry, in its financial management, can use any preparation
technology to measure and manage its potential business requirements. An organization will
accomplish its long-term consistent performance if it implements the program within the existing
operating atmosphere of the business. MAS offers a way for a corporation to meet business goals
and aspirations conveniently since it helps to evaluate the company's prospective customers are
also comfortable with its productivity alongside company vision.

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