Management Accounting Report

This report examines the role of management accounting in helping businesses make informed decisions and recover from financial losses. It analyzes the financial performance of Tech (UK) Ltd. and 4Com Plc., highlighting the importance of cost accounting, budgeting, and financial tools like KPIs and balance scorecards. The report also compares the financial statements of both companies and provides insights into their financial health.

Management Accounting

Contents
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................3
TASK 1....................................................................................................................................................3
P1 Management accounting concept and its essential requirements...................................................3
P2: Different types of managerial accounting reports and their importance.......................................6
TASK 2....................................................................................................................................................7
P3: Calculation of cost and preparation of income statement.............................................................7
TASK 3..................................................................................................................................................10
P4: Different kind of Budgets and their merits and demerits............................................................10
TASK 4..................................................................................................................................................12
P5: Use of management accounting to respond financial problem...................................................12
CONCLUSION......................................................................................................................................16
REFERENCES......................................................................................................................................17

INTRODUCTION
Management accounting play a valuable in helping management to make an effective
decision and suitable plans to execute future business activities in such an effective manner
that will help in getting profitable result in near future. The manager of accounting
department are held liable to prepare financial statements which includes balance sheet, Profit
& Loss a/c, Cash flow statement with the help of collecting information available through
various management accounting system. The present assignment report is based on Tech
(UK) Ltd. which is engaged in providing special charger for mobile telephones and other
various gadgets for the retail outlets. The project includes the comparison between
management and financial accounting along with the benefits of management accounting and
different reporting systems. Financial tools which help in resolving financial issues faced by
company during accounting period are also covered under this report (Garrison and et. al.,
2010).
TASK 1
P1 Management accounting concept and its essential requirements
Management accounting: One of the important system which is used within the
organisation is to record the performance of different departments. It is big concept which
includes the provision of cost and managerial accounting. Application of the provisions of
different systems provides financial and statistical data which improves the decision making
power of internal parties to make their organisational activities more effective and efficient. It
helps the organisation is to accomplish their objectives within given period of time frame.
Through implementation of management accounting systems large number of benefit are
ascertained by Tech (UK) Ltd. Like risk management, planning of future actions, appraisal of
performance of employees etc.
Difference between management and financial accounting
Management accounting Financial accounting
Behind the application of the concepts
management accounting is to make the
different kind of reports according to the
performance of departments for the purpose of
operating different organisational activities
The main objective behind the application of
the methods of financial accounting is to assess
the financial position of organisation.

smoothly.
It contributes in formulation of future plans to
accomplish desired objectives and
improvement of the decision making of
internal parties
This can be further used by the external parties
to make decisions regarding investments within
the organisation
These accounts are formulate as per the needs
of organisation
It is prepared at the end of the year to analyse
the profit and loss of organisation.
It is used regarding assessment of performance
of each and every department
This will helps in assessment of the financial
performance of whole organisation
Importance of management accounting
 Appraisal of performance: One of the important function in which these system
contributes their efforts includes appraisal of the actual performance of employees
through comparison with standards. Different budgets are prepared as per using the
provisions management accounting which contains standards. This comparison helps
to identify the deviations and providence more accurate solutions to attain desired
results.
 Formulation of future plans: There is huge role is played by the management
accounting to make the better future plans. This will be possible because use of
management accounting provisions helps to gather information from the different
departments. On the basis of such information future strategies are formulated which
directs the employees of organisation.
 Determination of aim: The management of organisation uses the information to set
their targets and objectives which are need to achieve through their business
functions. These targets are set through identification of the working capacity of each
and every department of organisation.
 Assessment of risks: Application of the management accounting systems not only
helps in identification of the risks which are faced by the organisation while providing
their activities but also helps to assess the future risks which are associated with the
business transactions (Fullerton, Kennedy and Widener, 2014). It provides the
opportunity regarding formulation contingency provisions.
Different management accounting systems

There are different management accounting systems with having different roles and
functions within the organisation. There are many benefits are achieved by organisation
through use of these systems. The different systems which are adopted by Tech (UK) Ltd.
Are defined below:
Cost management system: The main role of this system is to identify the total cost of
products which is incurred by organisation. It is important for manufacturing organisation is
to adopt these systems to ascertain the profitability which is associated with their profit. Tech
(UK) Ltd. Uses this system to calculate the total cost of their products and make efforts for
reduction of the wastages which contributes in improvement of their profit margin. The costs
are further classified into three different types which are mentioned below:
Actual costing Standard costing Normal costing
Through application of this
method actual cost are
apportioned to the different
aspects like aspects direct
material, labour and overhead
This will includes the setting
of budgeted cost of different
items which work as
standards need to achieve
while consider actual cost of
product
This will include first
analysis of direct material
and labour cost which is
going to incurred in future
period of time. On the basis
of such evaluation actual cost
identified.
Inventory management system: One of the effective method which is needed to
implement by every organisation for effective management of the level of stock and non
capitalized asset within the organisation. This will provides the management of organisation
is to maintain the minimum level of stock to grab the future opportunities and satisfaction of
the different needs of customers. This system further used in the effective allocation of
inventories to different departments according to their needs for attainment of optimum
results. There are many techniques which contribute in valuation of stock are defined below:
 FIFO: This method is called as first in first out method. Here, cost of stock is
ascertained which is purchased first and old in type (Dillard and Roslender, 2011).
 LIFO: This method is called as Last in First out method. As per the provision of this
method the stock purchased last is first used in production process.

 AVCO: This method includes the process of calculating average where cost of
inventory is divided by the number of raw material which is present within the
organisation.
Job costing method: This method is important for the manufacturing organisation which
produces which different types of products. This will includes the process of allocation of
cost to each and every item which is used in the production process of products. Through use
of this method manager track the different expenses and make efforts to control them.
P2: Different types of managerial accounting reports and their importance
There different kinds of reports are formulated by the management of Tech (UK) Ltd.
For the purpose of enhancing decision making and improvement of the understanding
between different departments. The different kind of reports and their functions are defined
below:
Budget report: The main role of this report is to provide the standards which are need
to adhere by the employees while performing their functions. This will be further used
regarding determination of incentive plan of employees as per their actual performances.
Accounts receivable report: The main function of this report is to assess the amount
which is yet not paid by the debtors of organisation. To make their assessment more accurate
and reliable need to do segmentation of invoices on the basis of their due date. This will helps
the manager is to rethink about their credit policies and bring necessary changes to make
more effective.
Inventory and manufacturing report: This report provides the information about the
resources which available with the organisation at present for production of different
products. The main aim of this report is to ascertain the amount of stock which is required all
the time to continue their business operations without any interruptions.
Importance of management accounting reports
Reduction of cost: Different information is gathered regarding which helps to
identify the aspects which are not only wastage for organisation but also reduces their profit
margin. These reports help to bring more focus on profitable aspects to improve earnings and
reduce costs (Cinquini and Tenucci, 2010).

Decision making: Different reports provide different departmental information which
improves overall decision making ability of internal parties.
TASK 2
P3: Calculation of cost and preparation of income statement
Marginal costing: This method is used to ascertain the change in cost due to increase or
decrease in one unit of cost of production. Only variable cost is considered in this method
(Parker, 2012).
Absorption costing: This will includes the use both fixed and variable cost for
calculation of total cost. It helps in long term decision making.
Income statement on the basis of Marginal costing method:
Working 1: Calculate variable production cost £
Direct material cost 8
Direct labour cost 5
Variable production O/h 2
Variable production cost 15
Working 2: Calculate value of inventory and production
Opening inventory Production Closing inventory
0 2000*15 = 30000 500*15 = 7500
Net profit using marginal costing £ £
Sales value 52500

Less: Variable costs
Opening stock
Cost of production
Closing stock
Variable sales overheads
Contribution
Less Fixed costs:
Fixed Production overheads
Fixed Selling overheads
Net loss
0
30000
(7500)
15000
10000
(22500)
(7875)
22125
(25000)
(2875)
Income statement on the basis of Absorption costing method:
Selling Price per unit £35
Unit costs
Direct materials cost £8
Direct Labour cost £5
Variable Production overhead £2
Variable sales overhead £5.25
Budgeted production for the period is 3000
units
Fixed cost for a month:
Production overhead: In this budgeted cost is £15,000and Actual cost is £10,000

Selling cost: In this budgeted cost is £10,000 and Actual cost is £7875
Absorption costing working notes
Working Note 1: Calculate full production cost
Direct material £8
Direct labour £5
Variable cost £2
Fixed cost £5
Total £20
Working Note 2: calculate value of inventory and production
Opening inventory Production Closing inventory
0 2,000*20 = £40000 500*20 = £10000
Working Note 3: under/ over absorbed fixed production overhead
Actual fixed production: £15000
Fixed overhead: £10000
Total £5000(under absorbed)
Net profit using absorption costing £ £
Sales value
(-) Cost of Sales:
Opening stock
Cost of production
Closing stock
0
40000
(10000)
52500
(30000)

(Under)/ Over absorbed fixed prod.
O/h
Gross Profit
Less: selling Expenses
Variable sales expenditure
Fixed selling expenditure
Net loss
7875
10000
(5000)
17500
17875
(375
Reconcile statement:
Reconciliation statements Amount
Profit under absorption -375
Closing stock 500*5 2500
Profit under marginal 2125
As per above, it has been clearly seen that after changing closing stock valuation of
2500. The profit under marginal costing after making settlement of fixed cost it comes as
2125.
TASK 3
P4: Different kind of Budgets and their merits and demerits
There are different form of budgets which should required to be prepared by Tech (UK)
Ltd. for the business activities executed in whole accounting year. It includes master budget,
Operational budget, Rolling Budget, Fixed Budget and Flexible budget which are described
as below:
Operational budget: Such type of budget which is prepared after analysing the cost
invested in daily business operations. It includes overhead and administrative cost which are
incurred in production activities.

 Advantage: Such budget is prepared on the basis of cost and revenue earned from
daily business operations thus it help management in reducing expenses of business
activities.
 Disadvantage: It takes lots of time to prepare budget as it includes all cost incurred in
company on daily basis.
Rolling Budget: It is such type of budget which is newly prepared after revising the
financial plans for the next upcoming years replacing the old one in order to continue
business operation.
 Advantage: The chances of getting profitable outcomes will be more as the budget is
prepared after revising the financial plans.
 Disadvantage: It takes more time to prepare budget as the financial information are
given by company due to which the company may competitive advantage.
Fixed Budget: It is an effective budget which is fixed and should not be changes with the
change in volume of output. It restricts management to modify changes in budget and direct
them to continue as per pre-planned (Pipan and Czarniawska, 2010).
 Advantage: It helps management in analysing the chances of achieving growth and
success of an organisation operates at small scale.
 Disadvantage: Sometimes it will be difficult for management to grab competitive
opportunities as the budget are fixed thus not allowed them to invest money in other
areas here the profitable outcomes will be received.
Flexible budget: It is also of the type of budget which can be changes with the changes
in business activities. Thus, it allows management to make changes according to the needs
and requirements in execution of business activities.
 Advantage: It helps management to makes changes in budget in order to grab
competitive advantage to company.
 Disadvantage: Sometimes the manager has notices the requirements of additional
funds in execution of business activities which results in increasing cost of production
activities.
Different pricing systems:

Price skimming: It is such a strategy in which the company first raises the prices of
product at the time of introducing product into market and thereafter reducing prices in order
to compete with their rivals.
Economy pricing: It is an effective strategy of lowering price of product as compared
to the rivals in order to influence buying behaviour of customers. This it is essential for Tech
(UK) Ltd. to adopt such pricing strategies.
Cost plus pricing: It includes cost which is related with direct material, labour and
overhead expenses to set effective prices for products and services (Qian, Burritt and Monroe,
2011).
Full cost pricing: It includes fixation of price after identifying the direct cost incurred
in producing unit of output.
Marginal cost pricing: It includes cost which is invested in production process in
order to produce extra units of products and services.
Importance of Budget for planning and control:
Preparing of financial roadmap: The budget helps in giving right direction to
execute future business activities in profitable manner. On the basis of previous year budget,
the management are able to make roadmap in order to ensure that future business activities
are executed in decided manner.
Limit Expenditures: Budget restricts employees to spend less on executing each
business activities after analysing the allocation of cost to specific cost centres.
Plan for future growth: Preparation of budget is not enough for management as it also
requires to make an effective plan to invest money in such areas where the chances of getting
profitable result are more.
TASK 4
P5: Use of management accounting to respond financial problem
According to the Tech (UK) Ltd. financial reports, it has been found that the company
has faces huge losses i.e. £1.5 million which decreases their financial situation in market.
Thus, it is important for the management of Tech (UK) Ltd. to adopt effective financial tools

to recover from such losses and retain financial position in market once again. Such financial
tools include:
Key Performance Indicators (KPI): It is an effective tool with the help of which the
management of Tech (UK) Ltd are able to identify and measure performance of each and
every employee through analysing their actual performance with desired one. This will help
management in knowing the hurdles or difficulties which comes in the process that restricts
employees to give their best performance. KPI should be used at different level with an
objective of determining the possibilities of achieving growth and success in near future
(Shah, Malik and Malik, 2011).
Balance scorecard approach: It is helpful for management to us such tool in order to
arrange business activities on the basis of pre-determined plans and strategies so as to get
profitable result in near future. The management need to identify the skills and capabilities of
employees and according assign roles and responsibilities. Balance scorecard approach
consists of four perspectives which are briefly described as under:
Financial: It is related with optimum utilisation of resources available with company
in order to reduce wastage and attain strong financial position in market. Tech (UK) Ltd if
have enough financial resources then the management has option to implement an effective
techniques and tools in the execution of business activities in more effective and efficient
manner. For example, Strong financial performance, optimum utilisation of resources
(Management accounting and its importance, 2017).
Customer and stakeholder: They are the asset of company which gives maximum
support to company in achieving growth and success in competitive market world. Therefore,
the company always tried to maximise their satisfaction level through proving quality
products and services along with maximum return to the stakeholders. For example,
Customer value, satisfaction level.
Internal process: It includes the plans and strategies made to develop organisation
internally so as to get profitable result in near future. It can be in the form of implementing
updated and advanced technology which further help in maximising the productivity and
efficiency level of employees. This will make positive impact on the profitability of company
as well. Example, Quality enhancement, efficiency in manufacturing process.

Organisational capacity or learning and growth: An organisation always looks out
to expand their business on large scale in order to generate huge profits and attain strong
image in market. It can be possible with the help of an effective management who make a
profitable decision regarding improvement in human capital, existing technologies etc. which
help in enhancing the capacity of company. Example, Human capital, technological up
gradation etc.
Just in time: It is a tool which ensures company in having sufficient amount of
inventory through placing order on time. This will help in meeting the needs and
requirements of customers which increases their strong image in market as well. Ordering
inventory whenever the management feels shortage of inventory therefore it helps in reducing
cost on inventory due to which the expenses are less that will make positive impact on the
profitability of company (Christ and Burritt, 2013).
In comparison to Tech (UK) Ltd., 4Com is one of the competitors which are also
facing huge losses as compared to last accounting year. It has been clearly shows from the
financial data which are present as below:
Financial statements of 4Com PLC:
Profit & Loss a/c:
Date of
Accounts
Year Ending
30 Jun 2012
£
Year Ending
30 Jun 2013
£
Year Ending
30 Jun 2014
£
Year Ending
30 Jun 2015
£
Year Ending
30 Jun 2016
£
Turnover 22604530 24678667 28375290 33523000 41041000
Profit Before
Tax 628578 482643 220284 892000 -1014000
No. of
Employees 127 138 172 216 237
Balance Sheet

30 Jun 2012
£
30 Jun 2013
£
30 Jun 2014
£
30 Jun 2015
£
30 Jun 2016
£
Total Asset 15878189 14300679 14722334 17437000 18139000
Current Asset 2706628 2619414 3988960 8752000 9469000
Current
Liabilities 13088455 11490926 13181105 17245000 23785000
Net Current
Assets 2789734 2809753 1541229 192000 -5646000
Net Current
Liabilities 8337133 8684068 11718235 14775000 18911000
Net Worth -5145453 -4061248 -5104236 -4338000 -9952000
Comparison among Tech (UK) Ltd. and 4Com Plc.
Tech (UK) Limited 4Com Plc.
The main aim of company is to identify the
areas from where large number of financial
issues arises.
It main aim is to achieve high market share
and attain goodwill in order to attract large
number of customers.
KPI tool is best to select in order to identify
and analyse the performance of workers and
eliminate deviations if any.
Financial governance is best to select as
financial tool as the company operated
business on large scale thus to exist in market
for longer period of time such tool brings
beneficial result to company.
Balance scorecard approach is helpful for
company thus required to adopt in order to
bring profitable outcomes from each business
activities.
The management are required to proper
analyse the financial statements in order to
find out the areas where they have failed to
get profitable outcomes.

CONCLUSION
It has been concluded from the above project report that the management of an
organization are able to make an effective business decision and plans only when they have
sufficient information about the daily business operations and it can possible only when the
management focuses on using different accounting systems and reports. Making decision
with the help of reliable and accurate information ensures company to achieve better possible
outcomes. There are various financial tools as well such as Balance Scorecard, KPI etc.
through which the company are able to recover from financial losses.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Online:
Management accounting and its importance [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.invensis.net/blog/finance-and-accounting/what-is-management-
accounting-and-its-importance/>