Comparison of Organisations and Management Accounting
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The assignment compares the use of management accounting techniques in two companies, identifying similarities and differences between their approaches to financial planning and analysis. It highlights the importance of regular monitoring and standard-setting for effective management accounting.
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Management Accounting
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Table of Contents From: Management Accounting Officer..........................................................................................1 To,....................................................................................................................................................1 General Manager, Unicorn Grocery................................................................................................1 Subject: Management Accounting System.....................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1 TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1 P1. Management accounting system and its use....................................................................1 P2. Various accounting system reporting...............................................................................3 M1: Benefits of management accounting system..................................................................6 D1: Evaluation of accounting system reporting.....................................................................6 TASK2.............................................................................................................................................6 P3: Different costing method used by company to get net profit..........................................6 M2: Techniques of accounting.............................................................................................8 D2: Results analysis which is collected from above income statements................................9 TASK 3............................................................................................................................................9 P4: Advantages and disadvantage of using planning tools....................................................9 M3: Analysis of planning tools............................................................................................11 D3: Analysis of tools that is used for solving financial issues.............................................11 TASK4...........................................................................................................................................11 P5: Comparison of organisation about how they face financial issues................................11 M4: Evaluation of financial issues.......................................................................................12 CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12 REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12
From: Management Accounting Officer To, General Manager, Unicorn Grocery Subject: Management Accounting System INTRODUCTION Management and accounting; both are interrelated with each other. Accounting is related with collection, summarising, analysis and recording of financial transactions. While, on the other hand, management helps to regulate those accounting information in more systematic and plan ways in order to attain there long and short term goals(Ahadiat, 2013). It is considered as an important part of any business organisation by which all valuable information are recorded and controlled by the managers in an effective manner. The prime objective of using accounting system in business is to increase maximum profit with available resources. The report is prepared by keeping all matters in the right direction. It consists of various accounting and reporting systems that are helpful for company in attaining their future targets. Further, this report provides information about how costing techniques can be useful for company to analyse their net profits. The understanding of various planning tools used in budgetary control process are explained clearly. At the end, this report provides information about financial issues faced by organization through making comparison among two companies. TASK 1 P1. Management accounting system and its use Management accounting is known as a systematic method to plan and control various functions of departments. It provides information for setting right option and strategies for a systematisedstandardtargets.Itisalsousedtoreportvarianceanalysisamongactual performances and standards by taking corrective actions(Ahmad and Kamilah, 2013). By this way, it is considered as the prime part of accounting system that facilitates the decision making process of management process. Accounting system consists of every accounting technique that may be helpful for management in discharging their functional aspects such as planning, organizing, directing and 1
controlling. Management accounting can be observed as a practical tool that is aimed at resolving day-to-day financial issues which is arises in an organisation.These problemsmakes the top administration to face difficulties in taking effective decision in most private and public sectors enterprises. In competitive business market scenario, and within a public sectors that is increasingly target upon effectiveness, creating values for money and best accounting practices. All of them are responsible for both management and accounting. It is orientated towards the coming future. It is basically related with the provision of data to managers to help them plan, evaluate and manage various activities(Baldvinsdottir,Mitchell and Nørreklit, 2010). Unicorn Grocery requires an essential accounting service function which can help them to organise their business transactions in an effective manner. It target of management accounting system is to improve the future performance of organisation, managers would require information regarding sales trends, profitability, inventory position and performance of salespeople. All these are determined by using effective accounting systems. The tasks of management accounting are related with furnishing of accounting information to the management for making its decision on that basis. It also helps in improvising the efficiency and attaining organisational aim and objectives. Some of the main characteristics of using MA system are:Effective decision making system: It will help to provide accounting data by which higher authorities can take effective policy decision(DRURY, 2013).Cause and effect analysis: According to this, if there is any loss, the reasons for the loss are probed. While, if there is profit then variousfactors like different expenses, current assets and other share capital are analysed. Takingmorevaluabledecision:Itwouldhelptoguiderightandmoreaccurate information to the management about the performances of the company. On that basis necessary decision are taken. The accounting systems which can be useful for Unicorn Grocery are discussed as below: Costing accounting system:It is considers as a framework used by company's to determine the total cost of their goods and services in profit evaluation, stock analysis and cost control.Identificationofcorrectcostofproductisvarycriticalforoperationprofits (Management Accounting,2016). In the waysto estimate cost of production various other costs are also analysed such as normal, standard and actual costing. 2
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Price optimisation system:It is known as an important model use in numerical programs which is used to determine how demand changes at different price level. After that combine the overall data with information on costs and other inventory level to suggest prices that will improve profit for the company. It is all done to know customers reactions over the various product prices set by using various modes. Inventory management system:It is known as one of the important systems that is used to track stock level, order summary and sales deliveries details(Bodie, 2013). It is mostly used under production units where large number of data are recorded or dispatch. This will be considered as an effective system to determine the current stock position with company. Job costing system:It is used by managers of Unicorn Grocery to track the cost of lobar used on a job. It is related with overhead costs to more than costs pools incur during production of each lot of product. It is mostly used when goods manufactured is completely different form one another. Diagram: Four types of Management accounting systems P2. Various accounting system reporting Inanorganisation,managementaccountingreportisanessentialaspectforthe betterment of company's growth and stability.As, it help managers of an organisation to make necessary decisions which are crucial for the operation of business activities(Cinquini and Tenucci, 2010). Such reports provided necessary information to the mangers of different department and can help them to take valuable decisions that may have a intense effect on the 3 Costing accounting systemPrice optimisation system Inventory management systemJob costing system Types of Management Accounting system
business performances.The information which is used in formulation of perfect reporting is by collecting data from financial and non-financial sources. The accounting records of unicorn grocery is taken into consideration for decision-making. Some of the useful data is collected from various financial statements analysis such as income statements and company's current year balance sheet(Dillard and Roslender,2011). The growth and stability of an organisation performance is mostly depend upon the type of methods used by the company in their business operations. It is formal report which summarised by using various financial activities of a particular organisation. In this report, a well organise plan is prepared in order to increase the goodwill and market share of the company. In that context accounting reporting can be considered as an important tool. In the ways to analyse proper sequences of results company need a well organise system that can give perfect picture financial position.It is observe in an organisation the reporting of data is considered as one of the important task that need to be plan according to the perfect management accounting system. The report are taken as base for any decision that are taken in favour of company's growth.It is prepared by using accurate accounting reporting system that help Unicorn grocery to attain more reliable outcomes in future. The basis objective of an organisation is to make long term plan that can provide them more chance of net profit during the coming time. In this context, reporting system will be considered as important tool for the managers to take investment decision on those basis. The reporting analyse is required by all those company's to manage and control there daily financial transaction (Fullerton, Kennedy and Widener, 2013). It is the responsibility of accounts officer to analyse the statements before posting it to company final account. It is important to do so because all the necessary changes and mistakes can be rectified in early phases. Because, if any mistake is found after transferring it into books of accounts then there is not any ways to overcome those mistakes. The management looks after entire statements before issuing it to the market for further extension. As, most of the team member as well as organisational member's areworking for the same objectives to increase as much profit as they can from the given resources. There are some of the important factors which are affecting the profitability of business. Such as internal and external factors. Both these factors are need to be analyse before making any posting of entries into financial statements because it will affect decisions that taken in order to earn maximum revenues. During, reporting of transaction various 4
aspects such as social as well as cultural are need to be determine (Herzig and et. al., 2012.). The reporting system help analyse current position of company through estimating total costs, and expenses that are used in production of products and services. Because, all those are related with the company reputation. With the entire evaluation of report, that is collected from various level of organisation departments are presented to board of directors for the further approval. The shares are issues by company by analysing various report that are present by the management regarding the profitability and current year position in the market. The base of this is to gain maximumcompetitiveanalysisoverothercompetitors.Itisrelatedwiththecompany performances, growth in the market and capital investments made by various departments. Some of the important techniques are: Performance reporting:In order to make an effective decision company need to prepared a performance report that consists ofvarious analysis of financial aspects of unicorn grocery. It is prepared by taking information about current and past year data. Account receivables report:This report consists of a perfect lists of customers unpaid information reports and credit memos through using wide range of information related with payment which is not received by company. It includes detail of customers names and group of statements that shows every data with the name and dates. Operational budget reporting:This report is based on effective details regarding all expenses that are incur by company in an one financial year. The main objectives of preparing such kind of results is determine total costs used by company during manufacturing of products and services (Routledge, 2014). Recording is done by each units of production done by company with the use of weakly, monthly and yearly reporting systems. Job costing reporting:It is related with lot size production of product and services by unicorn grocery. It is easy to get detail information about a group of product manufactured during the year. Information such as production date, timing and lot size number, all are under this particular report. Inventory management reporting:Those information related with the maintain and controlling of information about current stock position of the company are maintained under this report. There are various other measure which are used by managers to determine the exact position of stock. Some of them are EOQ techniques, LIFO and FIFO, ABC costing etc. 5
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M1: Benefits of management accounting system It has been seen that by the use of accounting system the management can have the option to gain maximum advantages with its limited resources. In accordance to get maximum outcomes the above techniques can be more effectively used (Luft and Shields, 2010). The important advantages from implementing accounting techniques is to reduce expenses which are incur by company over the production process. Improve in cash-flows, maximum chance of getting financial return so that future planning can be attain. The management ensure that company should make provision toward company growth and sustainability. D1:Evaluation of accounting system reporting In an organisation such as Unicorn grocery, they can increase the goodwill and market position by the use of financial information so that objectives can be achieved. The efficiency in work and measure to increase profitability is done in order to fulfil company's important need. In this relation there are various reporting system which are responsible for making there plan more successful. Inventory management reports are used to record information about stock position available with the company. While, other report such as performances and job costing and account receivable reports are also with the department to gain maximum advantages in coming future. TASK2 P3:Different costing method used by company to get net profit Most of the company's are planning their business activities with the use of various resources. The cost of production is determine by the company with the use of various costing methods. As, it has been observed that costing is said to be that cost which are incur by company over the production of every units (Macintosh and Quattrone, 2010). According to demand and supply cost can be varied. It is associated with various factors which are affecting profitability position of the company. In this context there are so many types of costing methods which is useful in business. Few costing methods are associated with production process that are directly or indirectly impact financial position. In this way, company can also use some costing methods such as normal, standard and actual costing. These all are related with direct material, labour and other overhead costs. Generally, costing includes variable cost which are changes with the change in one extra unit of product, fixed costs that remain always same with the change in units 6
and semi-variable costs that is related both fixed and variables. It major impact are seen over other areas of financial statements. The costs which is used in Unicorn grocery in order to determine there net profit fr the years are: Absorption costing:It is considered as those costing which are directed related with manufacturing or product and services (Morales and Lambert, 2013). Under this costs both variable and fixed costs are considered. But the impacts are varied because of changes in actual sales units. It simply explains that few other costs get absorbed with the production of one extra units. Marginal costing:It refers as those costing which are related with the production of one additional units with the same units. The output incurred after implementing marginal costs in the production process are represented by prime costs. One of the major aspects of this costing method is that it does not advised fixed costs. This will provide information about total contribution per unit used and out of which how much profit it generated by department. Difference among both costing methods BasisAbsorption costingMarginal costing Valuationof inventory With this costs unicorn company may determine total costs that are required during production of products. Only marginal costs are valued duringproductionofvarious goods and services. Effects of cost per units Ifthedepartmentisusingthis techniques, cost per unit will get reduces with the production. In this situation, cost per unit will not alter at any level of manufacturing. ObjectivesItisrelatedwithcompany'sfuture pricing strategies and costs. Itisbasedonshortterm managementplanningand controlling. Sustainability aspects Itisbasedonexternalreportingof accounts data. Internal reporting is considered asprimaryaspectsoffuture sustainability. Decision-makingNetprofitisthebaseofdecision- making. Contributionperunitis considered as to take valuable 7
decision. Income statements through Absorption costing ParticularsAmount Sales35*50017500 Less: Production cost 6+5+2+3 =16*500 80008000 Gross profit9500 Less: Variable sales overhead 500*1500 Selling and administrative cost expenses (800+400)1200-1700 Total Profit / Loss7800 Calculation of marginal costing through using Income statements ParticularsAmount Sales35*50017500 Less: Production cost 6+5+2- 7800 Closing stock: 100*13- 1300-6500 Contribution11000 Less: Variable sales overhead 500*1500 Fixed overhead-1800 Selling and administrative cost expenses (800+400)-1200-3500 Total Profit / Loss7500 In order to get more reliable informations, unicorn grocery is having two important costing methods to determine net profit for the company. One is marginal costing and other is absorption costing. Both are considered as important tools for taking necessary decision regarding which one is perfect to determine more accurate outcome to the company. The one which is more effective and sufficiently provided healthy profit is taken into accounts. 8
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M2: Techniques of accounting Every organisation is planning to gain maximum advantages with its limited resources. In this relation they are always in search of best and effective techniques which can fulfil their requirements (Nixon and Burns,2012). As, accounting techniques is an important part of business enterprise by which they can attain their desire goal without making any extra expenses. Sometechniquessuchasstandardandbudgetarycontroltools,numericalandgraphical techniques which is used by company to take better decision in relation increase market goodwill. D2: Results analysis which is collected from above income statements As per the above information it has been found that profits of company can computed by using various methods. Absorption and marginal costing is considered as one of them. Both these methods are more effectively implemented by the company because these are provided sufficient results to the managers. If they are using absorption costing they incur profit of 7500 and with the marginal costing it will be 7800 with the same level of units. The margin of 300 is calculated from both the methods but marginal costing is more effectively applicable for Unicorn grocery as they are more accurate. TASK 3 P4: Advantages and disadvantage of using planning tools The best part of management accounting is that it provide necessary information and support to entire departments about there current position. Planning tools are considered as one the major tool used by organization to analyse performances of Unicorn grocery. Because, in order to take more effective decision they need to analyse various accounting statements to check stability position during the year (Tucker andLowe, 2014).Before going to judge discussed important planning tools it is necessary to know about budgetary control system: Budgets for company are known as an estimation of future costs and expenses that are going to be used by Unicorn grocery in there daily business operations. The main purpose of budget is to estimate overall costs and use of capital in future investments. It is an important system that is used to project total growth level and further production with the available resources. 9
Budgetary control:This particular system is used to considered as broad tools of budgets that provide proper assistance to top management in order to carry out is daily business operations (Quinn,2014). It will also help to control and formulate functions like planning and controlling. There are various process which used by management in order to make budget plan. Procedures of Budgetary-control-accounting: Formation of plan and performance:In this process, total estimation of ideas that are required in order to fulfil better company performances with the use of accurate budget plan. Performances of individual as well as organisation are relies mainly on the strategies prepared by department. Recording of actual performances:The major decision are based on the techniques that is used while preparation of budgets. Under this, actual costs are considered in order to prepare budget. Comparing actual performance with planned:The another process in budgetary control is determine by using actual performances with those of planned. Different analyse is done on the basis of variable cost and standard costs (Renz, 2016). Evaluate differences and other variances:Some other procedures is used to reviews by using deviation in actual and standard performances. In this regard, a well qualified individual are appointed in order to provide more reliable data which are collected from actual and budgeted figures. Provide necessary feedback:It is final steps in budgetary control that is related with proper feedback and review that is collected from entire evaluation of accounting records. If any changes are need to done in the budgets are rectified under this stages. Planning tools are as follows: Static Budget:It is said to be that budget which remain constant with the change in total quantity and size. In kind kind of new observation this costs are determine over input and output data collection. Advantages It is considered as more difficult condition under which values are taken on hypothesis. Disadvantage For decision it is not that much effect as compare to other budgets. 10
Cash budget:It is associated with those cost that a company incur over production of product of product with the use of various activities. Such as investing, operating and financing etc. Advantages It is used to determine cash-inflows and outflow during the years. Disadvantage It is more fluctuating because of difference in variances. Operating budget:It related with company expenses that are used in in business operation.The total cost incur during one year time by Unicorn company are recorded in this budgets so that future control measures can be planned. Advantages By the use of this budget profitability can be analyse through using daily report. Disadvantage It is more time consuming as compare to other budgets. Because, various sales details and variance analyse are required. M3: Analysis of planning tools In order to make effective plan budget are considered as one of the important tools. By this Unicorn company can get more reliable results according to their set objectives. The performance can be analysed by using master budgets, operating budgets, cash budgets and so many other one. Planning tools can provide company a great chance to invest their capital in new projects (Ward, 2012). Or to control their extra costs that is incur over production of product and services. Fro sustainability, it is essential to use accurate tools and techniques that can guide the company in going toward right direction. D3: Analysis of tools that is used for solving financial issues It has been observed that financial problems are affecting the profitability and efficiency of the company. They are not able to plan their future mission because there impact. The most important part of this issues is that it affect growth and performances of an organisation. To reduce such issues company's are using various methods such as balance scorecard to overcome the impact of financial problems. The market position and stability is also get affected because of those issues. 11
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TASK4 P5: Comparison of organisation about how they face financial issues It is considered as most crucial issues for an organisation that they are not able to attain the goals. The main issues is associated with financial impact over the performances of unicorn grocery. According to the financial issues they are not able to cop-up with the current market situations. This will also make them away from achieving competitive advantages over the other company's. There are various techniques which can be used by organisation to solve financial issues. Such as: Key performance indicators:It is used to determine the financial position of company on regular basis so that less chances of mistakes can be arises (ter Bogt and van Helden, 2012). Financial governance:It related with government regulation which every company need to follow in managing their business operations. Benchmarking:Another important techniques that works according to the set standard that are already made by business entity. SollatekUnicorn grocery As,theyareworkingassmallbusiness operationsoeverylevelofdepartmentare equally working. The prime target of company is working with thesupportofoperationalareaswhere, maximum number of issues are arises. KPIisusedasimportanttoolforsolving financial issues in this company. Informationisrelatedwithhistoricaldata collected from current year performances. Regular monitoring is done so that less chances of mistakes can be arises. Actual performance is measured with standard. M4: Evaluation of financial issues It has been found that financial issues can be analyse by using various techniques. These will help them to increase profitability and other growth chances. Some techniques like KPI which is used to determine company's current and previous year and make comparison to find right solution for those gaps that are there is it. Other one is related with financial governance that need to be followed according to the government regulation. 12
CONCLUSION From this project report it has been concluded that management accounting is an useful techniques that can provided necessary information about company's current year position. Under this report, as a account officer it a has been targeted to present various information about accounting system and reporting that are needful for betterment of performances. It also summarise with various planning tools and costing methods. At last, comparison of company's with other to analyse their financial issues. REFERENCES 13