Bankruptcy Risk Prediction Models

This assignment analyzes bankruptcy prediction models, a crucial tool for understanding and mitigating financial risk. It delves into academic research on the subject, exploring different models used to predict the likelihood of business bankruptcy. The analysis examines key factors contributing to bankruptcy risk, drawing insights from scholarly publications and case studies.

Management
Accounting

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1& P2 Management accounting. Its importance and difference between management and
financial accounting....................................................................................................................1
TASK 2 ...........................................................................................................................................4
P3 Income statements as per absorption and marginal costing...................................................4
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................6
P4 & D3 Budgets and its advantages and disadvantages............................................................6
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................7
P5,M4 & D3 Balance scorecard approach and its use in attain financial governance and
development of effective strategies.............................................................................................7
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Imda tech limited is one of the biggest manufacture of producing charger for mobile
phones and other gadgets. Under this report a detail description is given on the company. Under
this management accounting tool is described and how it is different from financial accounting is
described in this. How management accounting is useful and helps the manager of the firm in
making decision is described, other than this an explanation is given on various cost accounting
system used by the company. Absorption and marginal costing concepts given a light in this
report. This report contain important information about the various types of budgets used by a
firm and how a budget is prepared by them. What pricing strategy a firm should use in different
stages of their product life cycle is given light on. Other various tools used by the enterprise for
achieving its different kinds of objectives are described within this report.
TASK 1
P1& P2 Management accounting. Its importance and difference between management and
financial accounting
Management accounting is the process of preparing reports for the management that provide the
accurate financial and non financial information that are used by the mangers for taking various
decisions. Management accounting has wide scope. Financial accounting,cost accounting
revaluation,accounting control accounting and marginal accounting comes under the
management accounting Taxation,break even analysis,budgetary control,audit and taxation
comes under the scope of decision making of management accounting. It is prepared monthly
yearly and even on the day to day basis. The users of management accounting internal such as
department mangers and other officers(Zimmerman and Yahya-Zadeh2011). Management
accounting shows where the organisation stands at a particular point of time.
It gives detail of the cash in hand, debtors and the creditors, variance analysis etc.
management accounting is different from financial accounting. The main objectives of
management accounting are it helps in measuring the performances. With the help of
management accounting the performance of the employees are measured by comparing their
work with the desired results. Through this process control is kept on the performance as if the
results are not as that of the required than corrective actions are taken accordingly. It also helps
in maintaining efficiency in the organisation by keeping regular check. Another objective of
management accounting is to minimise the risk for the organisation. Through management
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accounting the future risk which can be anticipated in advance are studied and actions are taken
accordingly so that the degree of risk can be minimised. Decision regarding allocation of
resources are also taken by the company with the help of management accounting so that
resources can be effectively utilised. Financial accounting is done also for the external users of
the business like the share holders debtors stakeholder, government banks etc(Mitchell and
Nørreklit 2010). it gives them knowledge about the financial growth of the company which they
in decision taking of investment. The management reports are prepared on the basis of past
performance as per the requirement where as the financial reports are prepared on the present
financial situation of the company. These reports include cash flow outstanding debts day to day
management etc. it is not a legal requirement to prepare the management reports but financial
reports are necessary to be prepared by the limited companies. Where management accounting
provide only both the financial and non financial reports the financial reports give only the
financial information.
2.Importance of management accounting:
Management accounting plays a very important role in the process of decision making. Managers
are expected to take various dioecious each day andsions. Budgetary accounting helps mangers
to take the various financial decisions. These include deci there decisions have long as well
short term effects on the business. Therefore the management accounting provide the required
data to the different mangers which help them in taking the effective decision regarding the
allocation of finance in the different activities and also from where the company can raise its
funds after anaylising various alternatives available in the market. Management planning also
help the business in forecasting and planning. Data provided in the management make the
mangers aware about the various threats and opportunities of the business.
Therefore this helps in taking the decision of future expansion and other changes if
required in the existing process. Relevant cost accounting is a part of management
accounting(Lukka and Modell 2010). This help the mangers in taking the decision regarding
weather the the company should produce the product itself or should outsource it. Decision is
taken on the basis of the data provided by the accounting that which one is more beneficial for
the company. With the help of this accounting system the cash flow is anaylising ng and the
returns of every year is calculated and therefore it helps in analysing the change in the consume
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demand potential sale and related segment . Therefore management accounting helps the
manager in various fields of business by providing the relevant data.
(b) There are various types of management accounting system. Each provide reports for
assistance to the different departments of the business. With the help of these reports the process
of decision making becomes more easy and more effective. Different accounting system are as
follows:
 Cost accounting system: Cost accounting refers to the system of allocation of different
expenditure in the production of different goods and services. This help in keeping
control over different expenditures of the company. It include various cost appropriation
like cost of production, selling and distribution. It helps in getting the exact figure of
expenditure in the different activities and this way those expense can be compared with
the past data and the changes are recorded for the purpose of making
comparisons(Weißenberger and Angelkort 2011). Apart from comparisons the data also
helps in taking the future decisions regarding the estimates. Cost accounting helps in
providing the right information too the right person so that the right decision can be taken
by the right time.
 Inventory management system: This managements system help in keeping check on the
total inventory of the business. It is important for the business to maintain the required
inventory stock with themselves. Decision regarding the inventory are very important as
if the inventory is excess in stock than it will lead to increase in the cost of storing it.
Whereas if the inventory is in the deficit than availability of the product will result into
loss of sales and therefore the overall profit will get reduce.
 Job costing system:Information related to the cost associated with different jobs are given
in this accounting system. In this the information of the cost of labour, overhead cost and
the cost of direct material is given. These costs are needed to be customised sometimes as
per the need of the customer. Sometimes the customer do not want all the cost to be
charged against them and pay for only certain jobs.
 Price optimising system: It is a very important accounting system in this the report n how
customer respond to different prices are prepared(Macintosh and Quattrone 2010). The
customer is very price sensitive. Any change in the price has direct effect on the demand
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of the product. Customer before buying any product from the market compares the price
of other substitute that are available in the market and than take the buying decision.
Therefore price of any product is kept after anylising the trend of the market for which
data is provided by the management accounting team to the mangers.
TASK 2
P3 Income statements as per absorption and marginal costing
 Marginal costing: Marginal cost is the cost of producing one more unit. Marginal cost is
the that cost which arise one more product is made by the production department. One
can say the increase and that decrease in the total cost of production by making one more
unit of the product is known as marginal costing. When adding more unit in the
production process helps in decreasing the total cost of production than it helps the
organisation or is in the benefit of the enterprise to produce that unit otherwise making
another product in the will increase the total cost of production process.
 Absorption costing: Absorption costing is the cost which arise on making a product or
all that direct expenses which arise on making a product comes the absorption costing.
Absorption costing does not include fixed cost occurred on making a product because it is
that cost which occurred when there is no sales or also when the production process is not
carry by the production department. Absorption costing concept only calculates the
variable cost which arise on making a product. In brief,Absorption costing adds all the
direct expenses and indirect cost which occur while making a product without adding
fixed in it.
Income statement as per absorption costing
Selling price per unit £35
Unit costs
Direct materials cost per unit £8
Direct Labour £5
Variable Production overhead £2
Fixed Production overhead £1
Budgeted production for the period is 36000 units per annum.
Production = 2000 units
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Sales = 1500 units
Selling and distribution expenditure :
Fixed = £ 10000
Variable = 15 % of sales value
Particulars Amount Amount
Sales (1500 x 35)
Less :
Direct material (1500 x 8)
Direct labour (1500 x 5)
Variable production overhead (1500 x 2)
Fixed manufacturing overhead (1500 x 1)
cost of goods sold
add :
opening stock
Less :
closing stock
Gross profit margin
variable selling and distribution expenses (52500 x 15%)
Fixed selling and distribution expenditure
Net income (Loss)
12000
7500
3000
1500
Nil
Nil
(7875)
(15000)
52500
(24000)
28500
28500
5625
Income statement under marginal costing
Particulars Amount Amount
Sales (1500 x 35)
Less : Variable manufacturing cost
Direct material (1500 x 8)
Direct labour (1500 x 5)
Variable factory overheads (1500 x 2)
Selling and distribution expenses
Contribution
(12000)
(7500)
(3000)
(7875)
52500
(30375)
22125
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Less : Fixed Cost
Manufacturing overheads (1500 x 1)
Selling and distribution overheads
Net Income/ (Loss)
(1500)
(15000) (16500)
5625
TASK 3
P4 & D3 Budgets and its advantages and disadvantages
a)Different types of budgets are prepared for the mangers. These budgets has their own
advantages and disadvantages on the business. Different budgets are prepared for different
departments depending upon the motive behind why they are prepared.
1 Master budget: It is the aggregate of the different budgets of the company. Through this budget
the complete knowledge about the companies finance can be taken out. It includes various
factors like the total assets sales assets sources of income etc. it is usually prepared in the big
companies and other budgets are made on the basis of this master budget.
2.Operating budget: These budgets are frequently prepared in the organisation. These are related
to the operating activities of any business like production sales manufacturing cost etc.
3.Cash flow budget: This budget gives the details of cash flows in and out of the business in a
particular period of time(Ward 2012 ). It helps in keeping check on the efficiency of cash
transactions. In the cash flow budgets details of cash outstanding with outsiders and cash
payable to the the outsiders are given which give the net amount of cash in hand with the
business. The cash flow budget help in taking decision regarding expansion of business or if any
change is required in the existing financial policy.
b)A set process is followed by the Inda tech company to prepare the budget for its company:
1.Obtaining estimates: The company gets the estimates of the future sales, cost that is expected
against them, resources available for the production etc. The head of the departments estimate
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these activities and make the budget accordingly. Reports are prepared and then submitted to the
heads and approval is taken from them.
2.Coordinating estimates: At this step the different estimates are carefully analysed and then the
best suitable option is selected which gives the maximum profit and have more chances to be
practically implemented. It is estimated on the basis of available resources with the organisation.
3.Communicating budget: Once the budget is prepared it is communicated to the different
concern departments. The budget than act as a ground on which different activities take place. It
is helpful for the mangers to have budget for their work to be done as they get the idea as how
they have to carry out their activities.
4.Implementing the budget plan: Once the budget is communicated in the different departments
the budget is reviewed by the concern department heads. They go through the budget and then
the resources required to full fill that budget are also provided to them(Soin and Collier 2013).
After making all the resources available the implementation of the action for which the budget is
prepared take place.
(c)Pricing strategies: As the Inda company is deals with a product which has many substitutes
available in the market, the company has to adopt a very effective pricing strategy.Proper market
survey should be done before fixing the price(Otley and Emmanuel 2013). The price should not
exceed much from other similar products as this will bring loss of potential customer to the
company.
TASK 4
P5,M4 & D3 Balance scorecard approach and its use in attain financial governance and
development of effective strategies
Balanced score approach is a strategies performance management,in the balance score
including strategies planning and management system that is used large business and industry
governments and non profit entity(Abuazza and et. al., 2015). Imda Tech (UK) Ltd to use
balance score approach strategies to improve external and internal communication to monitor
and performance against strategies goals. Imda Tech (UK) Ltd the strategies evolved from use a
simple performance measurement to framework to strategic planning and managements.
The the entity balance scorecard approach transform organisation use a daily strategies
plan .the strategies is help to identify planners not only performance management. The balance
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scorecard access the traditional measure(Spivacenco, 2015). In this approach provide feedback
related entity process and outcomes in order continue improve performance and results. Cited
enterprise disregard the traditional need of financial data,to Need to including additional
financial related data, cost benefits to effective the entity of financial statements. Balance
scorecards is very effective to analysis the aspect of entity performance(AlfantoroAnghelache
and et.al 2012). Imda Tech (UK) Limited has recently published for the last financial year a loss
of £1.5 million the effective to financial health and various points to impacts like customers
satisfaction is down employee training is deficient or that processes are outdated.
Balance scorecards approach only thing being future evaluated. Allow for stakeholders to
determine the health of long term objectives achieve. Finally by using a Balanced scorecards a
n enterprise can sure that if any strategies action implemented(SANGANİ, HADJİ and
NONAHAL-NAHR, 2015). The price of a product down help to bottom line in the long run the
process involves to creating a product make to the hight quality.
Imda Tech (UK) Ltd adopts a balance and comprehensive approach of judgement and
controlling an organisation performance to st up objectives and learning growth. Firm can
integrate financial and non financial goals measurement into a single system to considers
traditional techniques(Ciotină and CIOTINĂ, 2013). Business enterprise brings central
management focus to communicates and understanding business goals and strategies all the
level of organisation.
Poorly define metrics can be defined as a disadvantage of using balanced score card
approach. To collected at the ideal frequencies for making decision. lack of efficient data
collecting and reporting,no process improvements methodology , only focus on the internal and
review of structures related disadvantages impact to balance score card approach.
How it can be used to improve financial governance and development of effective strategies
Imda Tech (UK) limited used to improve governance and developing various effective
principals: The basis of an effective governance teamwork:
 To promote efficient market be consistent with the rule of law and to promote division
among different super enforcement authorise
 The board scorecards fretwork to financial objectives to maximize long term total return
to shareholders. Strengthen and motivate executive performance. Oversee succession
planning for try position(Delima and Kristanti, 2016).
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The enterprise balanced scorecard access information for executive management and the
board :
To improve financial grow revenue,provide customers financial solution for life, balance
score adopters to use the tools for interactive discussion with their board about the strategies
direction to keep the apprised of performance and other way essential provide members financial
and non financial information about balance score card and fulfilling their performance oversight
responsibilities the enterprise with supporting primary documents distributes board
meeting(Kendrick, 2012). The strategic is also provide accountabilities to the board primary
committees it is responsibilities for performance oversight. Primary oversight evaluating
motivating executive.
There are two types of governance strategies is the most create solid information
 Governance strategies:safer or more secure data: The establishing effective
information governance strategies involves a rules and responsibilities, standard and
regulation to improve securities reliability integrating quality of data in improve in the
governance strategies.Improved collaborating data integral to the business modern
success to help business innovation to decision making(Marpaung, Marlina and Amelia,
2016).
 Reduced cost: in this strategies to information more efficient use and to increase
productivity and reduce wastes. Cited enterprise with a comprehensive information
governance strategies also in cares ability to comply more effectively risk reducing.
CONCLUSION
As per the above mentioned facts and figures which are there in this report it can be
concluded that management accounting techniques can be used by any enterprise in order to
utilize the financial and non financial available sources of it. Through its techniques these
resources can generate better returns further methods like forecasting or budgeting Imda Tech
(UK) Ltd can plan their activities and future projects in an efficient way. Further balanced score
card approach can be used for sustaining the financial governance and effective strategy making.
As management accounting is a combination of accounting and managerial principles hence
through it better decision making can be there. As through it managerial personnels can utilize
balanced score card method which is basically a process through which strategies can be drafted
and made as per the required level of effectiveness and scope. Further in this file methods of
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absorption and marginal costing is used in order to compute the net profit of Imda Tech (UK)
Ltd.
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REFERENCES
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Anghelache, C. and et.al 2012. Analysis on the Balance Sheet of a Company.Romanian
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and practice in management accounting.Management Accounting Research.21(2).pp.79-82.
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Delima, R. and Kristanti, P., 2016. PENGEMBANGAN ARSITEKTUR SISTEM INFORMASI
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PENERIMAAN DAN PENGELUARAN KAS TERHADAP PENGENDALIAN PIUTANG DAN
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SANGANİ, M.H., HADJİ, S. and NONAHAL-NAHR, A.A., 2015. Identification and Ranking
of the Factors Affecting Audit Quality Based on the Views of Independent Auditors and Users of
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Spivacenco, I., 2015. Metode şi tehnici de gestiune a fluxurilor financiare în cadrul
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Online
The Balanced Scorecard—Measures that Drive Performance. 2017. [Online]. Available through
:<https://hbr.org/1992/01/the-balanced-scorecard-measures-that-drive-performance-2>.
[Accessed on 11th April 2017]
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