TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1 TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1 A. Management accounting and different types of accounting systems................................1 B. Different types of management accounting reports and its importance............................2 C. Benefits of Accounting System.........................................................................................3 D. Critical evaluation of management accounting systems and management accounting reporting that are integrated in Nisa.......................................................................................5 TASK 2...........................................................................................................................................6 A.1. Absorption Costing and Marginal Costing Methods......................................................6 A.2. Production of income statement.....................................................................................7 B. Applicability of formula of break even..............................................................................9 C & D..................................................................................................................................10 TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................10 A. Advantages and Disadvantages of planning tools for budgetary control........................10 B. Application of the planning tools for preparing, forecasting and analysing budgets......12 C. Management accounting systems to respond to financial problems................................13 D. Analysing management accounting techniques that could respond financial problems.14 E. Evaluation of planning tools to solve financial problems................................................15 CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................16 REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................18
INTRODUCTION Management Accounting is the process of preparing accounts and management reports that provide company with timely and accurate information which is required by managers to make day to day and short term decisions.In the presented report, research and study is being conducted on the basis of Nisa, a retail chain in UK in retail industry. This assignment contains, management accounting systems, reports, their benefits and needs, planning tools with their pros and cons of budgetary control. Practical aspect of the project is fulfilled by income statement, which was made on the basis of two methods of costing; adsorption and marginal. Further, break-even point analysis is also done accompanied by application of cash budget with their interpretation and suggestions. Moreover, this project also contains, comparison between Nisa and Vectair holdings on the basis of using different financial systems to respond financial problems. This project is concluded with the brief understanding of management accounting. TASK 1 A. Management accounting and different types of accounting systems According to IMA: Management accounting is a type of profession in which it involves, devising planning, partnering in management decision making and performance management systems(Schaltegger and Burritt,2017). Following are different types of management accounting systems: Single Entry System:This is the most basic type of accounting system which is commonly used insmall businesses which have simple and few operations. In this there are no journal entries made to balance accounts so there are high chances of errors. Double Entry System:This system is more accurate as well as complicated too.This system guides that each credit entry must be accompanied by an equal debit entry and vice versa. This make error more visible and accounting process more accurate. Manual System:This system has no involvement of computer in the whole accounting process. It is the responsibility of accountant to record all journal entries in all kinds of journals as well to record their corresponding adjustments and entries. The accountant must file tax forms, make all calculations, prepare financial statements, etc. 1
Computerized System:It is a use of a computer program to accomplish accounting functions. This type of accounting with such system can only be done with an accountant having specialisation in that software. Cost Accounting System:It is an internal part of an entrepreneur's information system and refers to the tracking of cost and costs and expenditure are tracked with the help of allocation system. Job Costing System:It involves the process of accumulating information about the costs which is associated with a specific production or job service. Price Optimisation:To determine response of customers to different prices for its products and services companies take use of mathematical analysis through different mediums (Adesina, Ikhu–Omoregbe and Aboaba, 2015). In simple words it is the process of searching sweet spot of pricing or maximising price against customer's willingness to pay. Inventory System:Inventory in every company is the most valuable asset of that company.These are of two types; perpetual and periodic. In periodic inventory system, inventory is updated on a monthly or annual basis.Whereas, in perpetual inventory system inventory is update alternative to a periodic system. Examples of accounting systems: Manufacturers, Retailers, Distributors, Construction, Non-profits, etc. Above mentioned accounting systems are used by Nisa to evaluate accounting transactions. B. Different types of management accounting reports and its importance Types of accounting reports are as follows which are used by Nisa in recording their day to day transactions: Budget Report:This type of report help Nisa to analyse business performance and enables managersto analyse their own department's control costs and performance. Actual expensed from prior years is basically the base on which budget report of the year is estimated. This reports can further be used by owners and managers in order to provide employees with incentives. Accounts Receivable Ageing:It is a tool which is used to manage cash flow in case if credit to customers in business are expanded.Customers balances are break down with 2
the help of this report. Separate columns for invoices such as; 30 days late, 60 days late and 90 days late or more are included in most of these ageing reports. Job Cost Reports:The expenses for a specific report which is financed by Nisa are shown in this kind of reports.Job's profitability could be evaluated by matching these reports with estimated revenue (Agu, Nweze and Enekwe, 2016). Nisa was also assisted in identifying higher earning areas of the business so more emphasis could be given by company to focus additional efforts where they are needed instead of wasting time and money on jobs with low profit margins. Inventory and Manufacturing:Nisacan use managerialaccountingreportsif it maintains a physical inventory or produces products. Importance of Managerial Accounting Reports: 1.Provides Information:It is important as different levels of management are provided with information. 2.Helps in Selection:It helps inbringing out many alternatives out one profitable alternative is to be chosen by management. 3.Role in Control System:A management can take over control over organization with help of this tool. C. Benefits of Accounting System Following are some benefits of management accounting system that Nisa experienced after its implementation: Accuracy:Nisaexperiencedthattheseaccountingsystemshaveincreasedtheir efficiency as people make errors and a computerised accounting system minimises those errors of people. These accounting systems reduces calculation errors, simplify the data process andaccurately account the required information such as general ledger, profit and loss, balance sheet and tax. Automation and Productivity:A computerised system eliminate unmanageable and increases the productivity of Nisa. It is less time consuming as compared to manual accounting (Ismail, Isa and Mia, 2018). As it was analysed that most of the times accounting software are more reliable and have better task performance. It is also noticed that by multiple number of authorised partiesinformation regarding business accounts could be independently entered into an automated system. 3
Compatibility:By implementing computerised accounting system Nisa enabled itself to share financial information more easily. It is also facilitated that one person can speak to other if both companies are using same computerised accounting system. Nisa was benefited by above mentioned all points which reduces the burden of manual accounting and made it easier to be more connected and share information. Cost accounting AdvantagesDisadvantages By fixing standard for everything, it eliminates wastes. Cost reduction could be achieved by following new and improved methods of production. For price fixation of product, total price which is available in costing records is veryuseful.(Advantagesand DisadvantagesofCostAccounting, 2018). Companycouldutilizepast performanceswhichareavailablein recordsbutdecisionistakenonthe basis of future. Cost is not same every year. Problems related to work, study, time and motion are not possible to solve in costing system. Job costing AdvantagesDisadvantages Job costing gives separate identity to earned profit from each job. Estimation could be taken on the basis of past records of cost of job in job costing.(Advantagesand Disadvantages of Job Costing,2018). In job costing the is no standardization of job. There are fewer chances of controlling costssinceonlyafterincurringthe expenses in job costing the controlling steps are taken. Inventory system AdvantagesDisadvantages Reduction in Costs:Software can alsoPrice:A lot of small and medium sized 4
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