Management Accounting Research Overview

This assignment requires an in-depth review of several management accounting research papers. The provided list encompasses diverse themes within the field, including sustainability accounting, the role of innovation in management accounting, lean manufacturing practices, management accountant influence tactics, and the perception of management accountants' roles in sustainable development. Additionally, the papers delve into topics like outsourcing decision-making, the evolution of management accounting over time, non-profit leadership and management, global budgeting debates, and exploiting regulatory changes for research in management accounting.

Management Accounting

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
P1. Definition of management accounting and necessary needs of management accounting
systems...................................................................................................................................1
P2. Methods for management accounting reporting...............................................................3
P3 Cost analysis to prepare an P&L by marginal and absorption costs for R. L. Maynard Ltd 6
Difference among two techniques of MA used t prepare income statements........................7
Task 3...............................................................................................................................................8
P4 Various Strategies techniques used for budgetary control and Advantages and
disadvantages within R. L. Maynard Ltd..............................................................................8
Task 4...............................................................................................................................................9
P5 Comparing method through which systems of management accounting used by combating
financial problems..................................................................................................................9
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11
.......................................................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Management accounting provides information of accounting to managers within
companies. It is to give company with the base for make informed enterprise conclusion that will
permit organisation to be healthier equip in their direction and power functions. This is the
activity of ready accounts and management reports and gives straight report by managers to
make daily and little period decisions. This present report based on R. L. Maynard Ltd. which
was registered on 22nd March 1973 with construction business. There are 20-49 employees
currently working and they have one subsidiary for prepare management accounting report,
there are different methods used and that have some advantage and disadvantage. Through
management accounting system entire financial problems can be solve in the organisations
P1. Definition of management accounting and necessary needs of management accounting
systems
From: - Management accounting officer
To: - General Manager of R. L. Maynard Ltd.
Subject: - Management accounting system
Introduction:-
The present task cover meaning of management accounting, essential requirement and
different types of management accounting system for R. L. Maynard Ltd.
Meaning of Management accounting system:-
Management accounting is an occupation that concern in management decision making
by partnering, performance management and making planning methods with control to assist
management in the preparation, providing expertise in financial reporting and execution of
organisation's plan of action. Financial accounting produces yearly report in order to
stakeholders and generate monthly reports for organization's department employees and the chief
executive msnsgers (Renz, 2016.). This report shows the amount of money of acquirable cash
and orders in hand, sales income generated, accounts payable and receivable, outstanding debts,
raw material and inventory.
Methods of management accounting systems:
1. Cost accounting systems

This accounting system is a model used by organisations to figure the expenditure of their
goods for gainfulness investigation, inventory valuation and cost control. This system is based on
company's entire cost of the products. Company must know that which product are profitable
and which products are not profitable in the organisation (Chenhall, and Moers, 2015). There are
two types of cost accounting systems i.e. the job order and process costing. Job order costing is a
cost accounting system that roll up manufacturing costs separately for each job and procedure
costing for all process. R. L. Maynard Ltd. also uses this system for their operational work. As
company can know that how much their cost of product and how much price for the selling. All
construction goods can be used in the cost accounting system for controlling their cost.
2. Inventory management system
An inventory management is a model used by company for maintaining the inventory of
good selling and purchasing . This system is for following inventory levels, sales and deliveries.
It can also be used in the construction industry to create a work order, bill of materials and
another industry related papers. All data of sales, purchase, raw material, sales return, purchase
return, packaging, deliveries, unfinished of goods are maintaining in the inventory management
system (Quinn, 2014. ). R. L. Maynard Ltd can use this system for making their inventory and
manage the entire data. They also can used into sales and purchase report, so they will easily find
the details in future,when they require it. its also can be used in company's product's succefull
and pending deliveries. So it is the best system to keep the in safe for the further query.
3. Job costing system
Through this system company can easily track the record of cost revenue by job and
reporting of profitability. It is the procedure of determining the labour and material cost for each
job in a systematic way. It can be used in the industry to secure their goods and prices cover
actual cost and provides a profit to the company. The reason of any business is to make more
profit from their business, and job costing is the most effective system to ensure that happen
(Wagenhofer, 2016.). R. L. Maynard Ltd use this system for their labour, that how much
revenues are getting from them. and how much pay, they are receiving. Company can use this
system for their productivity and profitability of the organisation. This system is based on
emplyee's productivity, so if employees can not be able to provide their productivity according to
target, then company can take action, which can decrease the further budget.
4. Price optimising system

Price management system is based on accounting analysis of how customers will gives
response to different prices for its services and goods through different souces. Through this
system, company fixes their product's prices for selling in the different market (Morales, and
Lambert, 2013.). This system is also used by R. L. Maynard Ltd. for their selling price in the
market.
So its valuable for the company, because an organisation want to make money from their
products and services, but they can not able to do make more profit from only selling and
purchasing. They required of all these system, which will be profitable for their organisation and
it is also a record or report, which help in future.
P2. Methods for management accounting reporting
From: - Management accounting officer
To: - General Manager of R. L. Maynard Ltd
Subject: - Management accounting reports
Introduction:-
The present task will cover definition of management accounting report, essential
requirements of different methods of management accounting reporting and their use in the same
for R. L. Maynard Ltd.
Definition of Management accounting reporting:-
Management accounting report is portion of making sure that Company has
accomplished presentation of how business performance and what finance condition of the
company. This report help R. L. Maynard Ltd business owner and managers monitor the
company's performance and prepared rarely throughout accounting period as required (Nielsen,
and Nørreklit, 2015,).
Methods of management accounting reporting:
1. Budget report
Budget report is based on performance of company, if organisation's enterprise is large
enough, then managers require to analysis their department's performance and how can control
their costing. Company's estimated budget based on the expenses, which done in past years. If
department's employee productivity not accomplish according to cost then it budget will decrease
in future. This budget report can be used in employee's incentive report by the manager. In this

case, some of the money budgeted may be given out up as incentive to their workers for
accomplish their financial target.
2. Accounts receivable aging
This report is a critical way for managing cash flow for organisations that increase credit
to their customers. Many of the aging reports include separate columns for bills that are 30 , or
60 days late or more than that. Manager can use this report to find some problems which is with
organisation's collection process. If any customer can not be able to pay their outstanding
amount, then company will take serious action according to their credit policies (Alawattage,
and Uddin 2017). R. L. Maynard Ltd can make a report for the customers, who pay their
outstanding on time and who can not able to pay their remaining amount in time. So company
can take an action according to credit policies and get the outstanding amount from their
customers. This report is valuable for the organisation, because account receivable report keep
all data of organisation for further issues.

3. Job cost report -
Job cost report provide view an entire sides of the entire cost accumulated in a single
project compared to the required revenue output by the project. Its provides expenses for a
specific projection. Managers are usually matched with estimated of revenue, so they can easily
evaluate the job's productivity or profitability. It report shows high profitable departments of the
company (Otley, 2015.). So the organisation can focus on that departments instead of wasting
money and time on jobs with less profit margins. In the R. L. Maynard Ltd, job cost report can
be made with some effective points. They can make a report of employees productivity and their
revenue, which required by company. Further, they will be able to evaluate job's profitability.
4. Inventory and manufacturing report-
This report is the based on company's inventory and manufacturing product, which
produce and sale in the market. Organisations that produce with physical inventory can use
managerial accounting reports to make their manufacturing processes more cost effective. They
help centralize data on inventory costs, labour, and other forms of operating expense
participating in the production process, providing raw data to optimize assembly or machining.
This report can gives most effective use to R. L. Maynard Ltd. In order to get the number of
sale, purchase, sales return, purchase return, raw material, deliveries, pending deliveries and
outstanding amount. Then company can know the cost of entire task and will be able to evaluate
company's effective cost and expenses. So these reports are valuable for R. L. Maynard Ltd and
through these, they can control their cost, increase budget for most profitable departments,
decrease budget for low productivity department and provide bonus or incentive to their valuable
employees. This bonus and incentives are make them happy and motivated for their best work
(Ashraf, and Uddin,2015).
Importance of management accounting reporting :-
 Helping in make or buy decisions and forecasting cash flow.
 Helping understand performance variances and analysing the rate of return.
 Helping forecast the future.

P3 Cost analysis to prepare an P&L by marginal and absorption costs for R. L. Maynard Ltd
In order to prepare income statements account for the organisation, there are various
methods available in management accounting. Thus, managers able to know that business is
generating profit up to which extent in the market. In order to formulating income statement
account for R. L. Maynard Ltd, two methods are taken into account i.e. absorption as well as
marginal. Further, such statements along with interpretation are stated as below :
P & L considering marginal costing :
It can be assessed from the aforementioned statement that organisation is able to
earn sales worth of 21,000 at the end of accounting period. On this value of revenue, it generates
net income which is worth of 9300 GBP. Considering such outcomes, it can be said that,
management of R. L. Maynard Ltd can reduce total variable expenditure in the year. As it
further, in the future when managers such expenses then can enhance net profit of business in
upcoming year.
P & L considering absorption costing :

In accordance with P&L account prepared trough absorption costing, it can be observed
that at the same revenue i.e. 21,000 GBP, net income earned by R. L. Maynard Ltd is 9600
GBP. Here in little difference can be seen while comparing it with marginal technique. Basic
reason behind this difference is that number of costs differ in both the approaches. Marginal
costing consists of only variable expenditure incurred in the business whereas absorption consits
of variable and fixed both. Major companies using second method at the time or preparing
income statement, because it covers all expenses associate within the firm. Further, basic
difference between Marginal costing and Absorption costing are as follows :
Difference among two techniques of MA used t prepare income statements
Marginal costs Absorption costs
Profitability and productivity calculated by
profit volume ratio.
Due to the inclusion of fixed cost, its impacted
on profitability.
The uncertain cost is considered as goods cost
when set cost is considered as period costs.
Variable cost and fixed cost is considered as
product cost.
To know the total cost of production, use
techniques of decision making known as
marginal costing.
Distribution of entire costs to the cost centre
for determine the total cost of production is
know as absorption costing.

Categorization of overheads is fixed and
variable.
Production, management, selling and statistical
distribution.
Variances in the opening and closing stock
doesn't influence the cost per unit of output.
Variant in the beginning and concluding stock
affects the cost per unit.
Presented to outline total contribution of each
product.
Presented in conventional way.
Only the changeable cost is applied to
inventory below marginal costing.
When fixed overheads costs are also applied
under absorption costing.
Calculation related to inventories does not
come into consideration under any accounting
principle or standard.
Inventory's treatments and computations are
done in the financial statements using IAS 2.
Task 3
P4 Various Strategies techniques used for budgetary control and Advantages and disadvantages
within R. L. Maynard Ltd
To control in budgets is highly required at every workplace, where it helps to enhance
financial position for the firm within industry. In order to completing this particular task some
effective planning methods are taken into account by the management. R. L. Maynard Ltd
company is a construction company,which was incorporated in the year973. The company need
to know about its budget. So it can use zero based or fixed or incremental budgeting method for
budget making (Abdelmoneim and Jones, 2014.). Zero based budgeting method uses the
techniques of re evaluation of each and every cost that included in unexpected expenditure.
Fixed budgeting method uses a set amount of cost for calculating monthly or yearly budget.
Further, incremental budgeting used when company wants to enhance the budget on consistent
basic over the period. Evaluation of these all the planning method is stated below :
Fixed budgeting :
This method allows the company to measure long term as well as short term budget. A
fixed budget never change, while sales on different process increase or decease. A fixed budget
is also mention to as a static budget (Mistry, and Low, 2014. ). It allocates set amount of cost
towards essential from which department can compare monthly budget and yearly budget.

Advantages and disadvantage :
 One of the most important advantage of the fixed budget is that it's a very easiest to
follow and implement, because it don't require to be updated on regular basis. One of the
major disadvantage of fix budget is its lot of flexibility. If company expand a budget
based on sales level and that level increases. It can not allocate addition resources to keep
up (Mack, and Goretzki, 2017).
 This method helps to survive the business to make same position at all financial levels.
AS costs go down in the firm then R. L. Maynard Ltd will become to generate more
profit at the end of year. Disadvantage of this method is not accurate as compared to zero
budgeting method. It is based on a set amount of cost which is not calculated by the R. L.
Maynard Ltd.
Incremental budgeting :
In order to prepare budget using this method, base of previous is taken into consideration.
Further, increment in values like sales, profit, costs is done while formulating the budget
statement. After that sales and profit enhance with high rate whereas cost improve with low rate.
Advantages and disadvantage :
 This type of method of budgeting is very easy and simple as well as to understand by
financial and non financial both kinds of employees. After that it is helpful to make
comparison with previous year's budget and assess performance properly. As its
simplicity in understand, but it has major limitation which is related to generating
incentives. Through this employee can not be motivate for their work and can not be able
to give their best at workplace.
 Incremental budgeting is valuable for the organisations where funding requirement are
usually fixed. Disadvantage is when company need the more funding, then they can not
get the funding from the sources.
Task 4
P5 Comparing method through which systems of management accounting used by combating
financial problems
At the time of operating various kinds of problems and challenges faced by the company.
Due to this, they can not complete all the activities in proper way and unable to fulfil desired
aims as well as objectives (Otley, 2015.).

Balanced scorecard : As approach which is used to analyse business performance only is referred
as balanced scorecard (Datta, 2016). It consists of basic four kinds of perspectives which include
customer, financial. learning and growth as well as internal business process (Fullerton, and
Widener, 2013). When company required more fund for expand the business, them one of the
major problem is fund, because arrangement of fund, it is not easy processing the market. At this
specific kind of report, financial perspective is taken into account where R. L. Maynard Ltd can
analyse efficiency and productivity against to financial resources allocated.
Financial governance : It is very small proportion of corporate governance which takes care of
the financial resources (Segun, and Olamide, 2015) . Apart from this, utilisation of such
resources at the workplace is also evaluated by this particular method. It is highly supportive
tactic to assess issues come into consideration in the company. Once resources of financial
allocated to the departments then financial governance evaluate efficiency against to this. So
that, R. L. Maynard Ltd can prepare as well as apply strategies accordingly in the working
environment (Bebbington, and O'Dwyer, 2014).
Conclusion
From the above report, can be articulated that management accounting has one of the
important roles at workplace of any organisation. Reason is that it helps to prepare financial
plans where company is able to become more financially sound in respective industry. Basic
systems of management accounting uses to make internal decisions are like job costing, stock
management, process optimisation as well as the cost accounting. Apart from this, for
completing process of management accounting reporting, some methods are used by R. L.
Maynard Ltd like performance, segmental or departmental, operation budget, inventory and
accounts receivables ageing report.

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Abdelmoneim Mohamed, A. and Jones, T., 2014. Relationship between strategic management
accounting techniques and profitability–a proposed model. Measuring Business Excellence,
18(3). pp.1-22.
Alawattage, C., Wickramasinghe, D. and Uddin, S., 2017. Theorising management accounting
practices in Less Developed Countries. The Routledge Companion to Performance
Management and Control.
Ashraf, J. and Uddin, S., 2015. Military,‘managers’ and hegemonies of management accounting
controls: A critical realist interpretation. Management Accounting Research.29. pp.13-26.
Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B. eds., 2014. Sustainability accounting and
accountability. Routledge.
Chenhall, R. H. and Moers, F., 2015. The role of innovation in the evolution of management
accounting and its integration into management control. Accounting, Organizations and
Society.47. pp.1-13.
Datta, A. K., 2016. Rationalising materials management.
Fullerton, R. R., Kennedy, F. A. and Widener, S. K., 2013. Management accounting and control
practices in a lean manufacturing environment. Accounting, Organizations and Society,
38(1). pp.50-71.
Mack, S., Mack, S., Goretzki, L. and Goretzki, L., 2017. How management accountants exert
influence on managers–a micro-level analysis of management accountants’ influence
tactics in budgetary control meetings. Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management,
14(3). pp.328-362.
Mistry, V., Sharma, U. and Low, M., 2014. Management accountants' perception of their role in
accounting for sustainable development: An exploratory study. Pacific Accounting Review,
26(1/2). pp.112-133.

Morales, J. and Lambert, C., 2013. Dirty work and the construction of identity. An ethnographic
study of management accounting practices. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 38(3),
pp.228-244.
Nielsen, L.B., Mitchell, F. and Nørreklit, H., 2015, March. Management accounting and decision
making: Two case studies of outsourcing. In Accounting Forum (Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 64-82).
Elsevier.
Otley, D., 2015. in Management Control. Critical Perspectives in Management Control, p.27.
Otley, D., 2015. in Management Control. Critical Perspectives in Management Control, p.27.
Quinn, M., 2014. Stability and change in management accounting over time—A century or so of
evidence from Guinness. Management Accounting Research, 25(1), pp.76-92.
Renz, D.O., 2016. The Jossey-Bass handbook of nonprofit leadership and management. John
Wiley & Sons.
Segun, A. and Olamide, F.T., 2015. The global debate on budgeting: Empirical evidence from
Nigeria. Business Management Review, 13(1).
Wagenhofer, A., 2016. Exploiting regulatory changes for research in management accounting.
Management Accounting Research, 31, pp.112-117.